Muitas alterações têm ocorrido na última década na educação da área da saúde, com o intuito de formar profissionais que possam ter um olhar humanístico e possam trabalhar no Sistema Único de Saúde. O Curso de Farmácia também sofreu modificações, devido às reformas curriculares, incluindo disciplinas como a de Atenção Farmacêutica (Atenfar). A atenção farmacêutica é uma nova subárea do conhecimento agregada ao currículo dos cursos de farmácia com as novas diretrizes curriculares. Como disciplina foi inserida há poucos anos na Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Sul, sendo seus conteúdos divididos em 3 disciplinas: Atenção Farmacêutica I, Atenção Farmacêutica II e Atenção Farmacêutica III. Desde o início a Atenção Farmacêutica II buscou aplicar metodologias ativas no ensino presencial e a distância. No ano de 2012 a metodologia a distância foi adotada parcialmente na disciplina, sendo que os alunos tiveram metade das aulas no modelo presencial e metade a distância e segundo o tema a ser abordado. A disciplina realizou avaliações no início e no final do semestre com o intuito de avaliar se ocorreu diferenças na aprendizagem dos alunos devido a utilização da modalidade EAD ou presencial, bem como o que os mesmos alunos pensam sobre essas duas modalidades. Para realizar esta pesquisa utilizou-se o método quanti-qualitativo de triangulação, com o intuito de se avaliar os aspectos envolvidos com o desempenho, satisfação e percepção do aluno. Como resultados, foi encontrado que o EAD é tão eficiente quanto o presencial neste contexto estudado. Os alunos apresentaram satisfação pelo EAD de uma forma maior que pelo presencial. Além disso, o desempenho dos estudantes foi maior no EAD. / Many changes have been occurred in the last decade in the health education area, in order to form professionals who can have a humanistic look and can work in Brazilian Public Health System. Pharmacy Course also has changed due to curricular reforms, including disciplines such as Pharmaceutical Care. Pharmaceutical Care is a new subfield of knowledge aggregate the curriculum of pharmacy with the new curriculum guidelines. How discipline was inserted a few years ago at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and its contents divided into three disciplines: Pharmaceutical Care I, Pharmaceutical Care II and Pharmaceutical Care III. From the beginning the Pharmaceutical Care II sought to apply active methods in face to face and distance classes. In the year 2012 the distance learning methodology was adopted in part on the discipline, with half of the students had classes face to face classes and half distance learning classes, and according to the topic being discussed. The course evaluations conducted at the beginning and end of the semester in order to assess whether differences occurred in student learning because the use of distance learning mode or face to face, as well as what students think about these two modalities. To conduct this research, we used the triangulation quantitative and qualitative method, in order to evaluate the issues involved with the performance, satisfaction and perception of the student. As a result, it was found that the distance learning is as efficient as the face to face in this study context. Students were satisfied by the distance learning in a way greater than the face to face. In addition, student performance was higher in distance learning.

Geography faces several challenges in a changing South Africa. These include the challenge to initiate a primary curriculum that helps to provide a foundation for sustainable living in a society that faces serious problems of unemployment, violence, irreparable damage to the environment and the lack of housing, water and basic services for the majority of the population. This thesis attempts to provide a case for geography in the primary school by examining the value of the subject for pupils' development and by reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of an integrated approach in view of the possible introduction of an integrated primary curriculum in South Africa. The second aspect of the study is concerned with a survey of teachers in the Natal Education Department to evaluate the perceived value of geography as a subject and support for geography as a discrete subject. The main thrust of geography in the primary school is to develop concepts, skills, values and attitudes that allow pupils to be more understanding and caring about the local and global environment, about people, communities, species and the natural environment on which we all depend. The results of the survey reveal that teachers support geography as a discrete subject with an intra-curriculum approach. The introduction of an integrated core curriculum in South Africa would prove problematic as teachers are not in favour of an integrated approach across the curriculum. The lack of teacher support in Kenya for an integrated curriculum was one of the main reasons for its failure. Hopefully South Africa will learn from other countries experiences with introducing an integrated curriculum. Teachers value the role of geography in the education of the child and suggest the introduction of environmental and development themes to make the subject more relevant to children's lives. The syllabus analysis revealed that a unified pnmary curriculum is required which is influenced by the needs of society in South Africa. Recommendations are made regarding ideas for a future primary curriculum.

