La maîtrise du développement des moisissures retrouvées dans le contexte agro-alimentaire parmi les flores microbiennes d'altération ou technologiques répond à des enjeux économiques et sanitaires importants. Le développement des moisissures peut être affecté par des facteurs abiotiques comme la température, l'activité de l'eau (aw) ou la composition gazeuse. L'évaluation de l'effet de ces facteurs via des outils de mycologie prévisionnelle vise à prévoir l'altération fongique des aliments. Ce travail a pour objectif d'explorer l'impact des conditions environnementales sur la physiologie de moisissures d'intérêt pour l'industrie agro-alimentaire.L'effet de la température, de l'aw ajustée par du glycérol ou du chlorure de sodium (NaCl) du pH et de la composition gazeuse a été évalué sur la germination des spores et/ou la croissance radiale de cinq moisissures: Paecilomyces niveus, Mucor lanceolatus, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium expansum et Penicillium roqueforti. Au niveau appliqué, ces travaux ont montré que l'effet du NaCl ou de la composition gazeuse peuvent être inclus dans une approche de mycologie prévisionnelle. Le choix des souches représentatives d'une espèce fongique et l'état physiologique des spores utilisées comme inoculum ont un impact significatif sur les modèles prédictifs.Au niveau fondamental, des marqueurs ont été recherchés pour évaluer l'effet des facteurs abiotiques sur la physiologie des spores. La température et l'aw ont un effet significatif sur l'état physiologique des spores et leur germination. La recherche de marqueurs moléculaire, contribuera aux connaissances de l'effet des facteurs abiotiques sur la physiologie des moisissures. / In the food processing industry, controlling the development of filamentous fungi encountered as spoilers or technological cultures address significant economic and sanitary issues. Fungal development in foods is mainly determined by abiotic factors including temperature, water activity (aw) or the headspace gas composition. The quantification of these respective effects through a predictive mycology approach aims at preventing fungal food spoilage. The present work aims at exploring the effect of environmental conditions on the physiology of filamentous fungi of interest in the food processing industry.The effect of temperature, aw (adjusted with glycerol of sodium chloride), pH and headspace gas composition was evaluated on conidial germination and/or radial growth of five fungi isolated from dairy products: Paecilomyces niveus, Mucor lanceolatus, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium roqueforti. The present work suggests that the specific effects of sodium chloride or gas composition could be included in predictive mycology approaches. It was also demonstrated that the selection of strains representative of a fungal species and the physiological state of conidia utilized as inoculum have a significant effect on the final predictive models.At the fundamental level, markers were investigated to study the effect of abitoic factors on the physiological state of spores. The temperature and aw significantly affected the physiological state of spores and their germination kinetics. The investigation of markers at the molecular level could provide better knowledges on the effect of abiotic factors on the physiology of filamentous fungi.

Polyurethane and the analogous ‘polyurethane-urea’ are high performance polymeric materials having remarkable properties such as high stiffness, abrasion and tear strengths. In many studies, the low strength rubbers have been blended with various types of polyurethanes for new and improved materials. However, until now, the reported heterogeneous blends offer only a narrow temperature range of application due to the high temperature softening of their polyurethane (-urea) phase. In addition, the conventional solution-or melt-blending methods are time and energy intensive, which tend to forfeit the economical realization of the reported blends. In contrast to earlier studies, a simplified reactive blending process is suggested to synthesize polyurethane-urea via a prepolymer route during blending with rubbers to obtain novel elastomeric materials having extended performance characteristics. The reactive blending process is opted to prepare blends based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and in-situ synthesized polyurethane-urea (PUU). The blending is carried out in an internal mixer at a preset temperature of 100°C. The critical temperatures of the reactive blending process are determined from the chemo-rheological analysis of a premix, composed of a 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)/polyether (PTMEG) based prepolymer admixed with 1,3-phenylene diamine (mPD). The prepared NBR/PUU blends exhibit highly improved mechanical properties. Contrary to previous reports, the reinforced dynamic-mechanical responses of the novel blends remain stable till very high temperatures (≥180°C). The influence of diamine type on the in-situ synthesized polyurethane-urea and the performance of prepared blends are investigated. Four different diamines, namely 1,3-Phenylene diamine, 1,4-Bis(aminomethyl)benzene, 4,4′-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) and 4,4ʹ-(1,3-Phenylenediisopropylidene)bisaniline, are selected to chain extend the prepolymer to PUU during blending with NBR. The chemical and domain structure of the PUUs are found to greatly influence the reinforced tensile and dynamic-mechanical responses of the NBR/PUU 70/30 blends. The PUU (based on MDI/PTMEG prepolymer and mPD) is blended with polar (CR, XNBR) and nonpolar (NR, EPDM, sSBR) rubbers. PUU compatibilizes with all the rubbers irrespective of their polarity and reinforces their tensile and dynamic-mechanical characteristics. The use of blends in industrial applications, for example, in a truck tire tread compound and as a roller covering material, is examined. In a simplified tire tread formulation, the carbon black for NR-CB composite is partially replaced with an equivalent quantity of PUU for NR/PUU-CB composite of similar hardness. The dynamic mechanical investigations reveal that the energy dissipation and strain dependent softening is high in NR-CB as compared to the NR/PUU-CB composite. In another application, NBR/PUU blend is successfully tested as a rubber roller covering material. The tested blend-covered roller retains its structural integrity and develops less heat build-up as compared to the silica filled NBR-covered roller. This shows a substantial suitability of the blend-covered rollers for film, printing and textile processing machinery. These novel blends are considered to be the promising new materials for many commercial applications including wheels, rubber rollers, belts or pump impellers.

