No description available.

No description available.

This thesis studies the inter-group variation of the consonant endings among five principal subgroups of the Chaoshan dialect, a branch of the South Min dialect in Eastern Guangdong Province, from the perspective of language contact and horizontal transmission. I conduct a quantitative study to present the synchronic variance of the consonant endings among five Chaoshan subgroups and the diachronic variance from Middle Chinese to modern Chaoshan dialect on a numerical scale. The current literature tends to take the change of the consonant endings as a process of weakening governed by regular rules. My research findings challenge this conventional view. First, the change of the consonant endings from Middle Chinese to five subgroups of modern Chaoshan dialect is irregular, which is an exception to the linguistic laws proposed in the existing literature. Secondly, I find that some characters without consonant endings or with a weakened ending in Chaozhou in the 19th century reverse to have a consonant ending in modern Chaoshan dialect. This reversal contradicts to the weakening hypothesis that regards the change of the consonant endings as a process of simplifying. Finally, my quantitative research shows that Chaozhou dialect in the 19th century in much closer to modern Xiamen dialect than to five subgroups of modern Chaoshan dialect in terms of the relativeness in consonant endings, which is the opposite to the prediction that languages become more and more different and have no consequent contact with other daughter languages after separating from the proto-language. We propose that the actual situation of the consonant endings in different subgroups of the Chaoshan dialect can be better explained from the perspective of language contact and horizontal transmission. The interaction between Han Chinese and non-Han Chinese is the primary reason for the change of the consonant endings of the Chaoshan dialect. Also, the language contact between Chaoshan aborigines and migrants from the Fujian Province leads to the divergence of the consonant endings in different Chaoshan subgroups.Population structure and other social factors determine what phonetic features survive after several times of horizontal transmission.

In cluster analysis, a fundamental problem is to determine the best estimate of the number of clusters, which has a deterministic effect on the clustering results. However, a limitation in current applications is that no convincingly acceptable solution to the best-number-of-clusters problem is available due to high complexity of real data sets. In this dissertation, we tackle this problem of estimating the number of clusters, which is particularly oriented at processing very complicated data which may contain multiple types of cluster structure. Two new methods of choosing the number of clusters are proposed which have been shown empirically to be highly effective given clear and distinct cluster structure in a data set. In addition, we propose a sequential type of clustering approach, called multi-layer clustering, by combining these two methods. Multi-layer clustering not only functions as an efficient method of estimating the number of clusters, but also, by superimposing a sequential idea, improves the flexibility and effectiveness of any arbitrary existing one-layer clustering method. Empirical studies have shown that multi-layer clustering has higher efficiency than one layer clustering approaches, especially in detecting clusters in complicated data sets. The multi-layer clustering approach has been successfully implemented in clustering the WTCHP microarray data and the results can be interpreted very well based on known biological knowledge. Choosing an appropriate clustering method is another critical step in clustering. K-means clustering is one of the most popular clustering techniques used in practice. However, the k-means method tends to generate clusters containing a nearly equal number of objects, which is referred to as the ``equal-size'' problem. We propose a clustering method which competes with the k-means method. Our newly defined method is aimed at overcoming the so-called ``equal-size'' problem associated with the k-means method, while maintaining its advantage of computational simplicity. Advantages of the proposed method over k-means clustering have been demonstrated empirically using simulated data with low dimensionality. / Ph. D.

