Counterinsurgency (COIN) has made a comeback during the early 21-century since the majority of western countries have been involved in peace enforcement in the middle-east. Since its comeback the concept of COIN have been wildly debated but also undergone some chances since its early days, today the majority of COIN theories claims that the local population is the key to winning a COIN campaign. If you gain their trust the insurgency will lose their support and recruiting base, this is the reason why collateral damage resulting in in civilian deaths are contra-productive, it creates more insurgents. This is the incitement to further examine how civilian deaths occur and can be avoided during COIN campaigns. This essay studies the American COIN campaign in Iraq between 2004 and 2009 and aims to investigate whether there is a trilemma-like relationship between the key goals of COIN: protecting civilians, protecting one’s own forces and neutralizing the enemy. Each different goal has been operationalized to something measurable – death statistics. The yearly death toll for coalition troops, Iraqi civilians and insurgents provide the empirical material necessary to answer the question if the main goals can be achieved at the same time or if it’s impossible. The essay is broken down into two parts, the first examines whether an actual people-centric COIN strategy saves civilian lives or if it’s all just in theory. The second part examines the relationship between the key goals. The result in this essay shows that a people-centric COIN strategy, as the one employed by General Petraeus in Iraq during operation Iraqi freedom, actually saves civilian lives. But it also establishes that the key goals can’t be achieved at the same time and that each strategy will come with a consequence.

Försvarsbesluten under 2000-talet har inneburit en inriktning för Försvarsmakten mot internationella insatser. En del av de internationella insatserna har ställt Försvarsmakten mot en motståndare av irreguljär karaktär, speciellt i Afghanistan. Denna uppsats vill undersöka vilka lärdomar Försvarsmakten dragit avseende upprorsmotverkan (COIN), och specifikt, lärdomar avseende marktaktik inom COIN, för att öka kunskapen om COIN inom Försvarsmakten. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka Försvarsmaktens syn på taktik inom COIN, genom att undersöka ett antal svenska samtida normativa dokument och se om de överensstämmer med ett antal utvalda COIN-teorier samt besvara frågeställningen: Hur karaktäriseras beskrivningar av taktik inom Counterinsurgency, i samtida svenska normativa texter, jämfört med ett urval COIN-teorier? I uppsatsen beskrivs ett antal teorier angående taktik inom COIN. Utifrån teorierna formas variabler vilka används i en kvalitativ textanalys för att undersöka de olika dokumenten. Resultatet visar att beskrivningar av taktik inom COIN kan karakteriseras som bristande i doktrinerna. Reglementena beskrev däremot taktik både utförligt och detaljrikt och kompletterade varandra. Dock visade det sig att variabeln, offensiva operationer, inte beskrevs överensstämmande av något dokument. Bedömningen är att det finns ett behov av att Försvarsmakten utvecklar beskrivningar om offensivt agerande inom COIN, som tidigare forskning stödjer. Officersprogrammet bör även undersöka ifall en uppdatering av utbildningen, avseende irreguljär krigföring, är nödvändig. Speciellt med fokus på balansen mellan befolkningsfokuserad och fiendefokuserad COIN.

Thesis (M.Eng.(Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Includes abstract in English.

Begreppet Counterinsurgency har fått stor uppmärksamhet, speciellt efter NATOs operationer i Afghanistan och Irak. Sedan den svenska Försvarsmakten ingått som medlem i NATOsamarbetet PFP (Partnership for Peace) är även Sverige sedan en tid tillbaka involverade i konflikten i Afghanistan. Mycket av det doktrinära arbetet i länder, involverade i dessa konflikter, har varit inriktat mot irreguljära konflikter och Counterinsurgency-operationer. Stora mängder forskning görs inom ämnet bland annat av den franska COIN-teoretikern David Galula. Galula utkom 1964 med sin bok Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice, och är internationellt erkänd som ett av de stora namnen inom COIN-teorin. Den sovjetiska invasionen av Afghanistan är en av modern tids största militära operationer. Stora delar av de moderna COIN-teorierna kan tillämpas på konflikten, både ur en analyssynpunkt samt ett lessons learned perspektiv. Konflikten, tillsammans med Vietnam gav ett nyvaknande inom COIN i västvärlden. Metoden som använts är en kvalitativ historisk textanalys. Resultatet visar att de sovjetiska metoderna och de sovjetiska enheterna hade bristande förmåga att anpassa sig till en ny typ av uppror, och att bara delar av Galulas teorier går att spåra i de sovjetiska metoderna, ibland i en annan tillämpning än vad Galula rekommenderar.

