Syfte: Syftet med studien har vart att granska litteratur om samverkan kring personer med samsjuklighet samt beskriva vilka hinder och framgångsfaktorer som presenteras. Metod: Föreliggande studie har genomförts med hjälp av en scopingmetodik som resulterade i 15 studier som har granskats. Resultat: I de analyserade studierna framkom flera hinder som försvårade samverkan, dessa var organisatoriska aspekter, ekonomiska aspekter och skillnader i kunskaper mellan huvudmännen. Analysen visar att genom en mer integrerad vård och behandling möjliggörs flera vägar för kommunikation, förståelse och för att dela information som alla är faktorer som underlättar för samverkan. Slutsats: Artiklarna har visat sig vara enhetliga i frågan kring samverkan mellan de berörda professionerna och dess hinder samt framgångsfaktorer för samverkan. Uppsatsförfattarna har identifierat en kunskapslucka där ytterligare forskning kring det berörda ämnet behövs samt där fokus på framtida forskning rekommenderas syfta till hur implementeringen av en god samverkan kan ske. / Aim: The aim of the study was to review literature on collaboration around people with comorbidity and to describe the obstacles and success factors that are presented.Method: The study was conducted with a scoping methodology where 15 studies were reviewed.Results: In the analysed studies, several obstacles emerged that complicate collaboration, these were organisational, financial and differences in knowledge between the professionals. The analysis shows that through more integrated care and treatment, several ways are made possible for communication, understanding and for sharing information that facilitates collaboration.Conclusion: The articles have proven to be uniform in the issue of collaboration between the professions concerned, its obstacles as well as success factors for collaboration. The essay authors have identified a knowledge gap where further research on the relevant subject is needed and where a focus on future research is recommended for the implementation of good collaboration to take place.

Introduction: Only 3 types of coronavirus cause aggressive respiratory disease in humans (MERS-Cov, SARS-Cov-1, and SARS-Cov-2). It has been reported higher infection rates and severe manifestations (ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation, and death) in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM). For this reason, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetes comorbidity and its associated unfavorable health outcomes in patients with acute respiratory syndromes for coronavirus disease according to virus types. Methods: Systematic review of literature in Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scielo until April of 2020. We included cohort and cross-sectional studies with no restriction by language or geographical zone. The selection and extraction were undertaken by 2 reviewers, independently. The study quality was evaluated with Loney’s instrument and data were synthesized by random effects model meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was quantified using an I2 statistic. Funnel plot, Egger, and Begg tests were used to evaluate publication biases, and subgroups and sensitivity analyses were performed. Finally, we used the GRADE approach to assess the evidence certainty (PROSPERO: CRD42020178049). Results: We conducted the pooled analysis of 28 studies (n = 5960). The prevalence analysis according to virus type were 451.9 diabetes cases per 1000 infected patients (95% CI: 356.74-548.78; I2 = 89.71%) in MERS-Cov; 90.38 per 1000 (95% CI: 67.17-118.38) in SARS-Cov-1; and 100.42 per 1000 (95% CI: 77.85, 125.26 I2 = 67.94%) in SARS-Cov-2. The mortality rate were 36%, 6%, 10% and for MERS-Cov, SARS-Cov-1, and SARS-Cov-2, respectively. Due to the high risk of bias (75% of studies had very low quality), high heterogeneity (I2 higher than 60%), and publication bias (for MERS-Cov studies), we down rate the certainty to very low. Conclusion: The prevalence of DM in patients with acute respiratory syndrome due to coronaviruses is high, predominantly with MERS-Cov infection. The unfavorable health outcomes are frequent in this subset of patients. Well-powered and population-based studies are needed, including detailed DM clinical profile (such as glycemic control, DM complications, and treatment regimens), comorbidities, and SARS-Cov-2 evolution to reevaluate the worldwide prevalence of this comorbidity and to typify clinical phenotypes with differential risk within the subpopulation of DM patients. / Revisión por pares

