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En 2007, une étude divulgue la corrélation entre les aptitudes communicationnelles des futurs médecins et les probabilités de plaintes au cours de leur carrière. En 2021, la communication médecin-patient se manifeste d’ailleurs comme le principal élément sous-jacent aux plaintes envers les médecins. Avec cette problématique, il est question d’interroger les statistiques croissantes, notamment en s’intéressant à la place de l’enseignement dans la formation de l’identité professionnelle des futurs médecins. Ce mémoire a pour objectif de questionner le rôle de communicateur tel qu’établi par le référentiel de compétences CanMEDS. Pour y arriver, douze entretiens avec des acteurs de l’École de médecine de l’Université de Montréal à différents stades de leur professionnalisation ont été tenus. De l’analyse thématique des entretiens est ressorti 3 thèmes : la professionnalisation institutionnelle, les réalités du contexte pédagogique et les obstacles à la formation de l’identité professionnelle du rôle de communicateur. Ceux-ci pointent vers l’omniprésence d’une approche basée sur la médecine factuelle plutôt que basée sur la vertu à travers la formation de l’identité professionnelle. Le processus professionnalisant pour devenir un médecin est largement fondé sur la présence de comportements observables et mesurables, et ce, de l’admission à l’évaluation continue des compétences communicationnelles. Ainsi, le développement de leur identité professionnelle navigue plus difficilement la relation médecin-patient. La professionnalisation actuelle passe à côté de certaines opportunités de rétroactions et d’apprentissage autoréflexives. Le constat final présente une opportunité de développer un parcours qui intègre les arts et les sciences sociales pour le développement du rôle de communicateur. / In 2007, a study revealed a correlation between the communication skills of future physicians and their likelihood of receiving complaints during their career. In 2021, physician-patient communication was the main issue underlying complaints about physicians. With this problem in mind, we question the growing statistics, particularly by looking at the place of teaching in the professional identity formation of future physicians. The goal of this master’s thesis is to question the physician’s communicator role as established by the CanMEDS competency framework. To this end, twelve interviews were held with actors from the University of Montreal School of Medicine at different stages of their professionalization. From thematic analysis of the interview data, three themes emerged: institutional professionalization, the realities of the educational context, and the challenges to professional identity formation in the role of communicator. These point to the pervasiveness of an evidence-based medicine approach rather than a virtue-based medicine approach to professional identity formation. The professionalizing process of becoming a physician is largely based on the presence of observable and measurable behaviours, from admission to ongoing assessment of communication skills. As a result, it is more difficult to navigate an authentic physician-patient relationship in the development of their professional identity. Current professionalization misses some opportunities for self-reflective feedback and learning. The final finding presents an opportunity to develop a pathway that integrates the arts and social sciences for the development of the communicator role.

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This research investigates the key characteristics of design leaders in the context of New Product Development (NPD) at the Fuzzy Front End (FFE) or early stage of this process. It particularly focuses on how design leaders communicate design to non-designers. It is often observed that designers struggle to communicate design to non-designers. Previous research has identified design leaders as competent design communicators. However, the definition and key characteristics of design leaders remain unclear. By reviewing the literature on leadership studies, design leadership and project leadership, it is evident that no single universal definition of leadership exists. The most common definition is that leaders apply their knowledge and skills to conduct activities and use their traits to influence other people’s actions. Leadership requires different characteristics for different tasks. To understand the characteristics of design leaders, triangulated research was employed at a real-life NPD project involving young designers and non-designers at early stages of NPD as part of the first study. All participants (N=32) were directly observed, interviewed in semi-structured interviews and administered with assistive questionnaires to compare design and non-design participants’ leadership and communication styles. The second study was in-depth, focusing on UK design leaders (N=11) through semi-structured interviews and based on deficiencies in leadership and communicating design, identified from the first study and the literature review. Comparative studies indicate that designers and design leaders vary their attitudes towards non-designers, motivation and communication style. This study highlights the key characteristics of design leaders: an epiphany by experiencing the entire NPD process, interest in the benefits of NPD stakeholders, a good understanding of design competency, reflectively flexible working attitude and strong, active listening. Thus, a conceptual model was formulated and evaluated, able to guide designers who wish to become design leaders and help to enhance design communication and relationships with non-designers.

