Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T11:51:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_RegulacaoComportamentalCaititus.PDF: 1169285 bytes, checksum: 78dc819294a4076a9416630a91d8a99c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-10T11:17:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_RegulacaoComportamentalCaititus.PDF: 1169285 bytes, checksum: 78dc819294a4076a9416630a91d8a99c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T11:17:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_RegulacaoComportamentalCaititus.PDF: 1169285 bytes, checksum: 78dc819294a4076a9416630a91d8a99c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-02 / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / As falhas na fertilidade de fêmeas de caititus (Pecari tajacu) adultas criadas em cativeiro são um fator restritivo para a eficiência da produção e precisam ser melhor investigadas. Avaliar a função reprodutiva de fêmeas mantidas em sistema intensivo de criação foi o objetivo dessa pesquisa. Vinte fêmeas foram monitoradas em grupos familiares (controles), por 60 dias, e experimentais (fêmeas descendentes agrupadas com machos não aparentados e na ausência dos genitores), por mais 60 dias. As interações agonísticas, de submissão, amigáveis e sexuais foram filmadas três vezes na semana, a dominância social foi avaliada pelo método Elo-rating e a preferência social através da frequência de interações amigáveis. O sangue foi colhido para dosagem de progesterona plasmática por radioimunoensaio em fase sólida e a prenhez foi confirmada por exame ultrassonográfico. Em três dos quatro grupos controle os genitores mantiveram-se nos postos mais elevados da hierarquia enquanto na fase experimental, as fêmeas descendentes ocuparam os postos mais elevados. A frequência das interações amigáveis recebidas dependeu do sexo e da condição (H=142.991 p<0.01), sendo que as fêmeas genitoras receberam, em média, 2,21 vezes mais interações do que os outros indivíduos. Machos e fêmeas receberam frequências iguais nos grupos experimentais. O estro teve duração de 3,6 ± 1,0 dias com progesterona em 1,2 ± 0,6 ng/mL e maior frequência de cópulas no terço final desse período. As interações sexuais aumentaram no estro em fêmeas (P=0.0019) e machos (P <0.0009) que intensificaram sua frequência de inspeção olfativa. Cópulas foram registradas no início da prenhez. Todas as fêmeas pluríparas (mais pesadas, mais velhas e dominantes) apresentaram atividade reprodutiva (ciclicidade ou prenhez) enquanto sete nulíparas apresentaram períodos de anestro, curtos (16 dias) ou longos (60 dias) no grupo controle. No grupo experimental todas as nulíparas e a primípara copularam e 14 filhotes nasceram, porém, apenas cinco mantiveram-se após sete dias de vida. Demonstramos a presença da dominância dos genitores sobre os descendentes e de um mecanismo de inibição reprodutiva nos agrupamentos familiares. Sugerimos que as fêmeas nulíparas em idade reprodutiva sejam remanejadas do seu grupo de origem para grupos com machos não aparentados, garantindo o potencial reprodutivo da criação e o acesso à comida, espaço e outros recursos preferenciais geralmente priorizados por indivíduos dominantes. / The failure in the fertility of adult female collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) bred in captivity are a restrictive factor for the efficiency of production and needs further investigation. Assess the reproductive function of females reared under intensive rearing system was the objective of this research. Twenty females were monitored in family groups (controls) for 60 days, and experimental groups (female descendants grouped with unrelated males and in the absence of parents), for more 60 days. The agonistic interactions, submission, friendly and sex were recorded three times a week, social dominance was assessed by Elo-rating method and the social preference by frequency of friendly interactions. Blood was collected for measurement of plasma progesterone by solid phase radioimmunoassay and pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasound examination. In three of the four control groups, the parents remained in the highest positions in the hierarchy while in the experimental group stage, the female descendants occupied the highest posts. The frequency of received friendly interactions depended on the sex and the condition (H = 142 991 p <0.01) whereas females mothers received, on average, 2.21 times more interactions than other individuals. Males and females received equal frequencies in the experimental groups. The estrus lasted 3.6 ± 1.0 days with progesterone at 1.2 ± 0.6 ng / mL and higher frequency of copulations in the final third of this period. Sexual interactions increased during estrus in females (P = 0.0019) and males (P <0.0009), which intensified their frequency of olfactory inspection. Copulations were recorded in the early pregnancy. All pluriparous females (heavier, older and dominant) showed reproductive activity (cyclicity or pregnancy) while seven nulliparous females had periods of anestrus, short (16 days) or long (60 days) in the control group. In the experimental group all nulliparous and primiparous mated and 14 pups were born, however, only five remained after seven days of life. We demonstrate the presence of the dominance of the parents on the progeny and a mechanism for reproductive inhibition in family groupings. We suggest that nulliparous females of reproductive age are relocated from their original group for groups with unrelated males, ensuring the reproductive potential of creation and access to food, space and other resources generally preferred prioritized by dominant individuals.