This thesis offers an archaeological and ethnographic examination of the coin-tree custom, which is essentially what its name suggests: the practice of inserting coins into trees. These trees are often in the form of logs or stumps, and they are commonly located beside well-traversed footpaths in rural/semi-rural areas. The custom can be traced back to the 1860s in Scotland, but has experienced a late 20th/early 21st-century renaissance, with clusters of coin-trees emerging across England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland. No previous academic attempt has been made to either catalogue these structures or contextualise the practice; it is the aim of this thesis, therefore, to do both. Proffering a catalogue of 197 individual coin-trees distributed across 34 sites (detailed in the appendices), this thesis draws on a wide range of resources in order to elucidate the custom: literary works, both historical and contemporary; the empirical data of the coin-trees themselves; and the ethnographic material of over 200 participant interviews. The history of the custom is traced, including a consideration of why it has experienced a recent resurgence – particularly at a time popularly conceived of as a ‘secular age’. The questions of how and why people participate are examined in detail, revealing a mutability to the ‘meaning’ of the custom, and a consideration of the future and heritage of the coin-tree structures themselves is also offered. The thesis closes with a suppositional vignette: what would an archaeologist find if she uncovered a coin-tree site in the future? How would she interpret the remains? And what does this reveal about archaeological methodologies, ritual interpretations, and the relationship between folklore and material culture?

The Coinage Bill of 1816 was a turning point in monetary history, establishing Britain on the gold standard and making provision for a major recoinage and exchange of silver. The intention in this thesis has been to examine why the reform happened when it did, what its legacy was for the nineteenth century and what the surviving records, particularly of the exchange, reveal about the nature of the circulating medium. In Chapters 1 and 2 the eighteenth-century background is explored in order to clarify why government chose to allow the condition of the silver coinage to decline. The argument is advanced that economic stability for many years lessened the necessity for reform and the importance of gold in the economy made ministers wary of damaging its position through change. An investigation into the wear of silver coins has also been conducted which demonstrates that by the 1780s they were likely to have lost virtually all trace of design details. The reasons why reform was enacted in 1816 are discussed in Chapter 3, the explanation offered being the importance of war with France having ended and the Bank of England's needing to prepare for the resumption of redeeming its notes in gold. In Chapter 4 the political reputation of William Wellesley Pole is assessed together with his contribution to the recoinage, while in Chapters 5 and 6 the administration of the reform is described and analysed in detail. The traditional view of its being a success is confirmed by new research. The accounts from exchange stations set up to effect the change-over, listed in Appendices 3 and 4, and discussed in Chapter 6, reveal that although there were trading centres and manufacturing areas in which the old silver currency was concentrated, it was nevertheless fairly well distributed across Britain. I have attempted throughout to link the silver coinage to the other elements of the money supply. This approach is particularly evident in Chapter 7 in which the impact of the political and economic forces pressing for a resumption of cash payments are seen to shape the survival of the settlement of 1816-17.

Orientador: Eduardo Strachman / Resumo: O objetivo geral do presente estudo é examinar o comportamento dos maiores bancos comerciais no Brasil, em um contexto de expansão do crédito, para desenvolver uma compreensão mais profunda a respeito do setor bancário em uma economia monetária da produção. O objetivo específico é identificar padrões de comportamentos dos bancos comerciais brasileiros no período 2003 – 2010. A hipótese principal desta pesquisa é, o papel do sistema bancário como complexo, essencial e ativo na economia; ante um sistema passivo como um simples intermediador entre poupadores e investidores. Deste modo, parte-se da hipótese que a participação ativa do sistema bancário é fundamental na determinação do volume de financiamento do investimento. Este estudo, além de ajudar no aprofundamento da compreensão do papel fundamental que os bancos desempenham no estabelecimento das condições de financiamento e na determinação do nível de atividade econômica, deve ajudar no aprimoramento da discussão literária a respeito das relações bancos públicos e privados. Conclui-se que por causa da crise financeira, ficou evidente a importância da existência e atuação de um sistema bancário misto no Brasil, privado e público, para atuar de forma anticíclica quando a economia começar a desacelerar, de forma a sustentar a demanda por crédito das empresas produtivas em face da contração do crédito privado. Uma vez que por padrão os bancos privados possuem uma alta preferência por liquidez ao menor sinal de desaceleração da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The general objective of the present study is to examine the behavior of the largest commercial banks in Brazil, in a context of credit expansion, to develop a deeper perception of respect for the banking sector in a monetary production economy. The specific objective is to identify patterns of execution of commercial banks in the period 2003 - 2010. The main hypothesis of this research is, the role of the banking system as complex, essential and active in the economy; before a passive system as a simple intermediary between investors and investors. In this way, it is assumed that the active participation of the banking system is fundamental in determining the volume of investment financing. This study, in addition to helping to deepen the understanding of the fundamental role of banks that perform in the establishment of financing conditions and determines the level of economic activity, should help to improve literary discussion and respect public and public relations. He concluded that because of the financial crisis, it became evident the importance of action and a banking system in Brazil, private and public, to execute an anti-cyclical way when an economy started to slow down, in order to sustain a demand for credit from productive companies in the contraction private credit. Since the pattern of private banks has a high preference for liquidity and the slightest sign of a slowdown in the economy. / Mestre