The main issue of the dissertation paper was to provide a comparative analysis of ethnic minorities representation in the Czech and Kyrgzystan media discurses in the 90s of the 20th century. Both of the above mentioned countries have undergone a paradigm change, which in the terminology of the four theories of press changed the so-called soviet paradigm for libertarian one. The aim of the research was to demonstrate that it is possible to use the comparative analysis also in regard to ethnicities (ethnic minorities), cultures and national minority organizations that are geographically distant and typologically different. The research is based on comparison of four researches developed by the following authors: Petra Klvačová, Tomáš Bitrich: Jak se (ne)píše o cizincích, Věra Malkova: Этнические образы в республиканских газетах. Опыт этносоциологического исследования, Stuartem Hall (The spectacle of the "Other"), Bernard Berelson, Patricia J. Salter (Majority and Minority American's: An analysis of magazine fiction). The subject of the study is the collection of texts materials from printed media, supplemented and confronted with a trial research sample of responses provided by representatives of media, politics, science and public etc. (in-depth interviews) on the topic of minorities. By means of...

Muitas alterações têm ocorrido na última década na educação da área da saúde, com o intuito de formar profissionais que possam ter um olhar humanístico e possam trabalhar no Sistema Único de Saúde. O Curso de Farmácia também sofreu modificações, devido às reformas curriculares, incluindo disciplinas como a de Atenção Farmacêutica (Atenfar). A atenção farmacêutica é uma nova subárea do conhecimento agregada ao currículo dos cursos de farmácia com as novas diretrizes curriculares. Como disciplina foi inserida há poucos anos na Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Sul, sendo seus conteúdos divididos em 3 disciplinas: Atenção Farmacêutica I, Atenção Farmacêutica II e Atenção Farmacêutica III. Desde o início a Atenção Farmacêutica II buscou aplicar metodologias ativas no ensino presencial e a distância. No ano de 2012 a metodologia a distância foi adotada parcialmente na disciplina, sendo que os alunos tiveram metade das aulas no modelo presencial e metade a distância e segundo o tema a ser abordado. A disciplina realizou avaliações no início e no final do semestre com o intuito de avaliar se ocorreu diferenças na aprendizagem dos alunos devido a utilização da modalidade EAD ou presencial, bem como o que os mesmos alunos pensam sobre essas duas modalidades. Para realizar esta pesquisa utilizou-se o método quanti-qualitativo de triangulação, com o intuito de se avaliar os aspectos envolvidos com o desempenho, satisfação e percepção do aluno. Como resultados, foi encontrado que o EAD é tão eficiente quanto o presencial neste contexto estudado. Os alunos apresentaram satisfação pelo EAD de uma forma maior que pelo presencial. Além disso, o desempenho dos estudantes foi maior no EAD. / Many changes have been occurred in the last decade in the health education area, in order to form professionals who can have a humanistic look and can work in Brazilian Public Health System. Pharmacy Course also has changed due to curricular reforms, including disciplines such as Pharmaceutical Care. Pharmaceutical Care is a new subfield of knowledge aggregate the curriculum of pharmacy with the new curriculum guidelines. How discipline was inserted a few years ago at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and its contents divided into three disciplines: Pharmaceutical Care I, Pharmaceutical Care II and Pharmaceutical Care III. From the beginning the Pharmaceutical Care II sought to apply active methods in face to face and distance classes. In the year 2012 the distance learning methodology was adopted in part on the discipline, with half of the students had classes face to face classes and half distance learning classes, and according to the topic being discussed. The course evaluations conducted at the beginning and end of the semester in order to assess whether differences occurred in student learning because the use of distance learning mode or face to face, as well as what students think about these two modalities. To conduct this research, we used the triangulation quantitative and qualitative method, in order to evaluate the issues involved with the performance, satisfaction and perception of the student. As a result, it was found that the distance learning is as efficient as the face to face in this study context. Students were satisfied by the distance learning in a way greater than the face to face. In addition, student performance was higher in distance learning.