O presente estudo pretende examinar o papel desempenhado pelo culto de Zeus na legitimação de grupos e regimes políticos nas póleis gregas, bem como na construção de redes de identidade grega em contexto políade. Queremos oferecer explicações válidas sobre quais fatores políticos e sociais levaram à emergência do culto de Zeus na pólis grega no final do século VII a.C., à apropriação de seu culto a partir do século VI a.C. - o período no qual a pólis alcançou o seu primeiro ápice de urbanização e no qual ocorreu o primeiro aumento de santuários cívicos do deus (no território e na área urbana) e do uso da imagem da águia em moedas gregas -, assim como ao fenômeno de proliferação dos santuários e de imagens monetárias de Zeus e do raio nos séculos V e IV a.C., quando o culto se consolidou na cidade grega. A nossa documentação básica será: 1) todos os componentes de todos os santuários gregos dedicados a Zeus, conhecidos arqueologicamente, entre a Idade do Bronze e a época clássica (até 345/44 a.C.); e 2) todas as moedas conhecidas com imagens de Zeus e de seus atributos, o raio e a águia, cunhadas a partir do período arcaico e até 345/44 a.C. Moedas e santuários compõem a documentação, pois têm em comum o caráter de oficialidade e de identidade da cidade grega: os dois tipos de documento partem de uma mesma entidade política, a pólis. Essa pesquisa oferecerá um panorama geral do culto de Zeus na pólis na longa duração, além de uma abordagem regional que sublinhará os casos mais significativos a respeito de ambos os tipos de documentação referentes à divindade no Peloponeso, em Creta, na Sicília e na Itália do Sul. / The present study is designed to examine the role played by the cult of Zeus in the legitimization of political groups and regimes in Greek poleis, as well as in the construction of networks of Greek identity in a polis context. This investigation aims to offer valid explanations to the following subjects: a) the political and social factors that caused the emergence of cult of Zeus in the Greek polis in the end of the 7th century BC; b) the appropriation of his cult in the poleis from the 6th century BC (the period in which the polis achieved the first apex of urbanization, when occurred the first increase of civic sanctuaries of the deity and the use of eagles types on Greek coins); c) the phenomenon of proliferation of sanctuaries and coin types of Zeus and thunderbolts during the 5th and 4th centuries BC, when the cult was consolidated in the Greek cities. The basic sources of this research are: 1) all components of all known Greek sanctuaries dedicated to Zeus between the Bronze Age and the Classical period until 345/44 BC).; and, 2) all known coins with images of Zeus or his attributes, in this case the thunderbolt and eagle minted between the Archaic period and 345/44 BC. The choice of coins and sanctuaries as the main sources was due to the fact that both share characteristics of identity and officiality of the Greek city, both types of data originate from the same political entity, the polis. This research will provide an overview of the cult of Zeus in poleis in a long-term perspective, as well as a regional approach which will focus on both types of data (sanctuaries and coin types) regarding the deity in four areas of the Greek world - Peloponnese, Crete, Sicily and Southern Italy.

On 1 November, 1954 an armed insurgency against French rule commenced with a large scale terrorist attack throughout various parts of Algeria. France responded by sending troops from the continent to Algeria and was soon involved in a full out counterinsurgency against the Front Liberé National (FLN), a revolutionary movement organised in a classical communist insurgent pattern. Many of the experiences the French gained conducting counterinsurgency in Algeria have been examined by writers of COIN literature. The conclusions have been incorporated into counterinsurgency doctrines of many countries, and the works of Galula, who experienced the war, is considered basic literature for many counterinsurgency courses. This has been inherited by modern COIN literature. The US FM 3.24 draws from the French experiences and theorists in its main body. This essay examines whether modern counterinsurgency literature derived from French experiences and theories gained, fighting FLN fails to address the question on how the insurgent organisation is structured. It provides a few arguments why we should know this, such as knowing your enemy’s structure will help you understand his vulnerabilities. To archive this and lay a foundation for the argumentation it first compares the Algerian FLN to modern day Taliban to establish if their organisational structures are different or similar.

