This diploma thesis deals with the cryptocurrencies in practice of law. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the initial coin offering and the basic tax aspects of the cryptocurrencies, both with respect to the Czech law, and to provide a comparative overview of the cryptocurrency legal regulation in different states of the world. The actual text of the thesis is divided into four parts. These parts are preceded by a general introduction outlining the overall concept of the thesis, its purpose and the reasons why the topic was chosen. The fourth part is followed by a conclusion summarizing the main findings that were made. The first part of the thesis deals with an explanation of the term cryptocurrency and its comparison with the terms virtual and digital currency. It also discusses whether cryptocurrencies can be considered as money or as currencies and what each of these two categories means. The second part is focused on the initial coin offer in the Czech law. There is a brief description of its course followed by an examination of the applicable rules of both public and private law. Particular attention is paid to the rules concerning the initial public offering, payment transactions, collective investment, enterprise and anti-money laundering. The third part of the thesis dissects basic tax aspects of...

David Galulas theories has strongly influenced modern counterinsurgency (COIN) theory. According to the authors of the current US. COIN field manual FM 3-24, Galula was the theoretician that had the most considerable influence on the field manual. Galula claims that the objective in COIN is to win the populations active support, because without it, the counterinsurgent will never win the war. Surveys conducted on the Iraq war between 2004-2008 shows that the US-led Coalition did not win the support of the population, since it decreased constantly from the start of the war until 2007, when 79% of the population was against their presence in the country. However, in Mars 2008 the support had instead increased to 72%. This essay studies the US-led coalitions COIN methods in Iraq between 2004 to 2007, and aims to investigate how COIN methods affect the support of the population for the counterinsurgent. The results shows that, to gain the support of the population, the counterinsurgent must station their troops amongst the population and protect them from the insurgency.

It is near-consensus among those currently working on the semantics of counterfactuals that the correct treatment of counterfactuals (whatever it is) must invoke causal independence in order to rule a particular set of seemingly true counterfactuals – including a famous one called Morgenbesser's Coin (MC) – true. But if we must analyze counterfactuals in terms of causation, this rules out giving a reductive account of causation in terms of counterfactuals, and is, as such, a serious blow to the Humean hope of reducing causation to counterfactual dependence. This dissertation is composed of three self-standing articles. In the first article I argue that counterfactuals like MC are false contrary to appearances; as is the thesis that the correct semantics of counterfactuals must appeal to causal independence. In the second article I argue that there are important, widely-held assumptions about difference-making and its relationship to causation which are false, and which may underlie some of the remaining, most threatening objections to the counterfactual analysis of causation. In the final article I discuss the puzzle of reverse Sobel sequences – an alleged problem for the classic Lewis-Stalnaker semantics for counterfactuals. I argue that none of the extant approaches to the problem are right, and defend a novel solution to the puzzle. If I am correct, reverse Sobel sequences do not threaten the classic analysis. They do, however, give additional evidence for the thesis, forcefully defended by Alan Hájek, that most non-probabilistic 'would'-counterfactuals are false. This motivates placing a stronger emphasis on trying to understand probabilistic counterfactuals first and foremost.

Uppsatsen utgår ifrån utvecklingen av reglementen på senare år, där mycket har hänt på grund av olika händelser i omvärlden som exempelvis berlinmurens fall, invasionerna av både Afghanistan och Irak i början av 2000-talet och politiska förändringar i omvärlden. Utvecklingen går att härleda till bland annat regeringspropositionen ”ett användbart försvar” och senaste utgåvan av Militärstrategisk doktrin.Undersökningen har sin grund i en kvalitativ analys av MSR6 (Marstridsreglemente 6 – bataljon) och de stabiliserande uppgifter som återfinns där. Dessa uppgifter har sedan utifrån David Kilcullens teori om globalt uppror analyserats.Syftet är således att, med utgångspunkt i Kilcullens teori om ett globalt uppror, undersöka huruvida/i vilken omfattning Försvarsmaktens stabiliserande uppgifter i MSR6 går att använda mot teoribildningen i kontexten av en irreguljär konflikt.Undersökningen visar att uppgifterna många gånger går att använda mot teoribildningen med olika effekt som utgång. Vissa uppgifter påverkar inte systemet tillnärmelsevis lika mycket som andra beroende på vad de syftar till och hur de löses. I enlighet med rådande forskningsläge inom COIN, framförallt kopplat till hur begreppet används i praktiken, kan det konstateras att det återfinns en överensstämmelse mellan svenska reglementen och Kilcullen i teorin.