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-06-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 theodoro_lh_dr_arafo.pdf: 4192650 bytes, checksum: 68b3ce4f45242d419b74abad0df09354 (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro, a adesão de elementos sanguíneos sobre superfícies radiculares irradiadas com laser de Er:YAG e de Diodo, e a ação destes sobre as superfícies radiculares. Foram obtidas 120 amostras de dentes humanos extraídos por doença periodontal, que foram previamente raspados e aplainados com instrumentos manuais, sendo a seguir divididas aleatoriamente em 6 grupos com 20 amostras cada. O G1 (controle)- não recebeu nenhum tratamento; o G2- recebeu aplicação tópica de EDTA 24%; G3- foi irradiado com laser de Er:YAG com 7,6 J/cm2; o G4- irradiado com laser de Er:YAG com 12,9 J/cm 2; o G5 -irradiado com laser de Diodo com 90 J/cm2 e o G6 - foi irradiado com laser de Diodo com 108 J/cm2. Após a realização dos tratamentos, em 10 amostras de cada grupo foi depositado imediatamente a sua punção, tecido sanguíneo originado da vascularização periférica de humano, sendo que 10 amostras não receberam tal tratamento. Após processamento laboratorial as amostras foram analisadas através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As fotomicrografias obtidas foram avaliadas através de dois índices: adesão de elementos sanguineos e de morfologia da superfície radicular e estatisticamente analisadas (Kruskall Wallis e Mann-Whitney). Os resultados demonstraram que em relação a adesão de elementos sanguíneos não houve diferenças estatisticamente significante entre o grupo controle e os tratados com o laser de Er:YAG (p=0,7733 e 0,7831) ; O G5 mostrou-se menos efetivo que o controle na adesão de elementos sanguíneos ( p=0,0305 ) e o G2 foi o menos efetivo de todos na adesão. Com relação a morfologia da superfície radicular houve diferenças significantes entre o controle e os grupos do laser de Er:YAG (p= 0,0001) e entre o G5 do Diodo (0,0259); entre o EDTA e os grupos do laser de Er:YAG (p=0,0150 ) e entre o... . / The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the adhesion of blood components on root surfaces irradiated with Er:YAG and Diode lasers and these lasers effects on root surfaces. It was obtained 120 samples of human teeth extracted by periodontal disease. They were planed and scaled previously with manual instruments and randomly divided into 06 groups of 20 samples each. The groups were treated according to the following procedures: G1 (Control Group) -received no treatment; G2- had a topical application of EDTA 24%; G3- was irradiated with Er:YAG laser (7,6 J/cmø); G4 - was irradiated with Er:YAG laser (12,9 J/cmø); G5 - was irradiated with Diode laser (90 J/cmø) and G6 was irradiated with Diode laser (108 J/cmø). After these treatments were conducted, 10 samples of each group received a stippler, a blood tissue originated from peripheral vascularization, and the reminiscent samples did not receive such treatment. After laboratorial analysis the samples were analyzed through a scanning electronic microscopy. The photomicrographs obtained were evaluated according to adhesion of blood components and morphology of root surface; and statistically analyzed (Kruskall Wallis and Mann-Whitney). With relation to the adhesion of blood components, the results have shown that there were no significant differences between the Control Group and the groups treated with Er:YAG laser (p=0,7733 and 0,7831); G5 was less effective than the Control Group in adhesion of blood components (p=0,0305) and G2 was the least effective of all groups in this case. With relation to the morphology of root surface there were significant differences among the Control Group, the Er:YAG laser groups (p=0,0001) and the Diode laser G5 (p=0,0259); between the EDTA and the Er:YAG laser groups (p=0,0150) and also between the Diode laser G6 and the Er:YAG laser groups (p=0,0032)... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