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Le décollement de coin est un phénomène pouvant apparaître sur les avions au niveau par exemple de la jonction voilure/fuselage. Cela dégrade les performances de l'appareil. Considérant le peu de connaissances relatives à ce sujet, les avionneurs choisissent généralement des modifications empiriques pour y faire face. Cette thèse a consisté à étudier la dynamique d'un écoulement de jonction simplifié caractérisé par un décollement de coin modéré, et à évaluer des méthodes numériques couramment employées dans l'industrie pour la prévision de ces écoulements. Les travaux ont débuté avec une synthèse bibliographique. Les phénomènes présents au sein d'un écoulement de jonction simplifié ont été détaillés et les trois principaux sont le tourbillon en fer à cheval, le tourbillon de coin et le décollement de coin. Ensuite, à l'aide de l'approche numérique et de données expérimentales, il a été montré que le décollement de coin modifiait significativement le champ turbulent et que sa dynamique était apparentée à celle du tourbillon en fer à cheval. La comparaison de différents modèles de turbulence a confirmé que l'anisotropie de l'écoulement de coin devait être prise en compte dans la modélisation pour générer des simulations numériques comparables aux observations faites en soufflerie. L'étude du décollement de coin doit encore être poursuivie sur d'autres configurations pour permettre une éventuelle généralisation de ces résultats et les compléter. L'approche numérique doit aussi être améliorée afin de pourvoir à la complexification des situations, et l'utilisation de la ZDES mode 3 permettrait également de progresser dans la compréhension physique des écoulements de jonction. / Corner flow separation may occur on airplanes at the wing/fuselage junction for instance. Airplanes performances are then likely to be reduced. This issue is still not thoroughly understood and therefore, many wind-tunnel and flight tests are carried out in order to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon. This thesis has consisted in studying the dynamics of a simplified junction flow characterized by the presence of a mild corner separation, and in investigating some of the standard CFD methods used in the industry for those kind of flows. First, a literature review showed that the main features of junction flows are the horseshoe vortex, the corner vortex and the corner separation. Thereafter, through the use of numerical and experimental data, it has been shown that the corner separation significantly influenced the turbulent field and its unsteady behavior was linked to the horseshoe vortex one. Comparisons between standard and advanced turbulence models have confirmed that second order closures are needed to accurately predict corner separations. Other juncture flows applications can still be further investigated in order to broaden the application spectrum of the present results. The understanding of the physics of juncture flows may also be improved, for instance using eddy resolving simulations such as ZDES mode 3. Robustness and accuracy of the advanced turbulent closures should be increased to allow reliable juncture flow computation at early design stages.

In recent years, experience from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq has led to considerable debate regarding counterinsurgency theories and their application in reality. Therefore, it could appear strange that both International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and American forces applied strategies in Afghanistan that contradict fundamental knowledge of counterinsurgency theory. One example is the use of indiscriminate force when combating insurgents, resulting in the loss of civilian lives, even though civilian casualties risk alienating the local population from the counterinsurgent. This thesis aims to examine if the three objectives of force protection, destruction of the insurgent, and protection of civilians can be achieved at the same time in counterinsurgency (COIN) warfare, or if a trilemma-like relationship exists between the three, whereby only two of the three objectives can be achieved simultaneously. By examining statistics such as death tolls within the categories of civilians, insurgents and own forces – and comparing the results over two time periods – some conclusions can be drawn with regard to what happens when the strategic focus changes. This thesis focuses on two time periods, 2006-2009 and 2009-2012, and investigates the strategic focus in COIN operations in each period, and whether or not the outcome in terms of death toll can be explained accordingly. The result of the thesis reveals that the statistics point toward the fact that a trilemma like relationship indeed does occur between the three objectives of counterinsurgency. From these results the thesis suggests that this theoretical framework could prove useful in future conflicts by helping to foresee what will happen when working towards the three different objectives.