Tinnitus ist eine Erkrankung mit hoher Prävalenz, welche häufig psychische Störungen nach sich zieht, Mit der Studie sollte untersucht werden, in welchen konkreten Dimensionen die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität bei Tinnituspatienten eingeschränkt ist, und wie sich diese Einschränkungen während und nach Therapie, einschließlich hyperbarer Sauerstofftherapie, ändern. 120 ambulant oder stationär behandelte Patienten mit Tinnitus wurden zu drei Zeitpunkten untersucht. Eingesetzt wurden die Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, das Multidimensinal Fatigue Inventory und der Lebensqualitätsfragebogen EORTC QLQ-C30. Im Vergleich zu Personen der Allgemeinbevölkerung waren die Tinnituspatienten in allen Bereichen beeinträchtigt, am stärksten in den Skalen Soziale, Kognitive, Emotionale und Rollen-Funktionsfähigkeit sowie im Bereich finanzielle Schwierigkeiten. Im Laufe der Therapie verbesserten sich die Werte, so dass sich der Abstand zum Niveauder Allgemeinbevölkerung etwa halbierte.

Objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common comorbidity in patients with heart failure, yet little is known about the impact of this condition in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), especially from a more generalizable, community-based perspective. The primary objective of this study was to describe the in-hospital and post discharge mortality and treatment of patients hospitalized with ADHF according to COPD status. Methods: The study population consisted of patients hospitalized with ADHF at all 11 medical centers in central Massachusetts during 4 study years: 1995, 2000, 2002, and 2004. Results: Of the 9,748 patients hospitalized with ADHF during the years under study, 35.9% had a history of COPD. The average age of this population was 76.1 years, 43.9% were men, and 93.3% were white. At the time of hospital discharge, patients with COPD were less likely to have received evidence-based heart failure medications, including beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, than patients without COPD. Multivariable adjusted in-hospital death rates were similar for patients with and without COPD. However, among patients who survived to hospital discharge, patients with COPD had a significantly higher risk of dying at 1 (adjusted RR 1.10; 95% CI 1.06, 1.14) and 5-years (adjusted RR 1.40; 95% CI 1.28, 1.42) after hospital discharge than patients who were not previously diagnosed with COPD. Conclusions: COPD is a common co-morbidity in patients hospitalized with ADHF and is associated with a worse long-term prognosis. Further research is required to understand the complex interactions of these diseases and to ensure that patients with ADHF and COPD receive optimal treatment modalities.

Obesity has been on the rise over the last 30 years, reaching worldwide epidemic proportions. Obesity has been linked to multiple metabolic disorders and co-morbidities such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and various cancers. Furthermore, obesity is associated with a chronic state of low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT), and it is thought that insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM is associated with the inflammatory state of AT. Endothelial cells (ECs) mediate the migration of immune cells into underlying tissues during times of inflammation, including obesity- and cardiovascular disease-associated inflammation. Cytokines and chemoattractants released from inflamed tissues promote EC activation. Upon activation, ECs increase the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules (LCAMs) including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin (E-sel) and P-selectin (P-sel). Increased expression of these LCAMs and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, have been linked to IR, diabetes and atherosclerosis in obese individuals. Preliminary data from our lab suggests that lipolysis induced by the β-adrenergic receptor agonist CL 316,243 causes an increase in endothelial LCAM gene expression. In addition, histological analyses show increased content of immune cells within AT after the ECs become activated. Here, we demonstrate that CL 316,243-induced lipolysis causes infiltration of neutrophils in wild type (WT) but not E-sel knockout (KO) mice. Following EC activation, there was also a marked increase in cytokine gene expression including IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α in an E-sel-dependent manner. In contrast, fasting-induced lipolysis was associated with increased macrophage infiltration into AT in the absence of EC activation in an E-sel-independent manner. We also examined the role of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) as a potential contributor to endothelial activation and atherosclerosis. Here we demonstrate that deletion of MAP4K4 in ECs in vitro diminishes TNF-α-induced EC activation. Additionally, MAP4K4 depletion in primary ECs derived from lungs of mice expressing MAP4K4 shRNA decreases EC activation. Finally, endothelial specific depletion or loss of MAP4K4 reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in vivo. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of the endothelium in modulating obesity-associated comorbidities. Furthermore, these data implicate endothelial MAP4K4 as a novel regulator of EC activation and consequently AT inflammation and atherosclerosis.