Solar cells based on organohalide perovskites (PSCs) have made rapid progress in recent years and are a promising emerging technology. An important next evolutionary step for PSCs is their up-scaling to commercially relevant dimensions. The main challenges in scaling PSCs to be compatible with current c-Si cells are related to the limited conductivity of the transparent electrode, and the processing of a uniform and defect-free organohalide perovskite layer over large areas. In this work we present a generic and simple approach to realizing efficient solution-processed, monolithic solar cells based on methylammonium lead iodide (CH₃NH₃PbI₃). Our devices have an aperture area of 25 cm² without relying on an interconnected strip design, therefore reducing the complexity of the fabrication process and enhancing compatibility with the c-Si cell geometry. We utilize simple aluminum grid lines to increase the conductivity of the transparent electrode. These grid lines were exposed to an UV-ozone plasma to grow a thin aluminum oxide layer. This dramatically improves the wetting and film forming of the organohalide perovskite junction on top of the lines, reducing the probability of short circuits between the grid and the top electrode. The best devices employing these modified grids achieved power conversion efficiencies of up to 6.8%.

La escasez de registros sísmicos de gran magnitud en algunas regiones del mundo limita la determinación de la respuesta sísmica de una edificación. En este sentido, los acelerogramas artificiales representan una alternativa para definir el evento sísmico porque consideran las condiciones específicas del sitio en estudio. Esta investigación analiza la respuesta sísmica de las estructuras para diversos registros sísmicos artificiales generados de espectros de diseño para distintas condiciones geotécnicas. El procedimiento de análisis empleado será el dinámico tiempo historia no lineal para obtener una mayor precisión en la respuesta sísmica. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las derivas de entrepiso de las señales artificiales creadas con la función de intensidad de Liu se ajustan mejor a las derivas obtenidas del sismo real escalado. / The lack of large seismic records in some world regions limits the determination of the seismic response of a building. For that reason, artificial accelerograms represent an alternative to define the seismic event because they consider specific conditions of study site. This research analyses the structures seismic response for various artificial seismic records generated from design spectra and different geotechnical conditions. Dynamic nonlinear time history analyzing was used to obtain greater precision in the seismic response. The results obtained show that the mezzanine drifts of the artificial signals created with the Liu intensity function better fit the drifts obtained from the scaled real earthquake. / Trabajo de investigación

Polyurethane and the analogous ‘polyurethane-urea’ are high performance polymeric materials having remarkable properties such as high stiffness, abrasion and tear strengths. In many studies, the low strength rubbers have been blended with various types of polyurethanes for new and improved materials. However, until now, the reported heterogeneous blends offer only a narrow temperature range of application due to the high temperature softening of their polyurethane (-urea) phase. In addition, the conventional solution-or melt-blending methods are time and energy intensive, which tend to forfeit the economical realization of the reported blends. In contrast to earlier studies, a simplified reactive blending process is suggested to synthesize polyurethane-urea via a prepolymer route during blending with rubbers to obtain novel elastomeric materials having extended performance characteristics. The reactive blending process is opted to prepare blends based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and in-situ synthesized polyurethane-urea (PUU). The blending is carried out in an internal mixer at a preset temperature of 100°C. The critical temperatures of the reactive blending process are determined from the chemo-rheological analysis of a premix, composed of a 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)/polyether (PTMEG) based prepolymer admixed with 1,3-phenylene diamine (mPD). The prepared NBR/PUU blends exhibit highly improved mechanical properties. Contrary to previous reports, the reinforced dynamic-mechanical responses of the novel blends remain stable till very high temperatures (≥180°C). The influence of diamine type on the in-situ synthesized polyurethane-urea and the performance of prepared blends are investigated. Four different diamines, namely 1,3-Phenylene diamine, 1,4-Bis(aminomethyl)benzene, 4,4′-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) and 4,4ʹ-(1,3-Phenylenediisopropylidene)bisaniline, are selected to chain extend the prepolymer to PUU during blending with NBR. The chemical and domain structure of the PUUs are found to greatly influence the reinforced tensile and dynamic-mechanical responses of the NBR/PUU 70/30 blends. The PUU (based on MDI/PTMEG prepolymer and mPD) is blended with polar (CR, XNBR) and nonpolar (NR, EPDM, sSBR) rubbers. PUU compatibilizes with all the rubbers irrespective of their polarity and reinforces their tensile and dynamic-mechanical characteristics. The use of blends in industrial applications, for example, in a truck tire tread compound and as a roller covering material, is examined. In a simplified tire tread formulation, the carbon black for NR-CB composite is partially replaced with an equivalent quantity of PUU for NR/PUU-CB composite of similar hardness. The dynamic mechanical investigations reveal that the energy dissipation and strain dependent softening is high in NR-CB as compared to the NR/PUU-CB composite. In another application, NBR/PUU blend is successfully tested as a rubber roller covering material. The tested blend-covered roller retains its structural integrity and develops less heat build-up as compared to the silica filled NBR-covered roller. This shows a substantial suitability of the blend-covered rollers for film, printing and textile processing machinery. These novel blends are considered to be the promising new materials for many commercial applications including wheels, rubber rollers, belts or pump impellers.