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T16:02:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoTortaDende.PDF: 822299 bytes, checksum: 2e47c83008b96b8b343f7b09391112c0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-18T12:27:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoTortaDende.PDF: 822299 bytes, checksum: 2e47c83008b96b8b343f7b09391112c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T12:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoTortaDende.PDF: 822299 bytes, checksum: 2e47c83008b96b8b343f7b09391112c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-08 / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / A criação comercial de caititu (Pecari tajacu) tem despertado interesse em produtores rurais, devido à demanda pelo consumo da carne e utilização industrial de subprodutos como a pele. Todavia, o maior custo com a produção da espécie em cativeiro é o gasto com a alimentação. Neste contexto, a torta de dendê (Elaeis guineensis), um coproduto extraído da amêndoa do fruto, possui baixo custo e alta disponibilidade no Estado do Pará-Brasil, podendo ser utilizada na dieta animal. Tendo em vista isso o objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a eficiência da inclusão da torta da amêndoa de dendê em substituição ao farelo de trigo em rações para caititus, verificando-se o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e as características de carcaça e dos não componentes da carcaça. Para isso, analisou-se o efeito de níveis crescentes de inclusão da torta de dendê, com 0%, 7,5%, 15% e 22,5%, em rações ofertadas aos animais. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em 12 baias experimentais (12m2), sendo utilizados 40 caititus machos em fase de terminação. Os animais foram alojados dois em cada baia, recebendo a ração correspondente ao tratamento. Cada recinto serviu como uma unidade experimental, sendo as baias e os respectivos tratamentos definidos por meio de sorteio. Os animais foram distribuídos de acordo com o peso e a idade, utilizando-se para tanto o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados. Após o experimento nutricional, os animais foram abatidos em abatedouro comercial para suínos. De acordo com os tratamentos utilizados (0%, 7,5%, 15% e 22,5%), o ganho diário de peso (GDP) foi de 46,85g, 26,83g, 36,10g e 52,13g, e o consumo diário de ração, de 437,68g, 440,27g, 436,54 e 436,25g, respectivamente. Houve ganho de peso médio nos animais medida à que a inclusão da torta de dendê foi aumentando, muito embora a diferença significativa (p<0,05) tenha sido observada somente no T7,5% em relação ao T0% e T22%. Para cada tratamento utilizado (0%, 7,5%, 15% e 22,5%), o rendimento de carcaça foi 59,54%, 56,63%, 56,58%, 62,07%, e a porcentagem de pernil em relação à meia carcaça esquerda foi 31,61%, 33,58%, 30,16% e 35,57%, respectivamente, sem haver diferença significativa (p>0,05). Apesar de não haver diferença significativa entre os tratamentos utilizados em ambas variáveis, foi observada uma tendência de elevação de 4% e 12%, para os rendimentos de carcaça e porcentagem de pernil em relação à meia carcaça esquerda, respectivamente, no T22,5%, quando comparado ao T0%. O peso vivo, o peso em jejum, o comprimento e o peso de carcaça, sangue, cabeça, pele, órgãos e glândulas, patas e cortes comerciais não foram influenciados pelos níveis de inclusão da torta de dendê (p>0,05). Os resultados sugerem a inclusão até o nível de 22% de torta de dendê na ração de caititus, em substituição ao farelo de trigo, sem que ocorra prejuízo ao desempenho dos animais. / The commercial breeding of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) has awakened interest in farmers due to the demand for its meat consumption and industrial use of byproducts such as leather. However, the highest cost of production of this species in captivity are the expenses on food. In this context, the palm kernel cake (Elaeis guineensis), a fibrous byproduct extracted from the fruit nut, has a low cost and high availability in Pará State, Brazil, thus it’s possible to be used in the animal diet. Considering this, the aim of this study was to test the efficiency of the palm kernel cake inclusion in diets for collared peccaries in replacement of wheat bran, checking their weight gain, feed intake, carcass and non-components of carcass characteristics. For that, the effect of increasing levels of palm kernel cake inclusion with 0%, 7.5%, 15% and 22.5% in diets offered to the animals were analyzed. The experiment was conducted at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation – Embrapa Eastern Amazon Region in 12 experimental stalls (12m2), using 40 male collared peccaries in finishing phase. Two animals were housed in each stall, in which they were given the corresponding treatment feed. Each enclosure served as an experimental unit, plus the stalls and their respective treatments were defined by drawing lots. The animals were divided according to weight and age, using a randomized block design. After the nutritional experiment the animals were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse for pigs. According to the treatments used (0%, 7.5%, 15% and 22.5%), average daily gain (ADG) was 46.85g, 26.83g, 36.10g and 52.13g and daily feed intake was 437.68g, 440.27g, 436.54, 436.25g respectively. The animals gained more weight as the inclusion of palm kernel cake increased in their diet, although the significant difference (p<0.05) was only observed in T7,5% compared to T0% and T22%. For each treatment used (0%, 7.5%, 15% and 22.5%), carcass dressing percentage was 59.54%, 56.63%, 56.58%, 62.07%, and ham percentage 31.61%, 33.58%, 30.16% and 35.57%, respectively, without significant difference (p>0.05). Although there was no significant difference between the treatments used in both variables, there was an increase tendency of 4% and 12% for carcass dressing percentage and ham percentage, respectively, in T22, 5% when compared to T0%. Live weight, fasting weight, hot carcass, carcass length, blood, head, skin, organs, paws and commercial cuts were not influenced by the levels of palm kernel cake inclusion (p>0,05). The results suggest the inclusion to the level of 22%, of palm kernel cake in the collared peccary feed, in replacement of wheat bran, without any harms of animal performance.