Has the recent large-scale piracy off the coast of Somalia finally come to an end? The world has responded to the piracy threat in the region with several maritime large-scale anti-piracy operations designed to protect shipping vessels and to deter and arrest pirates. Even though these actions may have contributed to the decline in piracy, there is doubt whether this is a long-term solution, as it fails to address the underlying causes of piracy that is often found ashore. By using theory-developing and theory-consuming strategies this essay has developed a theoretical framework, devised to combat piracy, from factors considered to trigger piracy and theories regarding counterinsurgency. The framework is then used to examine whether the international community's collective contribution in the country contributes to a long-term solution of Somali piracy. The results portray an identification of several measures that have taken place ashore, which initially do not aim to combat piracy, but are considered to contribute to both reducing piracy and to be a more long-term solution to the problem. But even if these measures contribute to a long-term solution, it is difficult to say if they are sufficient enough for Somali piracy to cease completely.

No description available.

Since the second world war, most nations have prepared for further armed inter-state conflicts. Although this being useful, most nations have not succeeded in preparing for other types of conflicts, insurgencies being one of them. The current means and measures of best countering an insurgency have not yet been identified and the ones being used are met with hard criticism. Therefore, more theories need to be studied. The aim of this thesis is to examine the explanatory power of Jaqueline Hazelton’s ”Coercion-theory” by applying it on two cases of counterinsurgency conflicts. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the current discussion regarding a state actors’ choice of methods within counterinsurgency. Despite the theory´s broad variables, this paper concludes that the ”Coercion-theory” is unable to explain the outcome of the second Lebanese war from 2006 and operation Cast Lead from 2008. This thesis can also be used to further underline the need for new tools for decision-makers when faced with an insurgency.

The dissertation deals with the archaeological context of Baltic-zone silver hoards deposited in the Viking Age. Its main objective is to investigate the hoards and the context of their deposition to determine how hundreds of thousands of silver artefacts, mainly Oriental dirhams, arrived in Northern Europe, why they were put in the ground and never retrieved. The review of the published sources on hoards was undertaken in three case studies: Gotland, Pomerania and Svealand. The data on hoards, archaeological sites, geology and topography was collected in geodatabases, and analysed in detail by applying descriptive and advanced statistical methods: regression modelling and GIS-based spatial analysis. The results were presented in the historical context depicted in contemporary literary sources. Hoard deposition was most pronounced near sites which afforded conditions suitable for mercantile exchange and facilitated the flow of silver: the network of emporia, regional trade hubs, local power centres, and harbours, generally situated near major communication routes and within populated areas. However, exchange networks needn't have been strictly hierarchical, and emporium-scale sites were not indispensable for a fair share of silver influx, and trade, to occur. Chronological changes in hoard distributions, their composition and fragmentation of objects indicate how these networks operated and meshed with economic and political conditions in c. 900 and c. 980. A method, which uses the information about the presence/absence of a container, crossreferenced with the weight of silver, was devised to provide an indication as to whether particular hoards were deposited with the aim of retrieval - as savings accessed periodically, or for protection in the face of danger - or whether they were meant to be permanent ritual or symbolic offerings. Ritual behaviour took a variety of forms, but the most widespread were the depositions in recently occupied land in marginal soils, where they were aimed at forging a personal bond between the land and the owner.