La détermination de la tenue mécanique de points soudés est un enjeu industriel important, eten particulier dans le cas d’aciers à Très Haute Résistance. Actuellement, l’essai de tractionen croix est l’essai mécanique le plus répandu caractérisant la tenue des points soudés.Toutefois, l’étude de l’influence des différentes zones constituant le point soudé sur la tenueest difficile en se basant sur cet essai.Un essai d’enfoncement de coin a été développé afin de caractériser les ruptures interfacialesdes points soudés. Une section transverse d’un point soudé est observée tandis qu’un coin estinséré entre les deux tôles soudés. Une caméra CCD enregistre l'observation de lapropagation de la fissure.Le pliage limité des tôles durant la fissuration rend efficace la classification des différentspoints soudés par l'énergie totale dissipée par unité de surface rompue. De plus, la mesure insitu de l’angle d’ouverture de fissure caractérise la fissuration stable de la zone fondue. Dessimulations par éléments finis de l’essai sont conduites afin d’estimer un lien entre cesmesures et la rupture du matériau, modélisée par des zones cohésives.La rupture interfaciale de points soudés d’aciers DP et TRIP a été étudiée. Les mesuresexpérimentales permettent d’estimer les paramètres de modèles cohésifs représentatifs de larupture de la zone fondue, constituant des données fiables susceptibles d’être utilisées danstoute simulation numérique du comportement du point soudé. / Characterization of spot weld strength is a key industrial issue, particularly in the case of Advanced High Strength Steels. Today, the most widely used mechanical test evaluating this strength is the Cross Tensile Test. However, investigating the role of the different zones of one spot weld based on this test is difficult.A wedge test has been developed in order to characterize interfacial failures of spot welds. A cross section of one spot weld is observed while a wedge is inserted in between the two welded sheets. A CCD camera records the observation of the propagating crack. The limited sheet bending occurring during crack propagation allows the spot weld classification based on the total energy dissipated per unit fractured area to be efficient.Furthermore, the stable crack propagation is characterized by the in situ measurement of the crack opening angle. Finite element simulations of the test are carried out to estimate a relation between these measurements and the material resistance, approached by a cohesive zone model.Interfacial failures of spot welds of DP and TRIP steels have been investigated. The experimental measurements allow to estimate parameters of a cohesive zone model representative of the molten material failure, providing reliable and appropriate data for simulations of the mechanical behavior of the complete spot weld.

David Galula var en fransk officer som 1964 skrev ner sina teorier om upprorsbekämpning.Dessa teorier har därefter fått ett enormt stort utrymme i både utbildningar och itillämpningar på konflikter världen över. Uppsatsen avhandlar skillnader och likhetermellan Galulas åtta operationella steg och NATO:s nya doktrin för COIN-operationer från2011.Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera de två verken för att utröna hur mycket Galulas teorieranvänds i en modern handbok gällande upprorsbekämpning. Kopplat till användet avGalula i doktrinen vill uppsatsen bedöma hur mycket plats Galulas teorier bör få i denmoderna svenska officersutbildningen.Uppsatsen har nyttjat sig av en kvalitativ textanalys samt en komparativ del där de tvåverken jämförs. NATO:s doktrin för COIN-operationer har analyserats med hjälp avGalulas åtta steg. Resultatet visar att Galulas teorier till viss del går att finna i doktrinen,men det är även mycket som ej går att koppla mellan verken.

I detta arbete utvecklas ett spel för utlärning av programmeringskoncept till förskolebarn. Spelet utvecklas agilt som ett delspel i lärospelet “Magiska Trädgården”. Resultatet av det utvecklade spelet är ett spel där ett bi ska flyga i en loop för att plocka upp ett antal bär, detta ska medföra förståelse av loopar som programmeringskoncept. Spelets användbarhet utvärderades av experter i en heuristisk studie med hjälp av 8 erkända användbarhetsprinciper [4].  Utvärderingen av spelet visar att det enligt experternas åsikt uppfyller de utvalda användbarhetsprinciperna. Dessutom utvärderades det av experterna som meningsfullt i utbildningssyfte.

This master's thesis focuses on the subject Management of free capital inside the cryptocurrency market. First, selected cryptocurrencies are briefly described. Subsequently, their historical data are analysed. Finally, based on these findings, an appropriate strategy for the chosen company is formulated.

(in English) This diploma thesis deals with coin finds and their contexts in church interiors in Bohemia. It evaluates this issue and methodology and puts emphasis on usage of metal detectors in archeology. Coin finds are divided according to their relevant locations to two categories - mass findings or single findings. The knowledge is then evaluated in terms of church interiors and also in wider context. For easier orientation, in the total context, a history of every mentioned church is drawn in connection with coin finds. Integral part of diploma thesis is a well arranged catalogue of coin finds in churches interiors in Bohemia. At the end, coin finds are evaluated from several different points of view.