Au cours de leur vie, les individus doivent constamment prendre des décisions qui peuvent fortement affecter leur valeur sélective. Pour optimiser leur prise de décisions, ces individus peuvent utiliser des informations soit issues de leurs propres interactions avec l’environnement (informations personnelles), soit issues de l’observation d’autres individus (informations sociales). La propension à utiliser des informations sociales et leur signification dépend certainement de paramètres individuels et environnementaux. Pour comprendre le potentiel évolutif de ce comportement à priori adaptatif, il est nécessaire de comprendre les causes de ces variations inter- et intra-individuelles. Le but de cette thèse était donc de déterminer les sources de variations individuelles dans l’utilisation d’information sociales hétérospécifiques pour le choix d’habitat de reproduction, chez le gobe-mouche à collier (Ficedula albicollis). A partir de données à long terme et d’expérimentations en nature dans la population de Gotland (Suède), j’ai montré que l’utilisation d’informations sociales n’est pas héritable dans cette population, mais dépend de l’âge et de l’agressivité des mâles, ainsi que de la taille de ponte des compétiteurs au moment où les gobe-mouches font leur choix. A partir d’une expérience de repasse, j’ai également montré que les femelles peuvent ajuster, en fonction de leur propre niveau d’agressivité, leur choix de site de nidification en fonction de caractéristiques de chants supposément liés à la qualité des mésanges charbonnières (Parus major). Cette thèse souligne l’importance de la personnalité dans l’utilisation d’informations sociales hétérospecifiques pour la sélection d’habitat de reproduction dans cette population, et montre que des caractéristiques fines de signaux à l’intention de congénères peuvent aussi être utilisées par d’autres espèces. Cela nous aide ainsi à mieux comprendre les mécanismes évolutifs de ce comportement / All their life, individuals have to make decisions that may strongly affect their fitness. To optimize their decisions, they can use personally acquired information but also information obtained from observing other individuals (“social information”). The propensity to gather and use social information and the information meaning might depend on both individual and environmental factors. Studying what drives within- and between-individual differences in social information use should help us understand the evolutionary potential of this supposedly adaptive behaviour. The aim of my PhD was to empirically investigate sources of variability in heterospecific social information use for breeding habitat selection. I worked on a natural population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis, Gotland Island, Sweden), a passerine species shown to cue on the presence, density, reproductive investment and nest site preference of dominant titmice for settlement decisions. Using both long term and experimental data, I showed that the use of heterospecific social information, measured as the probability to copy tit nest preference, is not heritable but depends on male age and aggressiveness and on tit apparent breeding investment at the time of flycatcher settlement. Using a playback experiment, I also showed that female flycatchers can fine-tune nest site choice according to (i) song features supposedly reflecting great tit (Parus major) quality and (ii) their own aggressiveness level. This thesis highlights the importance of personality in the use of heterospecific social information for breeding site selection in this population, and broadens the traditionally known sources of heterospecific information to fine song characteristics reflecting heterospecifics’ quality. To fully understand the evolutionary mechanisms and consequences of heterospecific social information use, genetically based plasticity and fitness consequences remains to be explored

Age is often a neglected factor in ecological studies. However, age-related changes in reproduction and survival of organisms may strongly influence population dynamics. The Gotlandic population of collared flycatchers is a perfect system for studying age-related changes in the wild, as the exact age and reproductive history of most individuals is known. Collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) on Gotland show the typical pattern of age-related changes in survival and reproductive success; both factors show an increase early in life and a decrease late in life. This thesis presents a broad study not only of age-related patterns of reproduction and immunity, but also proposes the mechanisms driving these patterns. My results show that in addition to survival probability and reproductive performance, reproductive costs and life-history trade-offs also change with progressing age. There is a significant increase in reproductive performance at the population level during first years of life which result from selection against low quality phenotypes. On the individual level this pattern is best explained by an optimization of reproductive effort. However, high quality individuals have higher reproductive success as early as their first breeding event and are