Background: Overtreatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa) is a concern as many men die of other causes prior to experiencing a treatment benefit. This dissertation characterizes the need for assessing other cause mortality (OCM) risk in older men with PCa and informs efforts to identify patients most likely to benefit from definitive PCa treatment. Methods: Using the linked Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare Health Outcomes Survey database, 2,931 men (mean age=75) newly diagnosed with clinical stage T1a-T3a PCa from 1998-2009 were identified. Survival analysis methods were used to compare observed 10-year OCM by primary treatment type. Age and health factors predictive of primary treatment type were assessed with multinomial logistic regression. Predicted mortality estimates from Social Security life tables (recommended for life expectancy evaluation) and two OCM risk estimation tools were compared to observed rates. An improved OCM prediction model was developed fitting Fine and Gray competing risks models for 10-year OCM with age, sociodemographic, comorbidity, activities of daily living, and patient-reported health data as predictors. The tools’ ability to discriminate between patients who died and those who did not was evaluated with Harrell’s c-index (range 0.5-1), which also guided new model selection. Results: Fifty-four percent of older men with localized PCa underwent radiotherapy while 13% underwent prostatectomy. Twenty-three percent of those treated with radiotherapy and 12% of those undergoing prostatectomy experienced OCM within 10 years of treatment and thus were considered overtreated. Health factors indicative of a shorter life expectancy (increased comorbidity, worse physical health, smoking) had little to no association with radiotherapy assignment but were significantly related to reductions in the likelihood of undergoing prostatectomy. Social Security life tables overestimated mortality risk and discriminated poorly between men who died and those who did not over 10 years (c-index=0.59). Existing OCM risk estimation tools were less likely to overestimate OCM rates and had limited but improved discrimination (c-index=0.64). A risk model developed with self-reported age, Charlson comorbidity index score, overall health (excellent-good/fair/poor), smoking, and marital status predictors had improved discrimination (c-index=0.70). Conclusions: Overtreatment of older men with PCa is primarily attributable to radiotherapy and may be reduced by pretreatment assessment of mortality-related health factors. This dissertation provides a prognostic model which utilizes a set of five self-reported characteristics that better identify patients likely to die of OCM within 10 years of diagnosis than age and comorbidity-based assessments alone.

Background: Traumatic injury remains a major cause of mortality in the US. Older Americans experience lower rates of injury and higher rates of death at lower injury severity than their younger counterparts. The objectives of this study were to explore pre-injury factors and injury patterns that are associated with post-discharge mortality among injured elderly surviving index hospitalization. Methods: We queried a 5% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries (n=2,002,420) for any hospitalization with a primary ICD-9 diagnosis code for injury. Patients admitted without urgent/emergent admission were excluded, as well as patients presenting from inpatient hospitalization or rehabilitation. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Patients were categorized into three mortality groups: death within 0-30 days, 31-90 days, or 91- 365 days post-discharge from the index hospitalization. These groups were compared with those who survived greater than one year post-discharge. Univariate tests of association and multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to identify factors associated with mortality during the 3 examined periods. Results: 83,439 elderly patients (4.2%) were admitted with new injuries. 63,628 met inclusion criteria. 1,936 patients (3.0%) died during their index hospitalization, 2,410 (3.8%) died within 0-30 days, 3,084 (4.8%) died within 31-90 days, and 5,718 (9.0%) died within 91- 365 days after discharge. In multivariable adjusted models, advanced age, male sex, and higher Elixhauser score were associated with post-discharge mortality. The presence of critical injury had the greatest effect on mortality early after injury (0-30 days, OR 1.81, CI 1.64-2.00). Discharge to anywhere other than home without services was associated with an increased odds of dying. Conclusions: Socio-demographic characteristics, disposition, and co-morbid factors were the strongest predictors of post-discharge mortality. Efforts to reduce injury-related mortality should focus on injury prevention and modification of co-morbidities.