由於台灣國人所得提高，生活水準跟著日漸提高，近年來更是意識到健康對個人及家庭的重要性，因此國內健康食品與藥品市場在這幾年蓬勃地發展，特別是連鎖藥妝的普及，結合藥品、健康食品與開架式保養品、化妝品銷售，提供專業藥師諮詢服務，成為複合式的經營模式。但近年來連鎖藥妝零售業者也面臨來自外商連鎖藥妝、本土連鎖藥妝、地區性連鎖藥局等不同體系的競爭，因此藥品及化粧品零售業者普遍認同，目前經營上所面臨之困難主要為「同業競爭激烈」。 商品力為一連鎖藥妝零售業者成功的重要因素，具體展現在商品多樣性、商品獲利性、商品價格競爭力、商品獨特性…等不同的面向。目前藥品及化粧品零售業中，確實大部分的業者都有商品企劃或設計的需求，但有商品企劃或設計部門者僅為少數。利用資料採礦技術，將能在不大量增加人事費用的情況下，有效率地協助進行商品企劃或設計，進而提升連鎖藥妝零售業者的商品力。 本研究將針對資料採礦在連鎖藥妝上的應用進行探討，包含以下研究目的： 1. 利用資料採礦中之集群分析建置商品力矩陣，代表他們的屬性與價值。透過商品力矩陣釐清各商品的定位，幫助決策者優化商品組合，針對各商品執行妥善策略安排。 2. 依循集群分析後的結果，更進一步進行商品分類的關聯規則分析。幫助決策者將集群分析之成果化為實務決策之參考，優化商品組合，針對各商品執行妥善策略安排，也為關聯規則的整理帶來新的應用方式。 3. 根據上述兩模型建置之結果，對H連鎖藥妝提出具體可行之行銷策略建議。 本研究利用資料採礦中的Two-step Cluster模型建置出H連鎖藥妝中各項商品的商品力矩陣，此矩陣的兩軸分別為「個別商品的平均毛利」及「個別商品的年交易筆數」，將各種商品概略分為明星、樂透、忠狗、問號四大類商品，分別代表他們不同的屬性與價值。同時配合關聯規則分析，提出具體可行之候選規則篩選模式： 1. 樂透型商品，應用方式有兩種，將樂透型商品放在Apriori模型中的後項，找出導購向樂透型商品的潛在模式；將樂透型商品放在Apriori模型中的前項，並將後項商品作為加價購搭售促銷標的，提升購買樂透型商品的意願。 2. 忠狗型商品，應用方式也有兩種，將忠狗型商品放在Apriori模型中的前項，找出可能導購的商品標的，推出合適的加價購搭售促銷活動；另外也可以藉由觀察忠狗型商品的消費行為，進而提供適當的促銷、推薦，提高其他品項交叉銷售的可能性。 / Taiwanese living standard raised due to the income growing, which lead to recognizing the importance of health toward personal and family. As a result, the market of dietary supplements and drugs flourishing these years, especially the spread of chained drugstores, which turned into combinative store by providing professional pharmacist consultant and selling of drugs, dietary supplements, skincare products and cosmetics. The drug and cosmetic retailers generally agreed that the main difficulty is “Industry Competition” due to the competition from different systems, including foreign chained drugstores, local chained drugstores and regional chained drugstores. Commodity competitiveness is one of the key successful factors of chained drugstores, which expressed as commodity diversity, commodity profitability, commodity price competitiveness, commodity uniqueness, etc. Seldom drugstores own product planning or designing department although most drugstores have demand of product planning or designing. It could raise the commodity competitiveness of chained drugstores by applying data mining to help product planning or designing more efficiently without increasing too much labor cost. This study focus on the application of data mining on chained drugstores, including goals below: 1. Building commodity competitiveness matrix by cluster analysis, representing their features and values. Through positioning products on commodity competitiveness matrix, helping decision maker optimize product mix and execute appropriate strategy toward products. 2. Based on the results from cluster analysis, proceed association rules analysis toward product categories. Help turning the results from cluster analysis into references of actual decision, optimize product mix and execute appropriate strategy toward products. Bringing new application pattern of association rules analysis. 3. Providing actual marketing strategy suggestions to H chained drugstore based on the two models built above. This study built commodity competitiveness matrix of H chained drugstore by Two-step Cluster model, which take “average margin of individual product” and “annual transaction amounts of individual product” as two axes. Divided products into Star, Lottery, Greyfriars and Question Mark. Each of them represent different features and values. Providing practical filtering rules of candidate rules in association rules analysis: 1. Lottery Products: Placing lottery products as consequents in Apriori model, searching for the potential pattern led to buying lottery products. Placing lottery products as antecedents, which we can provide the consequents with additional purchase discount in order to raise the willing to buy lottery products. 2. Greyfriars Products: Placing Greyfriars products as antecedents, searching for potential recommendation with additional purchase discount. Providing appropriate sales and recommendation to raise the possibility of cross-selling by observing consuming behaviors of Greyfriars products.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