long-lived. Thus, they seem to adopt a different strategy than lower quality, short-lived individuals. Differences in individual quality seem to be shaped by the developmental conditions experienced as nestlings. Fledglings with longer tarsi, but lower body mass become long-lived, high quality adults. Young individuals breeding for first time pay higher costs of reproduction. They also express a limited ability to reduce these costs by breeding in high quality territories when compared to middle-aged individuals. Young individuals seem to invest more into self-maintenance, whereas old individuals reduce the level of self-maintenance (measured as immune response) and redistribute their investment towards reproduction. Thus, old individuals are limited in their ability to reduce reproductive costs under favorable conditions, especially as they also senesce, which pattern is also shaped by individual quality. Variation in individual quality appears to have an strong effect on age-related survival probability, reproductive performance, reproductive costs, and even life-history decisions. Therefore, taking this factor into account in studies of life-history patterns is necessary to obtain reliable results.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarianaAS_DISSERT.pdf: 968116 bytes, checksum: 38354f5cda3df8e97f62e2dd173a7ba1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aimed to test the use of powdered coconut water (ACP ®-116C) based extender in the cryopreservation of semen collared peccary, plus different concentrations of egg yolk and glycerol, as well as seeking to draw up a protocol of cryopreservation by testing different freezing curves, volumes straws for storage and post-thawing temperatures. In the first experiment, ejaculates from twelve animals were fractionated into aliquots that were diluted in Tris plus 10% egg yolk and 3% glycerol or ACP-116C ® added different concentrations of egg yolk (10 or 20%) and glycerol (1.5 and 3%), placed in liquid nitrogen and thawed after a month at 37 ° C for one minute, and their semen parameters were further evaluated for sperm motility, vigor, viability, morphology and acrosome membrane integrity and functional, place showed that ACP-116C ® plus 20% egg yolk and 3% glycerol, showed the best motility and vigor after thawing than when compared with Tris diluent (p <0.05). In the second experiment, we used the ACP-116C ® plus 20% egg yolk and 3% glycerol. After dilution the samples were divided into two aliquots, to different freezing curves freezing, slow curve (A) and fast curve (B) . The samples were packed in straws of 0.25 and 0.5ml for a week, and thawed at 37°C/ 1 min and 70°C/8s, and evaluated as in the previous experiment. There were no differences between the curves and volumes straws post thawing (p> 0.05). However, differences were observed between the volume straws and the rate of thawing at 70°C/8s (p <0.05). In conclusion, we recommend cryopreservation of collared peccary semen from ACP ® 116C plus 20% of egg yolk and 3% glycerol, using the fast curve freezing , which allows maximizing the time during the process, storage of samples in straws of 0.25 or 0.5 mL, and thawing at 37°C/60s. / Esse estudo teve como objetivo testar o uso da água de coco em pó (ACP-116C ®) como diluente na criopreservação de sêmen de catetos, acrescido de diferentes concentrações de gema de ovo e glicerol, bem como, buscar elaborar um protocolo de criopreservação, testando-se diferentes curvas de congelação, volumes de palheta para armazenamento e temperaturas de descongelação. No primeiro experimento, os ejaculados de doze animais foram fracionados em alíquotas que foram diluídas em Tris acrescido de 10% gema de ovo e 3% de glicerol ou em ACP-116C ® adicionado de diferentes concentrações de gema de ovo (10 ou 20%) e glicerol (1,5 e 3%), acondicionadas em nitrogênio líquido e descongeladas após um mês a 37ºC por um minuto, e seus parâmetros seminais foram posteriormente avaliados para a motilidade espermática, vigor, viabilidade, morfologia e integridade da membrana acrossômica e funcional, onde verificou-se que ACP-116C ® acrescido de 20% gema de ovo e 3% de glicerol, proporcionou melhores resultados de motilidade e vigor após a descongelação do que quando comparado com diluente Tris (p <0,05). No segundo experimento, utilizou-se o ACP-116C ® acrescido de 20% gema de ovo e 3% de glicerol como diluente. Após a diluição as amostras foram divididas em duas alíquotas, destinadas a diferentes curvas de congelação, curva lenta (A) e curva rápida (B). As amostras foram acondicionadas em palhetas de 0,25 e 0,5mL, durante uma semana, e descongeladas a 37ºC/1min e 70ºC/8s, e avaliadas como no experimento anterior. Não foram verificadas diferenças entre as curvas de congelação e volumes de palheta (p> 0,05). Porém, foram verificadas diferenças entre o volume das palhetas e a taxa de descongelação a 70 ºC/8s (p <0,05). Em conclusão, recomenda-se a criopreservação do sêmen de cateto em ACP®-116C, acrescido de 20% de gema de ovo e 3% de glicerol, usando a curva de congelação rápida (B) que permite a maximização do tempo durante o processo, o armazenamento das amostras em palhetas de 0,25 ou 0,5mL, e descongelação a 37°C/60s.