<p>Nya typer av krigföring, så som COIN-operationer (Counter insurgency), ställer nya krav på flygstridskrafterna. Utvecklingen av det bemannade stridsflyget har, om man jämför med UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), trots detta stått relativt stilla. Obemannat stridsflyg har samtidigt utvecklat förmågor som gör funktionen till en värdig konkurrent på det moderna slagfältet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida obemannat stridsflyg kan överta det bemannade stridsflygets plats inom ramen för COIN-operationer. Detta avser jag uppnå genom att undersöka hur väl de båda funktionerna svarar uppmot de krav som ställs på ett stridsflygplan i en operation med inslag av COIN. Utifrån detta kommer jag bedöma vilka uppdragstyper som kan samt eventuellt inte kan lösas av en obemannad respektive bemannad flygfarkost. Resultatet i uppsatsen visar att bemannat stridsflyg är bättre anpassat till att genomföra markmålsoperationer inom ramen för COIN-operationer. Främst på grund av en bättre omvärldsuppfattning. Vid uppdragstyper kopplade till flygunderrätteleinhämtning är dock det obemannade stridsflyget bättre anpassat. Främst på grund av en längre uthållighet. Vad det gäller kostnadsaspekten så visar analysen att brukskostnaderna för det obemannade stridsflyget är betydligt lägre än hos det bemannade stridsflyget. Den höga anskaffningskostnaden för ett nytt UAV-system talar dock till dess nackdel. Skyddet som är integrerat i de obemannade plattformarna är sämre än hos den bemannade konkurrenten. UAV får i mångt och mycket lita till sin storlek för skydd. Slutsatsen jag kan dra av arbetet är att bemannat stridsflyg fortfarande har en plats på slagfältet inom ramen för COIN-operationer. Om utvecklingen fortsätter i samma takt och system som förbättrar omvärldsuppfattning för operatören på UAV samt möjliggör ett bättre självskydd kopplat till plattformen kan resultatet snart vara ett annat.</p> / <p>New types of warfare, such as COIN (Counter Insurgency), operations, mean new requirements for the Air Force. The development of the manned combat aircraft has, in comparison with the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), shown relativly slow progress. Unmanned combat aircraft has on the other hand developed capabilities that make it a worthy competitor on the modern battlefield. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether unmanned combat aircraft can outrival the manned combat aircraft, in COIN-operations. I will achieve this by studying how well the two functions are responding to the demands of a combat aircraft in an operation with elements of COIN. From this, I will assess the mission types that can and can not possibly besolved by an unmanned, or a manned combat aircraft. The results of this paper show that the manned fighter is better suited to carry out counter land operations within thescope of COIN-operations, mainly due to a better situational awareness. Due to longer endurance, the unmanned combat aircraft is better suited to carry out missions like reconnaissance and surveillance. In the cost aspect, the analysis shows that the cost of using the unmanned combat aircraft is much lower than that of the manned combat aircraft. The high purchase cost of a new UAV-system, however, speaks against it. The protection that is integrated into the unmanned platforms is worse than for its rival. UAVs must largely rely on their size for protection. The conclusion I can draw from this paper is that manned fighter aircraft still has a place on the battlefield as a part of COIN-operations. If the development continues at this pace and systems that improve the situational awareness of the operator of UAVs, and allows for better self protection linked to the platform, the result may soon be another.</p>

<p>Inom det akademiska studieområdet som berör underrättelseverksamhet finns inte någon vedertagen teori. Teorier avseende vad underrättelsetjänst är och hur den skall bedrivas varierar. Vidare har nationella särintressen stor inverkan vid utformningen av dessa. Inom den militära kontexten är läget i vissa stycken annorlunda. Dagens multinationella operationer kräver samarbete inom en rad olika områden inklusive underrättelsetjänst. I denna uppsats genomförs en studie av tre doktriner/handböckerna avseende underrättelsetjänst. Dessa undersöks utifrån de tre perspektiven Ledning, Adaptivitet och Samarbete. Syftet med detta är att finna vad dessa dokument framhåller som viktigt för underrättelsetjänstens utövande. Dessa viktiga punkter används därefter för att konstruera ett analysverktyg som kan undersöka huruvida dessa doktriner är implementerade inom en för närvarande högaktuell doktrin, FM 3-24 Counterinsurgency. Utifrån de doktriner och handböcker som denna undersökning har baserats på finns tydliga samband mellan hur underrättelsetjänst utövas mellan Sverige, USA och NATO. Detta trots det faktum att vissa variationer kring begrepp och upplägg förekommer mellan styrdokument. Samarbete utgör ett centralt begrepp mellan samtliga underrättelsedokument och förefaller även vara viktigt inom FM 3-24. Vikten av interoperabilitet inom underrättelsetjänsten, som samtliga underrättelsedokument betonar, tycks inte vara implementerad inom FM 3-24.</p> / <p>Within the academic field of intelligence studies, there is no established theory. Theories regardingwhat intelligence is and how it should be conducted vary, and national interests have a major impact in the design of these. Within the military context, the situation is different in certain aspects. Today's multinational operations require cooperation in a variety of areas, including intelligence. In this essay a study of three doctrine/manuals is presented. These are examined from three perspectives, Control, Adaptivity, and Cooperation. The purpose of this is to find what these documents present as important for intelligence exercise. These important points are then used to construct an analysis tool that examine whether these doctrines are implemented in a currently highly topical doctrine, FM 3-24 Counterinsurgency. This study shows a clear link between how intelligence services are organized in Sweden, the United States and NATO. This despite the fact that some variation around concepts and structures exists between their regulatory documents. Cooperation is a central concept among all intelligence documents and appears to be important in FM 3-24. The importance of interoperability within the Intelligence Service, as all intelligence document stresses, does not seem to be implemented in FM 3-24.</p>