本研究的主要目的在探討台灣省高級職業學校教務行政續效與教學效能之關係，及學校行政人員、學校資源對教務行政續效之影響，並且嘗試建立教務行政續效及教學效能評鑑之指標。本研究以台灣省教育廳統計所編有關高級職業學校的統計資料為主。 並且自編高級業學校教務行政暨教學效能調查表。調查全省八十個公立高級職業學校的教務行政既教學效能有關資料，共得有效樣本七十五個。在研究方法上，以多元迴歸預測高級職業學校行行人員人口變項、學校資源、教務續效指標對教學效能之影響。以單因子多變量分析(One-Way MANOVA)探討高級職業學校不同的教務續效、學校行政人員人口變項、學校資源對教務續效的影響。以因素分析(Factor Analysis) 抽取各變項之共同因素，並且以共變數結構分析(LISREL)探討其因果關係。以 群分析(Cl u ster Analysis)探討各學校教務行政續效、教學效能是否有差異？ 玆將主要研究結果臚列於下： (一)學校行政人員的學歷、召開教學研究會的次數、辦理教師進修的次數、教學圖書冊數、依教師專長排課面分比對教師教學知能競賽獲獎有顯著的影響。 (二)學校行政人員的學歷、教務經費、教師總人數、召開教學研究會資料、辦理教師在職進修資料、教務行政電腦化百分比、教學圖畫冊數、依教師專長排課面分比對百位教師研提報告篇數具有顯著影響。 (三)學校行政人員的學歷、教務經費、教師總人數、召開教學研究會資料、辦理教師在職進修次數、教務行政電腦化百分比、教學圖劃冊數、依教專長排課面分比、教師教學知能競賽獲獎數、面位教師研提報告篇數百分率對學生升學率具有顯著的影響。 (四)學校行政人員的學歷、教務經費、召教學研究會次數、辦理教師在職進修資數、教學圖書冊數依教師專長排課百分比、教師教學知能競賽獲獎數、百位數師研提報告編數對學生操行成續達八十分的通過率具有顯著的影響。 (五)教務行政電腦化百分比、依數師專長排課面分比、百位教師研提報告篇數、學校行政人員的學歷對學生技能檢定的通過率具有顯著的影響。 (六)校長學校行政知能、學校行政人員行政知能、學校資源、教務行政續效、教學效能間之因果關係在本研究中并未獲得完全證實，但教務行政續效及學校產能之各評鑑指標都達極顯著水準。 (七)有關高級職業學校教學效能之研究，全部七十五個學校將學生表現投入群集分析共可分成優秀學校(十二個)、良好學校(二十一個)普通學校(二十個)，欠佳學校 (二十二個)。將教師教學知能投入群彙分析共可分成優秀學校 (四個)、良好學校 (十二個)、普通學校 (五十八個)。 最後根據研究結果，本研究提出強化教務行政續效、教學效能之具體建議，並對未來之研究方向提出建議。

本論文之研究目的是在探討今日電子、紡織、機械三種製造業所採用的製造策略類型 和其所表現的財務績效之間的關係，並深入研究其原因。 本論文所參考的文獻總共約有三十篇（含國內文獻和國外文獻），依其內容可以分為 三部份。第一部份探討各種製造策略的型態；第二部份探討各種製造策略型態和其績 效的關係；第三部份則探討目前我國電子、紡織、機械三種產業之現狀。 研究所使用的方法是先以問卷隨機抽樣調查上述三種產業的廠商，以得知他們在製造 方面的作法，所抽取的樣本計有電子業２１３家，回收３４家，機械３２０家，回收 ２８家，紡織３３０家，回收３６家。其次再使用集群分析法，將樣本以各項製造決 策為依據，區分為若干策略群。最後，將每一策略群視為某一母體的代表，以變異數 分析法，檢定各策略在各項財務績效上之表現有無顯著差異。所使用的套裝軟體有Ｓ ＰＳＳ＋（使用其中的集群分析法）和ＳＡＳ（使用其中的變異數分析法）。 所選用的自變數是各項製造策略變數，包括製程設備、產能、廠址、產品、垂直整合 、組織、供應商管理、存貨、員工領導與激勵、生產控制、品管、和生產主管角色。 自變數包括銷貨成長率、投資報酬率、利潤率、固定資產報酬率、產品品質。 根據回收樣本的資料顯示，以電子業為例，電子業皆製造策略大約可以分為四群（將 其命名為第一、第二、第三、第四策略群），這四種製造策略在銷貨額成長率和利潤 率這兩項財務績效上的表現有顯著的差異，在銷貨額成長率方面，第四群的表現最佳 ，第一群最差；在利潤率方面，則以第二群最佳，第一群最差。

本研究共壹冊，預計四萬至六萬字，分六章十九節：第一章、導論，第二章、方法簡 介與文獻探討，第三章、研究設計，第四章、第一階段研究之結果，第五章、第二階 段研究之結果，第六章、結論。聯合分析是一種相依的多變量分析技術，它主要的目 的是：探討分析預測變數各水準對準則變數之供獻，在本研究指的是運動鞋各屬性水 準對顧客偏好大小的影響。本研究採便利抽樣，以人員訪問方式接觸受測者，並以問 卷為工具來收集初級資料。除聯合分析外，同時使用Thurstone's Case V抽取變數， 多元尺度法描繪產品及理想點聯合空間圖，集群分析法區分出偏好較一致的栠群，最 後以聯合分析法找出最佳之產品。

本論文所探討之主題乃是針對一般所利用之集群方法，試著以整數規劃的方法來探討 集群分析的問題。 整數規劃之特性在於其所得之分組結果為真正的最佳解，而一般集群方法（如連鎖法 ，k 一平均數法）所得之結果僅是局部最佳解。 本文共分五章，第一章為緒論；第二章簡介一般集群方法；第三章建立四個整數規劃 的模型，俾用以解決不同需求之集群分析的問題；第四章實例探討，以某國中學生之 學科成績做為集群分析之變數，將每個學生依其成績高低而予以分組，並就一般集群 方法及整數規劃方法各作分析，並予比較；第五章為結論。全文共計一冊，約一萬五 仟字。