Aim of this study was to assess distribution and abundance of common synanthropic species of birds (House sparrow, Tree sparrow, Eurasian collared dove and Blackbird) in area of the city České Budějovice in the Czech Republic in autumn and winter. Habitat preferences of these species were analysed. Study also determined influence of the certain characteristics of urban vegetation on their occupation by both species of sparrows.

A utilização racional da fauna silvestre é um processo benéfico, por resultar em vantagens econômicas e sociais, e ao mesmo tempo auxiliar no processo de conservação das espécies silvestres. Entre as espécies silvestres brasileiras com potencial zootécnico, destaca-se o cateto (Pecari tajacu), um animal que consome diversos tipos de alimentos e que produz carne e couro com elevada demanda nos mercados nacional e internacional, respectivamente. Uma característica desta espécie é a presença de um pré-estômago, onde ocorre fermentação microbiana que confere a esta espécie capacidade para digerir alimentos volumosos. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho: (i) medir a capacidade digestiva usando doses crescentes de uréia como fonte de nitrogênio não protéico (NNP) na dieta de catetos; (ii) avaliar a eficiência da microbiota do pré-estômago de catetos em proceder à fermentação anaeróbica da dieta, através da técnica de produção de gases para diferentes doses de uréia; (iii) estimar a síntese de nitrogênio microbiano in vitro utilizando o isótopo estável 15N como marcador. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. No primeiro foi utilizado delineamento com distribuição inteiramente aleatória, no qual as possíveis seqüências dos tratamentos (doses de uréia: 0,0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 %) foram atribuídas aleatoriamente em cinco ensaios com quatro animais cada. No segundo e terceiro capítulos, o delineamento empregado foi com distribuição inteiramente aleatória em arranjo fatorial 4 X 2, no qual foram utilizados quatro doses de uréia, duas fontes de inóculo (espécie animal: cateto e ovino) e cinco repetições. Os resultados para digestibilidade da MS, PB e FDN não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelas doses de uréia, contudo, podem ter proporcionado incremento na síntese microbiana melhorando a digestibilidade da fibra. O BN cresceu linearmente com o incremento das doses de uréia (R2 = 0,97), apresentando retenção de 8,95 g dia-1 de N para maior dose e 5,22 g dia-1 de N para a dieta sem uréia, não havendo efeito significativo (P>0,01) para as perdas de N fecal e urinário. No segundo trabalho, houve produção de gases (197 mL g-1 MS) utilizando inóculo de cateto, contudo, não apresentou correlação com os tratamentos. A digestibilidade da MS (MSD), MO (MOD) e FDN (FDND) e a produção de gases em função da MSD, MOD e FDND apresentaram diferença significativa (P<0,01) para os tratamentos, havendo crescimento linear (P>0,01) para digestibilidade de FDN (R2 = 0,50) e regressão linear inversa para produção de gases em função da FDND (R2 = 0,51). A produção de gás metano em função da MS, MO, MSD e MOD utilizando inóculo de cateto, apresentou diferença significativa (P<0,01) para os tratamentos, porém com baixo coeficiente de correlação entre as doses crescentes de uréia. A síntese de nitrogênio microbiano para o inóculo de cateto, não apresentou efeito significativo (P>0,05) para os tratamentos. A produção de nitrogênio amoniacal foi significativa (P<0,01) para as diferentes doses de uréia com ajuste de regressão linear aditiva (R2 = 0,50). A produção de gases mostra que a dieta concentrada foi degradada devido à presença de microrganismos no inóculo de cateto. Estes microrganismos foram capazes de hidrolisar a uréia em amônia e esta, por sua vez, convertida em compostos nitrogenados para síntese microbiana, mostrando a eficiência da fisiologia digestiva deste animal no aproveitamento do NNP. Além disso, os resultados in vivo indicam que o pré-estômago dos catetos foi capaz de utilizar uréia como fonte NNP, podendo substituir parte da proteína dietética em sua alimentação / The rational use of wild fauna is a beneficial process, as it results in economical and social advantages, and at the same time helps in the conservation process of wild species. Among the wild Brazilian species with zootechnical potential, the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) stands out as an animal that consumes several kinds of foods and produces meat and pelt with a high demand in national and international markets, respectively. A characteristic of this species is the presence of a forestomach, where the microbial fermentation occurs, which enables this species to digest coarse roughage. The objective of this study was (i) to measure the digestive efficiency in the using increasing doses of urea as source of non protein nitrogen (NPN) in the collared peccary diet; (ii) to evaluate the efficiency of collared peccary fore-stomach microorganisms in proceed to anerobic fermentation of diet, using the in vitro gas production technique at different urea doses; (iii) to estimate the in vitro microbial nitrogen synthesis using stable isotope 15N as marker.This study is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, an experimental design with entirely