A produção literária assinada pelos autores cabo-verdianos João Vário (heterônimo de João Varela), Corsino Fortes e José Luís Tavares constitui o objeto central desta análise desenvolvida a partir do estudo teórico do conceito de Identidade, visando enquadrar teoricamente a produção literária cabo-verdiana contemporânea, identificar as principais linhas de sua orientação (conteúdos, temática, estilos, retórica), relevando a receptividade da intercomunicação cultural e literária de/entre eles, bem como apresentar uma fundamentação teórica e metodológica para a leitura de suas obras. Aliando conteúdos teóricos aos contextos de produção poética pré e pós-independência, analisamos poemas das obras Exemplos (1966-1998), de João Vário, A cabeça calva de Deus (2001), de Corsino Fortes, e Agreste matéria mundo (2004), de José Luís Tavares para verificar o posicionamento dos sujeitos literários na (re)construção da(s) identidade(s) na Literatura Cabo-Verdiana a partir dos anos 1960 do século XX à atualidade. O tratamento do tema visa caracterizar uma expressão metafórica do sentido de existir na Literatura Cabo-verdiana contemporânea, consubstanciada essencialmente no cruzamento de orientações dos estudos literários pós-estruturalistas, pós-coloniais, Estudos Comparados e Teoria da Literatura, e ainda com base na exploração de conteúdos literários com uma forte dimensão filosófica da contemporaneidade, conforme concebida por teóricos como Stuart Hall, Zigmut Bauman, Antonny Giddens, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Edward Said, Hassan Zaoual e Benedict Anderson, Milton Santos, entre outros. / Literary production signed by Cape Verdean authors John Vário (heteronym John Varela), Corsino Fortes and José Luís Tavares is the central object of this analysis developed from the theoretical study of the concept of identity in order to theoretical frame the Cape Verdean contemporary literature, to identify the main lines of its orientation (contents, thematic, style, rhetoric), revealing the receptivity of literary and cultural intercommunication between them, and present a theoretical and methodological reading of their works. Combining theoretical content to the contexts of poetic production before and after the independence, we analyze poems of the works Exemplos (1966-1998), of João Vário, A Cabeça Calva de Deus (2001) of Corsino Fortes, and Agreste matéria Mundo (2004) of José Luís Tavares - to check the positioning of the literary subjects in (re) building Identities in Cape Verdean literature from the 1960s of the twentieth century to the present. The treatment of the subject aims to characterize a metaphorical expression of the sense of existing on contemporary Cape Verdean literature, based primarily on cross-orientations of poststructuralist and postcolonial literary studies, Comparative Studies and Literary Theory, based on the exploitation of content with a strong philosophical dimension of contemporaneity, as conceived by theorists such as Stuart Hall, Zigmut Bauman, Antonny Giddens, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Edward Said, Hassan Zaoual and Benedict Anderson, Milton Santos, among others.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro.pdf: 4754815 bytes, checksum: 64a1e025423958b9a828ba0f43bc13f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-14 / If the classical text is an equivalent to the universe and reverberates as background in the collective unconscious, as stated by Ítalo Calvino (2002), is through the rereading processes, through intertextuality that the text will revive over time. The intertextual work, however, as shown by Laurent Jenny (1979), can reveal itself in the reactivation of meanings of the first work as much as show itself on the resignation or deconstruction of the opposite discourse. Thus, starting from the dialectic between present and past, contemporary and ancient, observing the potential artistic language of conscious rescue of a past discourse, taken (or not) as truth , and the possibility of reconstruction of meanings and elaboration of new aesthetics, this study has the objective of developing a comparative and interpretative research, from a group of literary, dramaturgic and artistic works produced in different historical contexts, which dialogue with the Greek myth of Medea. We have interest in observing and interpreting how, in the mimetic process and according to the cultural ballast, the mimemes realize the transposition of the myth; developing a study that involves considering