Tout au long de notre recherche, nous avons prouvé que le griot est celui qui parvient à remonter le cours du temps par la parole. Ce qui permet aux historiens de refaire l’histoire du continent africain restée longtemps dans l’oralité. Cette communication orale portée par le griot requiert un manque d’objectivité mais a tout de même une importance capitale dans la société africaine. Tout comme les médias rapportent des faits, le griot, grâce à sa maîtrise de la parole et par le truchement des éléments expressifs et les instruments de musique publie lui aussi les faits marquants sa cité et parvient ainsi à participer au processus démocratique de la Guinée. Prenant de plus en plus en charge le commentaire politique, le griot marie l’histoire pour produire de l’idéologie, en établissant une continuité historique conforme au présent. Le griot n’hésite pas à s’inclure dans la peau des personnages, à louanger les promesses du chef pour lequel il travaille. Exactement comme le font les médias africains qui ont eux aussi tendance à louanger les acteurs politiques. L’humour du griot dans les critiques faites contre les politiques, contribue au processus démocratique. Mais la conception de la liberté des médias, est un objectif à atteindre en Afrique, pour aider son développement durable. Force est de reconnaître que le concept de la liberté des médias est constitutionnalisé en Guinée et au Bénin, dans le but d’une perspective de volonté de changement de la culture des médias mais n’est pas totalement garantie. Au Bénin comme en Guinée, la crainte est toujours palpable chez les citoyens qui veulent faire valoir leurs droits. Surtout le Bénin qui se veut un modèle et qui avait suscité l’admiration des grandes démocraties entre 1990 et 2006 et fait des émules partout en Afrique est tombé de son piédestal. Malgré une relative longue pratique de la démocratie libérale et pluraliste, des inquiétudes pèsent sur l’évolution de la vie politique et des médias dans ces pays. Les manifestations pacifiques organisées pour dénoncer les dérives du pouvoir et exiger le respect des libertés démocratiques, sont violemment dispersées par les forces de l’ordre. Sur des dossiers sensibles, les citoyens ont peur de s’exprimer. Même rassurés, ils craignent des représailles des forces de l’ordre / Throughout our research, we proved that the griot is the one who manages to travel back in time through speech. This allows historians to rewrite the history of the African continent remained long in orality. This oral communication carried by the griot requires a lack of objectivity but still has major importance in African society. Just as the media report the facts, the griot, thanks to his mastery of speech and through expressive elements and musical instruments published also highlights his city and thus able to participate in the democratic process in Guinea. Taking more care of political commentary, the griot marries history to produce ideology, establishing a historical continuity in conformity with this. The griot does not hesitate to include in the skin of the characters, to praise the chef's promises for which he works. Exactly as do African media also tend to praise the political actors. The humor of the griot in criticism against the policies, contributes to the democratic process. But the concept of media freedom is a goal in Africa, to help its sustainable development. We must recognize that the concept of media freedom is constitutionalized in Guinea and Benin, to a change of perspective of the culture of media will but is not completely guaranteed. In Benin, as in Guinea, the fear is still palpable among citizens who want to exercise their rights. Especially the Benin which wants a model and had the admiration of the great democracies between 1990 and 2006 is emulated across Africa has fallen from its pedestal. Despite relative long practice of liberal and pluralist democracy, concerns weigh on the evolution of politics and media in those countries. The peaceful demonstrations to denounce the abuses of power and demand respect for democratic freedoms were violently dispersed by security forces. On sensitive issues, citizens are afraid to express themselves. Even reassured, they fear reprisals from security forces.

<p>The Ericsson R380 is a so-called smartphone, combining an advanced mobile phone with a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). To evaluate the usability of the Ericsson R380 and benchmark it against the Nokia 9110 Communicator and the Motorola A6188 Accompli, a repeated measurements experiment was performed. 18 subjects (10 men and 8 women) with no previous experience of any of the interfaces participated. Half of the subjects had extensive experience from using Ericsson mobile phones and half of the subjects had extensive experience from using Nokia mobile phones. A set of 9 tasks to be solved on each interface was presented to the subjects. The order in which the subjects used the interfaces was balanced with a Latin square design while the tasks were presented in consecutive order and were identical for all interfaces. Level of completeness, completion time and number of actions were assessed for each task and interface. Subjects also rated the perceived usability and aesthetics of the interfaces. Overall, subjects were most successful using the Motorola A6188 Accompli, using fewer keystrokes and less time as well as needing fewer hints compared to the Ericsson R380 and Nokia 9110 Communicator. However, the Ericsson R380 was rated significantly higher than the other interfaces on perceived usability. Previous experience with Ericsson or Nokia mobile phones did not have a major impact on how well subjects succeeded with using the interfaces in the test. Certain mistakes made by each group of subjects could be explained in terms of mental models, Einstellung effects and the use of so- called Function-Object interaction style where Object-Function interaction was appropriate. Contrary to earlier findings, aesthetics and perceived usability did not correspond to a great extent. Finally, the results are discussed and some suggestions for improvements are put forward.</p>