Den här uppsatsen handlar om soldaters upplevelser av bushkriget i Rhodesia. Bushkrigetstod mellan den statliga aktören Rhodesia och olika nationalistiska och kommunistiskagerillor, varför konflikten kom att präglas av COIN (Counter Insurgency), det vill säga militär upprorsbekämpning. Undersökningen utgörs av en kvalitativ textanalys av memoarer skrivna av rhodesiska veteraner efter krigets slut. Frågor som tas upp är hur soldaterna såg på sig själva och sina motståndare som aktörer samt hur de uppfattade kriget och metoderna de använde.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om teorin för ”Hearts and Minds” kan nå framgång med militär vilseledning. De teorier som finns sedan tidigare berör inte hur teorierna om att vinna befolkningens stöd skall gå till när militär vilseledning och upprorsbekämpning används. För att undersöka om militär vilseledning kan användas framgångsrikt inom arbetet att vinna ”Hearts and Minds” blir teorier för militär vilseledning och teorier för upprorsbekämpning beskrivna. Undersökningen analyserar den genomförda vilseledning som finns inom konflikterna på Nordirland, Algeriet 1954-1962 och Malaysia 1948-1960 för att belysa de fall av vilseledning som funnits inom upprorsbekämpningen i konflikterna. Slutsatserna av uppsatsen visar att vilseledning sannolikt inte hjälper arbetet med ”Hearts and Minds” på ett framgångsrikt sätt. Dock kan vilseledning skapa förutsättningar för ”Hearts and Minds”-operationer om det går att säkerställa att effekten av vilseledningen är isolerad till rebellerna och inte befolkningen. / The purpose of this essay is to explore whether or not military deception can aid the work with “Hearts and Minds”. The theory that already exist do not deal with the incorporation of how the work with “Hearts and Minds” should be done with regards to military deception. Theorys for counterinsurgency and military deception are described in order to explore whether deception could be used usefully within a “Hearts and Minds”-operation. The study analyzes the executed deception found in the conflicts in Northern Ireland, Algeria and Malaysia, 1954-1962 1948-1960, to show the cases of military deception within the insurrectionperformed by the counterinsurgent. The conclusions of the thesis shows that deception is unlikely to help work on "Hearts and Minds" in a successful manner. However, deception may create conditions for "Hearts and Minds" operations if it is possible to ensure that the effect of deception is isolated to the rebels and not to the people.

<p>Uppsatsens problemställning utgår från en eventuell brist i utbildning eller kunskap om gällande doktriner för svenska förband i utlandstjänst. Uppsatsen har ansatsen att visa på en ögonblicksbild av hur ett svenskt förband tolkar begreppet legitimitet och hur det arbetar med att stödja detta i genomförandet av verksamheten. Jämförande underlag och även analysverktyg utgår från ett brett urval inom forskning om upprorsbekämpning och även amerikanska doktriner samt reglementen.</p><p>Uppsatsen utgår från att begreppet legitimitet har stor betydelse för teorier kring upprorsbekämpning och även för den använda amerikanska doktrinen. Begreppet legitimitet har definierats med hjälp av tre frågeställningar, <em>Legitimitet för vem, Vem ska uppfatta vad som legitimt?</em> samt<em> Vem genererar legitimiteten åt vad? </em></p><p><p>Resultatet visar på att det svenska förbandet i det undersökta exemplet har en bred syn på begreppet legitimitet och kopplar det till såväl sig själva som statsmakten i värdlandet och detta både mot befolkningen i hemlandet och också i operationsområdet. Skillnaderna mot vad som i uppsatsen redovisas som COIN teori eller amerikansk doktrin är små. En viktig del är dock att uppsatsen visar på att det svenska förbandets huvudsakliga definition av legitimitet inom ett COIN-perspektiv är stärkandet av landets säkerhetsorganisationers legitimitet kontra den egna befolkningen. Detta skulle skilja sig mot ovan redovisad teori och doktrin.</p></p> / <p>The essay presentation of a problem proceed from a possible lack of training or knowledge about valid doctrines for Swedish units conducting service abroad. The essay have the goal to give a snapshoot picture of how a Swedish unit interpret the concept of legitimacy and how the unit works with different aspects to support this. Relating material and also the tool for conducting the analysis are gathered from a wide selection of science in counterinsurgency and also American doctrines.</p><p>The paper assumes that the concept of legitimacy is important in theories surrounding counterinsurgency and also for the used American doctrine. The concept of legitimacy has been defined by three issues, <em>Legitimacy for whom</em>, <em>Who will perceive what is legitimate</em>? and <em>Who generates legitimacy for what</em>?</p><p>The result shows that the Swedish unit in the examined example has a width of vision of the concept of legitimacy and linking it to both themselves as the state of the host country and that both the population in both the home and area of operation. The differences of what is in the paper are reported as COIN theory or the American doctrine is small. An important part is that the paper shows that the Swedish's unit primary definition of legitimacy in a COIN perspective, are the strengthening of the country's security organizations legitimacy versus its own population. This would differ from the above reported theory and doctrine.</p>