Depression is a common comorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), yet it may not be adequately recognized during routine clinical care. RA symptoms may confer a risk for depression, and vice versa; depression may affect RA disease activity and response to treatment. The study aims were to compare patient- and physician-reported depression measures, evaluate the temporal bi-directional association between RA disease activity and depressive symptomology, and assess depression as a moderator of RA treatment. Patients were identified using a national RA registry sample (Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America; CORRONA). Depression prevalence and incidence rates were estimated, and concordance and disagreement using measures reported separately by patients and physicians, as well as baseline cross-sectional associations between RA disease and a history of depression. A survival analysis was conducted to temporally predict the incident onset of self-reported depressive symptoms using the different metrics of RA disease activity. Also, mixed effects models were used to assess prospective changes in RA disease activity by prevalent and incident depressive symptom status. Lastly, logistic regression models compared the likelihood of clinical response to RA treatment during follow-up in those with and without depression when starting biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy. Patient-reported depression rates were much higher and significantly different from physician based comorbidity estimates. Patient and physician RA disease activity measures were associated with an increased risk for depression onset, but not laboratory-reported serum biomarkers. Similarly, depression was temporally associated with significantly slower rates of decline regarding every patient-reported disease activity measure, some physician-reported metrics, but not acute phase reactants. Moreover, there was a significantly lower probability of achieving clinical remission among those with depression on a biologic DMARD after 6 months and an analogous effect at 12-months that was slightly lower in magnitude, which did not reach statistical significance. Rheumatologists under-reported the occurrence of prevalent and incident depressive symptoms, and thus are likely unaware of its presence in their RA patients. Further, the results suggest the bi-directional effects between these conditions are related to the cognitive and behavioral aspects of depression and their interactions with disease activity, rather than shared immunological mechanisms in the context of cell-mediated immunity. When also considering the impact on clinical response to biologic DMARDS, the findings collectively imply that rheumatologists must address any challenges due to depression to provide the best care to their patients.

Die Adipositas geht im Erwachsenenalter oft mit psychischer Komorbidität einher, die den Gewichtsreduktionserfolg beeinflussen und eine Behandlung indizieren kann, die von Standardprogrammen der multimodalen Adipositasverhaltenstherapie (AVT) nicht abgedeckt wird. Dieser Artikel diskutiert am Beispiel der häufig komorbiden Binge-Eating-Störung (BES) aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse zu Ätiologie und Intervention bei Komorbidität mit dem Ziel, Implikationen für die weitere Forschung und Behandlung abzuleiten. Weil die Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT), die am besten belegte Therapieform für Erwachsene mit BES, der AVT bei der Reduktion der Essstörungssymptomatik überlegen war, bei der Gewichtsreduktion nur tendenziell und ausschließlich kurzfristig unterlegen, sollte sich die weitere Interventionsentwicklung auf graduelle Anpassungen der KVT zur Verbesserung der Gewichtsreduktion bei Patienten mit Adipositas und BED konzentrieren. Hierfür kommen mit dem Ziel einer geringfügigen Gewichtsreduktion einzelne adaptierte AVT-Interventionen in Betracht, während sich gleichzeitige oder sequentielle Kombinationen dieser beiden Therapieformen nicht eindeutig bewährt haben. Interventionen, die auf aktuellen Forschungsergebnissen für die Komorbidität beider Störungsbilder fußen, könnten individualisiert einbezogen werden, um die Wirksamkeit für Essstörungssymptomatik und Körpergewicht zu erhöhen. Neue digitale Behandlungsmodalitäten könnten den Transfer in den Lebensalltag und die Nachhaltigkeit der Effekte fördern. Diese Modifikationen hin zu einer adaptiven KVT für Erwachsene mit Adipositas und BES, basierend auf einem patientengerechten Therapierationale, bedürfen der Absicherung durch weitere experimentelle Therapieforschung. / Obesity often co-occurs with mental comorbidity in adults, likely impacting weight loss success and indicating treatment that is not covered by standard behavioral weight loss (BWL) treatment. Using the example of binge-eating disorder (BED) as a frequent comorbid condition, this article discusses current research on etiology and intervention in case of comorbidity, in order to derive implications for research and treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), the most well-established treatment for adults with BED, was more efficacious than BWL in improving binge-eating symptomatology in patients with obesity and BED, while tending to show lower weight loss effects in the short term only. Therefore, further intervention development should focus on gradual adaptations of CBT for improving weight loss. These interventions could be adapted from BWL and aim at a slight weight loss. Parallel or sequential combinations of these treatments have not consistently demonstrated improved treatment effects. Interventions based on current research could be included on an individual basis, in order to enhance efficacy for eating disorder symptomatology and body weight. New digital treatment modalities could support the transfer into daily life and boost the long-term maintenance of therapeutic gains. These modifications regarding adaptive CBT for adults with obesity and BED should be based on an individual treatment rationale and require further research in an experimental therapeutics framework.