randomized distribution was used where the urea doses (0.0; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 %) were randomly used in five assays with four animals each. In the second and third chapters, the experimental design used had an entirely randomized distribution, resulting in a 4 x 2 factorial experiment, in which four urea doses, and two sources of inoculum (collared peccary and sheep) and five replications. The DM, CP, and NDF digestibility results were not influenced (P>0.05) by the urea doses, however, they may have increased the microbial synthesis, improving fiber digestibility. The NB increased linearly with the increasing doses of urea (R2 = 0.97), presenting an N retention of 8.95 g day-1, for the highest dose of urea and 5.22 g day-1 for a non urea diet, without significant effect (P>0.01) to the losses of fecal and urinary N. In the second study, there was gas production (197 mL g-1 DM) using the collared peccary inoculums; however there was no correlation with the treatments. The DM (DMD), OM (OMD) and NDF (NDFD) digestibility and gas production as a function of DMD, OMD and NDFD showed a significant difference (P<0.01) for the treatments, showing a linear increase (P>0.01) in NDF digestibility (R2 = 0.50) and inverse linear regression for gas production as a function of NDFD (R2 = 0.51). The methane gas production as a function of DM, OM, DMD, and OMD using peccary fore-stomach inoculum showed significant difference (P<0.01) for the treatments, but with a low correlation coefficient between increasing doses of urea. The microbial nitrogen synthesis for the peccary inoculum did not show significant effect (P<0.01) for the treatments, in contrast, the production of ammoniacal nitrogen was significant (P<0.01) at different urea doses with an adjustment of additive linear regression (R2 = 0.50). The gas production showed that concentrated diet was degraded because of microorganisms presents in the collared peccary inoculum. These microorganisms present in the inoculum could hydrolyse the urea in ammonia and this, in its turn, is converted into nitrogen compounds for microbial synthesis, showing the efficiency of this animal´s digestive physiology in NPN use. Furthermore, in vivo results show that the pre-stomach of the collared peccary was capable to use urea as source NPN, thus could substitute part of the dietary protein in his/her feeding

Abstract Animals need information about local conditions to make optimal fitness-enhancing decisions such as where to breed. Information can be acquired by personal sampling of the environment, but it can also be acquired from other individuals. The latter is termed social information use. Social information use has gained a lot of attention in modern ecology because it affects principal ecological phenomena such as animal distribution and resource use. Social information use is not restricted to obviously cognitive mammals and birds but is also found in e.g. reptiles, fish and insects. Social information use studies have thus far been concentrated on situations with one social information user and one (often the same) source species. The community-wide consequences of social information use have almost exclusively been considered in theoretical studies. In this thesis, I studied empirically social information use in the nest site selection within and between species in a cavity-nesting bird community consisting of the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis), the great tit (Parus major) and the blue tit (P. caeruleus). I studied social information use on two time scales: social information gathered just before a breeding attempt, and social information gathered already during the previous breeding season for the following year’s breeding attempt. I used experiments in which different white geometric symbols represented nest site choices of earlier settled tutors and empty nest boxes, and I observed the symbol choices of later-breeding individuals. The symbol approach eradicates bias from innate and learned preferences enabling strong inference. My results demonstrate that collared flycatchers use social information from both con- and heterospecific tutors in different situations in a flexible manner. Hence, social information use seems to be context-dependent. Furthermore, I show that great tits avoid choosing nest site characteristics which were associated with either con- or heterospecifics nests the previous year and prefer symbols which depicted an empty nest box the previous year, probably to avoid nest ectoparasites. I also show that in great tits the male has greater influence on nest site selection than previously assumed even though the female builds the nest. My thesis deepens our understanding about the complexity of social information use and highlights its significance in future ecological research. / Tiivistelmä Eläimet tarvitsevat informaatiota paikallisista olosuhteista tehdäkseen edullisia päätöksiä esimerkiksi siitä, missä lisääntyä. Informaatiota voidaan hankkia tutkimalla ympäristöä itse, mutta sitä voidaan hankkia myös muilta yksilöiltä. Jälkimmäistä kutsutaan sosiaaliseksi informaatioksi. Eläinten sosiaalisen informaation käyttö on saavuttanut viime aikoina paljon huomiota ekologisessa tutkimuksessa, koska se vaikuttaa tärkeisiin ekologisiin ilmiöihin, kuten eläinten levinneisyyteen ja resurssien käyttöön. Sosiaalinen informaation käyttö ei rajoitu vain nisäkkäisiin ja lintuihin, vaan sitä on havaittu myös esimerkiksi matelijoilla, kaloilla ja hyönteisillä. Sosiaalisen informaation käyttöä on tutkittu lähes yksinomaan lajien sisällä tai käyttäen ainoastaan yhtä sosiaalisen informaation lähdelajia. Yhteisötason vaikutuksia on pohdittu miltei pelkästään teoreettisissa tutkimuksissa. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä tutkin kokeellisesti sosiaalisen informaation käyttöä pesäpaikan valinnassa lajin sisällä ja lajien välillä kolopesivien lintujen yhteisössä sepelsiepolla (Ficedula albicollis), talitiaisella (Parus major) ja sinitiaisella (P. caeruleus). Otin tutkimuksissani huomioon kaksi aikatasoa: tutkin juuri ennen pesimisyritystä kerätyn sekä jo edellisen lisääntymiskauden aikana seuraavan vuoden pesintää varten hankitun sosiaalisen informaation käyttöä. Kokeissani käytin linnunpönttöihin kiinnitettyjä erilaisia valkoisia geometrisia symboleita, jotka edustivat aiemmin pesinnän aloittaneiden lintujen eli tuutoreiden pesäpaikanvalintoja. Seurasin tämän jälkeen myöhemmin pesimään saapuvien parien symbolivalintoja. Tulosteni perusteella sepelsiepot hankkivat sosiaalista informaatiota sekä lajitovereiltaan että tiaisilta joustavasti eri tilanteissa. Lisäksi osoitan, että talitiaiset välttävät valitsemasta pesäpaikkoja, jotka olivat asuttuina edellisenä vuonna, ja suosivat sellaisia pesäpaikkoja, joissa ei pesitty edellisenä vuonna - todennäköisesti välttääkseen kirppuja ja muita pesäloisia. Osoitan myös, että talitiaiskoirailla on suurempi vaikutus pesäpaikan valintaan kuin aikaisemmin on oletettu, vaikka naaraat rakentavat pesän. Väitöskirjatyöni syventää käsitystämme sosiaalisen informaation käytön monitahoisuudesta eläinkunnassa ja korostaa sen merkitystä ekologisessa tutkimuksessa.

La dispersion, c’est-à-dire le déplacement d’un individu entre deux sites de reproduction, est un processus clé pour la dynamique des métapopulations et les flux de gènes. Son succès peut être modulé par des différences de phénotype ou syndromes de dispersion. Cependant, les contraintes environnementales (externes) et physiologiques (internes) qui sous-tendent ces syndromes restent mal connus. Ce projet vise à clarifier l’impact des variations environnementales et des contraintes oxydatives (liées aux espèces réactives de l’oxygène produites durant la respiration) sur les phénotypes associés à la dispersion chez un passereau, le gobemouche à collier Ficedula albicollis. La demande énergétique a été expérimentalement (i) augmentée en manipulant la surface alaire ou (ii) diminuée par une supplémentation en nourriture. L’équilibre oxydo-réducteur des gobemouches en reproduction est influencé par des interactions complexes entre facteurs intrinsèques (statut de dispersion) et extrinsèques (densité de couples reproducteurs, année, traitement expérimental). La capacité antioxydante dépend principalement des différences permanentes entre individus, alors que les pro-oxydants présentent de grandes variations intra-individu. Les variations environnementales et les contraintes énergétiques modulent aussi les différences de succès reproducteur et de comportement parental liées au statut de dispersion. Nos résultats confirment que les oiseaux dispersants et philopatriques diffèrent dans leur gestion de l’équilibre oxydo-réducteur lorsqu’il est en compétition avec l’investissement reproducteur. Ces différences pourraient avoir des conséquences à long terme sur la valeur sélective et compenser les différences de succès reproducteur entre individus dispersants et philopatriques dans les habitats de faible qualité. Ce travail souligne que les traits associés à la dispersion sont souvent déterminés par des normes de réaction à l’environnement et non des différences fixées entre individus, et améliore notre compréhension des syndromes de dispersion / Dispersal, i.e. individual movement between breeding sites, is a key process for metapopulation dynamics and gene flow. Its success can be modulated by phenotypic differences between dispersing and philopatric individuals, or dispersal syndromes. However, the environmental (external) and physiological (internal) constraints underlying such syndromes remain poorly known. This project aimed at clarifying the impact of environmental variation and oxidative constraints, linked to the reactive oxygen species produced during respiration, on phenotypes associated to dispersal in a passerine bird, the collared flycatcher Ficedulla albicollis. Energetic demand was experimentally (i) increased through a wing load manipulation or (ii) relieved through food supplementation. The oxidative balance of breeding flycatchers was influenced by complex interactions of dispersal status and extrinsic factors (breeding density, year, experimental treatments). Interestingly, antioxidant capacity was influenced both by permanent individual differences and by food availability, whereas measures of pro-oxidants were highly variables within individuals. Environmental variation and energetic constraints also modulated the differences in reproduction associated with dispersal: dispersing and philopatric birds differ in their management of the oxidative balance when it is competing with reproductive investment. This thesis highlights that reaction norms, rather than fixed differences, often shape traits associated to dispersal