The first half of the Masters thesis is the result of a survey made on the behalf of the Swedish company KORDAB International AB. The survey includes an overview of different positioning systems and some wireless communication techniques available on the market today. Positioning systems discussed are GPS, DGPS, AGPS and GSM positioning. Mobile Internet connections through mobile phones and communication through radio modems are mentioned and described as examples of wireless communication techniques. Examples of techniques described are HSCSD, GPRS, UMTS and MOBITEX. KORDAB is in the starting blocks to implement a real time positioning feature into their own technical information system GEOSECMA. This survey will give them a base which will help them to decide on which system to use for this feature. The second half of the thesis includes parts concerning a prototype made to exemplify how KORDAB could implement the real time positioning feature into GEOSECMA. The NMEA 0183 protocol, reference systems and transformation are described to give the necessary background knowledge for the construction and functionality of the prototype. The prototype is a GPS-communicator made as an interface between a GPS-receiver and GEOSECMA and its functionality is also described in this second half of the thesis. Feasible applications are also discussed to show the possibilities real time positioning gives. One application discussed is “Zoom and Auto highlighting”. This application is designed to help user of GEOSECMA to zoom in the map and highlighting the nearest object at current location.

<p>The first half of the Masters thesis is the result of a survey made on the behalf of the Swedish company KORDAB International AB. The survey includes an overview of different positioning systems and some wireless communication techniques available on the market today. Positioning systems discussed are GPS, DGPS, AGPS and GSM positioning. Mobile Internet connections through mobile phones and communication through radio modems are mentioned and described as examples of wireless communication techniques. Examples of techniques described are HSCSD, GPRS, UMTS and MOBITEX. KORDAB is in the starting blocks to implement a real time positioning feature into their own technical information system GEOSECMA. This survey will give them a base which will help them to decide on which system to use for this feature. </p><p>The second half of the thesis includes parts concerning a prototype made to exemplify how KORDAB could implement the real time positioning feature into GEOSECMA. The NMEA 0183 protocol, reference systems and transformation are described to give the necessary background knowledge for the construction and functionality of the prototype. The prototype is a GPS-communicator made as an interface between a GPS-receiver and GEOSECMA and its functionality is also described in this second half of the thesis. Feasible applications are also discussed to show the possibilities real time positioning gives. One application discussed is “Zoom and Auto highlighting”. This application is designed to help user of GEOSECMA to zoom in the map and highlighting the nearest object at current location.</p>

Submitted by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2012-04-24T18:53:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 120423 Master Thesis FGV.pdf: 3697873 bytes, checksum: f3ccbecacf430eaee0f0606f9daa9f36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2012-04-25T15:52:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 120423 Master Thesis FGV.pdf: 3697873 bytes, checksum: f3ccbecacf430eaee0f0606f9daa9f36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-25T15:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 120423 Master Thesis FGV.pdf: 3697873 bytes, checksum: f3ccbecacf430eaee0f0606f9daa9f36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-23 / Internet Telephony (VoIP) is changing the telecommunication industry. Oftentimes free, VoIP is becoming more and more popular amongst users. Large software companies have entered the market and heavily invest into it. In 2011, for instance, Microsoft bought Skype for 8.5bn USD. This trend increasingly impacts the incumbent telecommunication operators. They see their main source of revenue – classic telephony – under siege and disappear. The thesis at hand develops a most-likely scenario in order to determine how VoIP is evolving further and it predicts, based on a ten-year forecast, the impact it will have on the players in the telecommunication industry.The paper presents a model combining Rogers’ diffusion and Christensen’s innovation research. The model has the goal of explaining the past evolution of VoIP and to isolate the factors that determine the further diffusion of the innovation. Interviews with industry experts serve to assess how the identified factors are evolving.Two propositions are offered. First, VoIP operators are becoming more important in international, corporate, and mobile telephony. End-to-end VoIP (IP2IP) will exhibit strong growth rates and increasingly cannibalize the telephony revenues of the classic operators. Second, fix-net telephony in SMEs and at home will continue to be dominated by the incumbents. Yet, as prices for telephony fall towards zero also they will implement IP2IP in order to save costs. By 2022, up to 90% of the calls will be IP2IP. The author recommends the incumbents and VoIP operators to proactively face the change, to rethink their business strategies, and to even be open for cooperation.