Bakgrund: Patienter med psykisk ohälsa har ofta flera sjukdomstillstånd samtidigt och har en ökad risk att drabbas av somatisk samsjuklighet. All hälso- och sjukvård avser att medicinskt förebygga, utreda och behandla sjukdomar. Sjuksköterskor bör därför arbeta för god omvårdnad och ha ett helhetsperspektiv. Den somatiska vården för patienter med psykisk ohälsa och samtidig somatisk samsjuklighet är bristfällig och kan leda till att patienterna får en sämre vård och hälsa. Sjuksköterskor saknar ofta kunskap när det gäller att vårda dessa patienter och det saknas ofta etablerade arbetsprocesser inom den psykiatriska heldygnsvården.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelse av att vårda patienter med somatisk samsjuklighet inom psykiatrisk heldygnsvård. Metod: Studien var en intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats. Tretton sjuksköterskor intervjuades med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys på latent nivå.  Resultat: Det framkom fyra teman; Ett åtagande i en miljö som inte är rustad, En avancerad men utmanande uppgift, Ett ansvarsfullt men utsatt uppdrag, Ett pålitligt och fullständigt vårdande genom erfarenhet och samarbete. Till dessa anknöts det vidare åtta sub-teman. Slutsats: Vårdandet av patienter med somatisk samsjuklighet inom den psykiatriska heldygnsvården är komplext. Resurser och en tydlig ansvarsfördelning för patientens samlade vårdbehov saknas, vilket påverkar patientens möjlighet till adekvat vård. Sjuksköterskan bär ett tungt professionellt och etiskt ansvar för såväl den somatiska som den psykiatriska vården och känner sig utsatt och ensam. Införande av reflektion på arbetsplatsen ses som en möjlighet i att förebygga sjuksköterskors ohälsa. Ledningen anses även behöva utveckla tydliga strukturer kring ansvarsfördelning för vårdpersonalens arbete, för att göra sjuksköterskans roll i den psykiatriska heldygnsvården mer synlig och på så sätt förhindra utsatthet. Den psykiatriska slutenvården anses vara i behov av att rustas upp resursmässigt, dels med kunskap, material och logistiska resurser för att ha förutsättningar att kunna bedriva en god vård för patienter med somatisk samsjuklighet. / Background: Patients with mental illness often have several medical conditions at the same time and have an increased risk of developing somatic comorbidity. All health care intends to medically prevent, investigate and treat diseases, and nurses should therefore thrive towards good nursing and have a holistic perspective. The somatic care for patients with mental illness with comorbid somatic diseases is deficient and can lead to patients not receiving adequate care and in the long run, poorer health. Nurses often lack the knowledge to care for these patients and work processes regarding this issue needs to be established.  Aim: The aim was to describe nurses experience of caring for patients with somatic comorbidity in psychiatric inpatient care.  Method: The study was an interview study with a qualitative approach. Thirteen nurses were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis at a latent level. Results: Four themes emerged; A commitment in an environment that is not equipped, An advanced but challenging task, A responsible but exposed assignment, A reliable and complete care through experience and cooperation. To these, eight sub- themes were attached. Conclusion: The care of patients with somatic comorbidity in psychiatric inpatient care is complex. Both resources and a clear distribution of responsibilities for the patients overall care needs are lacking, which affects the patients’ possibility for adequate care. The nurse has a substantial professional and ethical responsibility for both somatic and psychiatric care and feels vulnerable and alone. The introduction of reflection in the workplace is seen as an opportunity in preventing nurses’ illness. The management is in need to develop clear structures regarding the distribution of responsibilities for the care staffs work, in order to make the nurses role in psychiatric inpatient care more visible and thus prevent vulnerability. Inpatient psychiatric care is considered to be in need of increased resources, consisting of knowledge, materials, and logistical resources in order to be able to provide good care for patients with somatic comorbidity.