if there was or if there is a differential effect in the process of transposition of the language that catches a content, a configuration of the myth; verifying in what extent content and aesthetical form are maintained and which works present a rupture to the narrative series around the myth of Medea. In this perspective, we intend to reflect about the way artists, writers and playwrights have aesthetically re-appropriated works from the past to realize the questioning of the present time or of their historical temporality, from new artistic creations that proceed out of the myth of Medea. In this sense, our study starts from the mythical narrative of the Argonauts to proceed with readings of the classics: Medea (431 b.C.), by Euripides, Medea (n.d.), by Seneca, Médée (1635), by Pierre Corneille. These narratives are here placed in dialogue with a cutting of images, covering a cultural ballast of pictographic representations of the myth of Medea, to which we have added the filmic narratives of Medea (1969), by Pier Paolo Pasolini, and Medea (1988), by Lars Von Trier. In a dialogical perspective with the theme and the myth of Medea there have been chosen the texts of the Brazilian drama Gota d água (1975), by Chico Buarque and Paulo Pontes, and Des-medeia (1995), by Denise Stoklos, which are also part of our corpus of research, in order to verify how the myth is represented in the contemporary Brazilian context, more specifically on how the referential ballast is read by the writer subjects Chico Buarque, Paulo Pontes and Denise Stoklos, representatives of a collectivity to which the writer and playwright take part as intellectuals. / Se o texto clássico é equivalente do universo e ressoa como pano de fundo no inconsciente coletivo, como afirma Ítalo Calvino (2002), é por meio dos processos de releitura, por meio da intertextualidade, que este se reavivará ao longo do tempo. O trabalho intertextual, todavia, conforme aponta Laurent Jenny (1979), pode revelar-se tanto na reativação dos sentidos da obra primeira como mostrar-se na renúncia ou desconstrução do discurso anteposto. Partindo, pois, da dialética entre presente e passado, contemporâneo e antigo, observando na linguagem artística potencial de resgate consciente de um discurso passado, tomado como verdade (ou não), e a possibilidade da reconstrução de sentidos e elaboração de novas estéticas, este trabalho objetiva desenvolver um estudo, de caráter comparativo e interpretativo, a partir de um conjunto de obras literárias, dramatúrgicas e artísticas, produzidas em diferentes contextos históricos, que dialogam com o mito grego de Medeia. Interessa aqui observar e interpretar como, no processo mimético e consoante o lastro cultural, os mímemas realizam a transposição do mito; desenvolver um trabalho de pensar se houve ou há um efeito diferencial no processo da transposição de linguagem que capta um conteúdo, uma forma do mito; verificar em que medida conteúdo e forma estética se mantêm e quais obras apresentam a ruptura com a série narrativa em torno do mito de Medeia. Nesta perspectiva, pretende-se refletir sobre o modo como os artistas, escritores e dramaturgos se reapropriaram esteticamente de obras do passado para realizar a problematização do presente ou de sua temporalidade histórica, a partir de novas criações artísticas que partem do mito de Medeia. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa parte da narrativa mítica dos Argonautas para prosseguir com leituras dos clássicos: Medeia (431 a.C.), de Eurípides, Medeia (s/d), de Sêneca, Médée (1635), de Pierre Corneille. Essas narrativas são, aqui, colocadas em diálogo com um recorte de imagens, percorrendo um lastro cultural de representações pictográficas do mito de Medeia, às quais se adicionam as narrativas fílmicas Medea (1969), de Pier Paolo Pasolini, e Medea (1988), de Lars Von Trier. Em uma perspectiva dialógica com o tema e o mito de Medeia, foram selecionados os textos da dramaturgia brasileira Gota d água (1975), de Chico Buarque e Paulo Pontes, e Des-medeia (1995), de Denise Stoklos, que também fazem parte do corpus da pesquisa, a fim de verificar como o mito é representado no contexto contemporâneo brasileiro, mais especificamente como o lastro referencial é lido pelos sujeitos escritores Chico Buarque, Paulo Pontes e Denise Stoklos, representantes de uma coletividade, da qual faz parte o escritor e o dramaturgo como intelectual.