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T11:17:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_ProducaoInvitroEmbrioes.PDF: 1935608 bytes, checksum: 2cd63044454d30a88b39d3bc30f867e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-09T17:24:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_ProducaoInvitroEmbrioes.PDF: 1935608 bytes, checksum: 2cd63044454d30a88b39d3bc30f867e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T17:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_ProducaoInvitroEmbrioes.PDF: 1935608 bytes, checksum: 2cd63044454d30a88b39d3bc30f867e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-13 / Trata-se da aplicação de biotecnicas de reprodução na espécie Pecari tajacu para melhorar seu potencial para a criação em cativeiro visando sua produção, conservação e multiplicação de recursos genéticos. Para determinar o tempo de maturação in vitro foram utilizados 48 fêmeas, foram selecionados 69 CCOs e divididos em 4 grupos por idade e tempo de MIV, e então submetidos a ativação partenogenética em Ionomicina e 6-DMAP. Para análise da progressão meiótica 165 oócitos foram divididos em 4 grupos conforme a suplementação de hormônios na MIV e tempo de maturação. Na criopreservação foram utilizados espermatozoides epididimários de 9 machos, diluídos em Tris-frutose e ACP-120 e divididos em grupos de refrigeração a 4ºC e congelamento a -196ºC e presença da glutationa (GSH), foram avaliados os parâmetros motilidade, vigor e viabilidade após a diluição a fresco e criopreservação. Para a produção de embriões, 97 oócitos após MIV de 36 horas foram divididos grupos de ativação partenogenética, FIV e ICSI. Através da ativação partenogenética obteve-se taxas de clivagens (47%) para os oócitos de fêmeas com menos de 2 anos submetidos a MIV em 36 horas, em todos os grupos observaram-se clivagens porém não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos analisados, observou-se taxa de blastocisto (15,4%) somente no grupo de oócitos ativados após MIV de 44 horas. Na analise da progressão meiótica, em todos os tempos analisados foram encontrados oócitos em MII. Na criopreservação dos espermatozoides observaram-se queda nos parâmetros analisados nos dois diluidores em todos os grupos, a presença da glutationa não interferiu significativamente nos parâmetros analisados. No resfriamento, as taxas de motilidade e viabilidade foram superiores no ACP-120 (> 50%) e no congelamento em tris-frutose (33% e 18%). A produção de embriões in vitro foi bem sucedida na ativação partenogenética (62,9%) e na ICSI (52,6%), na FIV as taxas foram baixas (7%), a produção de blastocisto ocorreu somente nos embriões partenotos (4,5%). Os resultados mostraram a viabilidade de biotecnicas reprodutivas como conservação de gametas, e produção in vitro de embriões na espécie Pecari tajacu. / This work considers the application of reproduction biotechniques on species Pecari tajacu designed to improve its potential for upbringing in captivity and aiming its production, conservation and the multiplication of genetical resources. To determine the maturation time in vitro, 48 females were utilized. An amount of 69 CCOs were selected and divided in 4 groups, per age and per time of MIV. They were then submitted to parthenogenetic activation in ionomycin and 6-DMAP. For the meiotic progression analysis, 165 oocytes were divided in 4 groups according to supplementation of hormones in MIV and time of maturation. For the cryopreservation, epididymal sperm of 9 males were utilized, diluted in Tris-fructose and ACP-120 and divided in groups of refrigeration at 4°C and freezing at -196 °C in the presence of glutathione (GSH), where the parameters of motility, vigor and viable sperm were evaluated, after fresh dilution and cryopreservation. For the embryo production, 97 oocytes after MIV of 36 hours were divided in groups of parthenogenetic activation, IVF and ICSI. Through parthenogenetic activation the rates of cleavages were obtained (47%) for the oocytes of females with less than 2 years of age, submitted to MIV in 36 hours. In all groups cleavages were observed, but with no significant difference (P>0,05) among the groups analysed. One blastocyst rate of 15,4% was observed only in the group of oocytes activated after MIV of 44 hours. In the meiotic progression analysis, in all times analyzed oocytes were found in MII. In the cryopreservation of the spermatozoa it was observed a drop of the parameters analyzed in the two extenders in all groups. The presence of glutathione did not interfere significantly in the parameters analyzed. In the freezing, the rates of motility and viable sperm were superior in ACP-120 (> 50%) and in the freezing in tris-fructose, 33% and 18%. The production of embryos in vitro was well succeeded in the parthenogenetic activation (62,9%) and in ICSI (52,6%). In IVF the rates were low (7%). The production of blastocyst occurred only in the partenotes embryos (4,5%). The results of this work showed the feasibility of reproductives biotechniques, such gametes conservation and in vitro production of embryos of the species Pecari tajacu.