Esta tese apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre tiras cômicas de produção local na Argentina e no Brasil, tendo como recorte temático o futebol e seu papel na construção identitária de ambos os países. Abordamos as tiras cômicas como um gênero discursivo, ou seja, como um dispositivo comunicacional sócio-historicamente condicionado (Maingueneau, 2010) e as analisamos levando em conta sua inserção na espacialidade social. Trata-se de um trabalho comparativo e interdisciplinar em que nos valemos de referenciais teóricos tanto dos estudos discursivos e enunciativos, como também de reflexões advindas de outros campos do conhecimento, como a História (Campos, 2015; Franco-Júnior, 2007), a Sociologia (Bordieu ([1976]-2002; Archetti, 1995; Alabarces, 2014), a Antropologia (Guedes, 2006) e a Comunicação (Martín-Barbero, 1991). Para operacionalizar a análise, mobilizamos o conceito de cena da enunciação (Maingueneau, 2001, 2006). No exame da cena englobante e da cena genérica das tiras cômicas, reconstruímos sua historicidade na Argentina e no Brasil, enfocando especificamente sua publicação rotineira nos jornais diários. Nesse percurso, constatamos que diferenças verificadas na formação sócio-histórica desses países repercutem na inserção do gênero na respectiva espacialidade social. Para a análise das cenografias, nos debruçamos sobre um corpus composto por tiras argentinas e brasileiras publicadas respectivamente nos jornais Clarín e Folha de S. Paulo por ocasião das Copas do Mundo de 1994 e 2014. Baseando-nos também nas categorias propostas por Charaudeau (2006) para o estudo do discurso humorístico, na análise dessas tiras (i) investigamos que efeitos de sentido são construídos sobre as derrotas e as vitórias das seleções argentina e brasileira nas citadas edições da Copa; (ii) examinamos os procedimentos utilizados para obter o humor e seus possíveis efeitos, (iii) observamos que relações interdiscursivas se estabelecem, (iv) identificamos posicionamentos a respeito do futebol e da Copa. Contrastados os resultados, relevamos as semelhanças e diferenças com relação aos temas anteriores observadas nas produções de ambos os países. / This thesis shows the results of a research on comics strips from local production in Argentine and in Brazil, focus on football and its role in the identity construction of both countries. Approaching the comic strips as a discursive genre, that is, as a sociohistorically conditioned communicational device (Maingueneau, 2010) and analyzing them considering their insertion in the social spatiality. It is a comparative and interdisciplinary work in which we use theoretical references from both the discursive and enunciative studies, as well as reflections from other fields of knowledge, such as History (Campos, 2015; Franco-Júnior, 2007). Sociology (Bordieu ([1976] -2002, Archetti, 1995, Alabarces, 2014), Anthropology (Guedes, 2006) and Communication (Martín-Barbero, 1991). In order to analyze, we mobilized the concept of the scene of enunciation (Maingueneau, 2001, 2006). From the exam of the encompassing and generic scene of the comic strips, we reconstructed its historicity in Argentina and Brazil, focusing specifically on its routine publication in the daily newspapers. Along the way, we found that the differences identified in the socio-historical formation of these countries rebound in the insertion of the gender in the respective social spatiality. Analyzing the scenographies, we considered a corpus composed of Argentine and Brazilian strips published respectively in the Clarín and Folha de S. Paulo newspapers by the 1994 and 2014 World Cup occasions. Based on the categories proposed by Charaudeau (2006) for the study of humorous discourse, in the analysis of these strips (i) we investigated what kind of meaning effects are built on the defeats and victories of the Argentine and Brazilian teams in the aforementioned editions of the Cup; (Ii) we examined the procedures used to obtain the humor and its possible effects, (iii) we observed that the interdiscursive relationships are established, (iv) identified positions regarding to soccer and the World Cup. Contrasting the results, we highlighted the similarities and differences in relation to the previous themes observed in the productions of both countries.

C'est à partir de 1918 que les États d'Europe continentale, à commencer par ceux de langue allemande, introduisent dans leurs nouvelles constitutions nationales la maxime d'origine anglo-américaine « [international law is] part of the law of the land », valable en matière de droit international coutumier (formulation William Blackstone, 1769). Sur un tel fondement, les règles générales du droit international se transforment désormais de manière générale et permanente en droit interne, nonobstant toute procédure effectuée par les organes étatiques (on parlera de « transformation ipso iure » La transformation ipso iure du droit international en droit interne n'apparaît donc à l'origine aucunement comme une exigence juridique pesant sur l'État, mais résulte d'une volonté politique délibérée de montrer que l'État en question se soumet au droit international, et ce, jusque dans sa sphère domestique. Il ne s'agit donc que d'une manière, d'une technique, pour l'État de concrétiser le droit international, à côté d'autres qui restent possibles, et d'ailleurs présentes dans les différents droits positifs nationaux ; l'on en dessinera une typologie. Les différentes normes constitutionnelles nationales qui disposent de la transformation ipso iure ne s'en trouvent pas pour autant superflues : elles consistent, d'un côté, en une habilitation générale au bénéfice des organes internes, ainsi, qu'éventuellement, aux simples particuliers, d'appliquer le droit international; de l'autre côté, elles ouvrent la possibilité pour le droit international de prévaloir sur les réglementations internes avec lesquelles il entre en collision, en lui attribuant une certaine force dérogatoire interne. / In 1918, the states of continental Europe, beginning with the German speaking countries, started to incorporate in their new national Constitutions the Anglo-American maxim "[international law is] part of the law of the land'. Formulated by William Blackstone in 1769, this principle concerns the field of customary international law. Going, forward on this basis, the general rules of international law were then generally and permanently transformed into national law, notwithstanding any act enacted by state bodies (referred to as "transformation ipso jure"). International law transformation ipso jure into national law does not originally appear to result from a legal obligation imposed upon the state, rather this process is the product of a deliberate policy intended to show that any given state subjects itself to international law, including when it concerns domestic affairs. It merely provides a means for implementing positive international law, alongside other possible techniques available to the different national legal systems, from which this thesis articulates a typology. Therefore, the different national constitutional norms undergoing the transformation ipso jure, are not superfluous. On the one hand, the transformation ipso jure consists of a general authorization for the benefit of state organs and eventually of private individuals to be able to apply international law. On the other hand, by attributing to international law a certain internal derogatory force (in German refered to as derogatische Kraft), this process opens up the possibility for international legal norms to prevail upon internal rules with which they enter into collision.

Les usages contraceptifs en France et en Angleterre se distinguent fortement du point de vue du recours aux méthodes masculines : la vasectomie et le préservatif sont utilisés par la moitié des usager.e.s outre-Manche et par seulement15% des personnes en France. À partir des années 1960, la médicalisation de la contraception est allée de pair avec sa féminisation, mais les modèles contraceptifs de chaque pays semblent ainsi accorder une place différente à la prise en charge masculine des responsabilités en matière de régulation de la fécondité. Pour comprendre comment ces modèles plus ou moins sexués sont socialement construits, cette thèse compare les contextes institutionnels de la prescription contraceptive qui contribuent à définir le champ des possibles et du souhaitable pour les usager.e.s. Outre une analyse comparative historique et institutionnelle approfondie, ce travail s'appuie sur 34 entretiens semi-directifs avec les professionnel.le.s de santé dans les deux pays afin d’éclairer les logiques qui structurent leurs pratiques et participent à la définition des normes contraceptives. Cette analyse comparative met en évidence l’impact de traditions politiques contrastées en matière de régulation des naissances : l’héritage de l’eugénisme britannique est plus favorable au recours à des méthodes contraceptives définitives que le natalisme français. Par ailleurs, les systèmes de santé français et britannique se distinguent par leur degré d’encadrement de la formation et des pratiques médicales. En France, la faiblesse de cet encadrement autorise une grande diversité de pratiques en matière contraceptive, et notamment une approche paternaliste du choix contraceptif et l’expression de réticences professionnelles genrées vis-à-vis des méthodes de contraception masculines. En Angleterre, la régulation publique de la formation et des pratiques tend à standardiser les approches professionnelles du choix contraceptif, et laisse une place plus importante aux préférences des usager.e.s. / Contraceptive use in France and England differs strongly with regard to male methods: half of English users resort to vasectomy and condoms, compared to just15% of the French population. From the 1960s on, the medicalization of contraception has gone hand in hand with its feminization but it appears that national contraceptive norms allow for different levels of male involvement in each country.In order to understand the process leading to variously gendered contraceptive models, this research draws a comparison between the institutional contexts of contraceptive prescription, which contribute to defining possible and desirable contraceptive choices. In addition to anin-depth historical and institutional analysis, this comparison draws upon 34 semi-structured interviews with prescribers in both countries in order to unveil the logic behind their actions and their influence on contraceptive norms.This analysis underlines the consequences of contrasting political perspectives on birth control in both countries: the legacy of the British eugenicist movement proves more liberal regarding sterilization methods than the French pro-natalist context. Moreover, the National Health Service in England and the French health system address the issues of medical regulation very differently. In France, public supervision of clinical practice is low, which allows for considerable heterogeneity between professionals, and, notably, a paternalistic approach to contraceptive choice and the influence of gendered reluctance towards male methods. In England, public regulation of medical training and practices encourages the standardization of prescribers’ approaches to contraceptive choice and more respect for users’ preferences.