Medical imaging based on radioactive tracers exposes the patient to radiation. For this reason, a phantom is preferably used for non-clinical studies such as routine quality assurance and research. The aim of this project was to design, build and test a multi-compartment phantom to be used in dynamic SPECT/CT, PET/CT and PET/MRI studies. By treating each compartment as a biological system and plotting activity distribution, desired characteristics of the phantom can be obtained. A software program was created to simulate compartment activity distribution for different input parameters. Such parameters include number of compartments, administered activity, flow rates between compartments and compartment volume. Based on the simulation, the phantom was designed to meet the desired characteristics. Due to the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, no phantom could be built nor tested. Consequently, leading the project to create a foundation that facilitates future building of the phantom. / Medicinsk avbildning med radioaktiva spårämnen utsätter patienter för en stråldos. Av detta skäl används företrädesvis en fantom för icke-kliniska studier såsom rutinmässig kvalitetssäkring och forskning. Syftet med detta projekt var att designa, bygga och testa ett flerkammarfantom som ska användas i dynamiska SPECT/CT, PET/CT och PET/MRI studier. Genom att behandla varje kammare som ett biologiskt system och plotta aktivitetsfördelning kan önskade egenskaper hos fantomen erhållas. Ett program skapades för att simulera aktivitetsdistributionen i flerkammarfantomer för olika in parametrar så som antal kammare, administrerad aktivitet, flöden mellan kammare och kammarvolym. Baserat på simuleringen utformades fantomen för att uppfylla de önskade egenskaperna. På grund av utbrottet av SARS-CoV-2 viruset kunde ingen fantom byggas eller testas. Följaktligen leddes projektet till att skapa en grund som underlättar framtida byggande av fantomen.

No description available.

Das Ziel des vorliegenden Projektes war es, eine sortenreine und gewichtsoptimierte Betonbauweise unter Einsatz mineralischer und lastpfadgerechter Faserverbundbewehrungen zur vorwettbewerblichen Anwendung weiterzuentwickeln, um damit neue Geschäftsfelder für KMU im Bereich des Bauwesens zu eröffnen sowie längerfristig den Technologiestandort Baden-Württemberg zu stärken. Dabei knüpft das Projekt nahtlos an die Arbeiten aus dem SPP 1542 – Leicht bauen mit Beton – an. Der vorliegende Kurzbericht fasst die Forschungsergebnisse zusammen. Für eine ausführlichere Beschreibung der Arbeiten sowie die Darstellung der Ausgangslage wird auf [1] sowie auf die Homepage [2] verwiesen. / The objective of the current project is to further develop a weight-optimised concrete construction method using mineral and load-path compatible fibre-composite reinforcements for pre-commercial applications. The outcome of the project could open new business opportunities for small- and mid-size enterprises in the construction sector and, in the longer term, strengthen Baden-Württemberg as a technology hub. The project seamlessly ties in with the previous work from SPP 1542, the results of which are summarised in this short report. For a more detailed description of the work readers are referred to [1] as well as to the homepage [2].

Depuis plus de 40 ans des chimistes se sont intéressés à l’extraction, à l’activité biologique et à la synthèse de l’homoharringtonine, un ester naturel de la céphalotaxine, qui est un puissant antileucémique, en vue de son utilisation thérapeutique, en particulier contre les leucémies résistantes aux inhibiteurs de tyrosine kinase. Ces alcaloïdes sont extraits de Cephalotaxus, des conifères originaires du sud de la Chine à croissance extrêmement lente et menacés d’extinction, la synthèse de ces alcaloïdes est nécessaire pour une utilisation thérapeutique.L’objectif de ce travail consiste à développer une synthèse concise de la (-)-céphalotaxine 1, afin de palier notamment le problème de sa pureté énantiomérique variable lorsqu’elle est issue de la matière première végétale. La stratégie développée dans ce travail nécessite d’effectuer un couplage de Heck avec des substrats désactivés et encombrés. Les résultats préliminaires ayant été décevants, le première objectif à consisté à développer l’utilisation de la méthode des plans d’expérience en synthèse totale, car l’efficacité de chaque étape a une répercussion importante sur le rendement en produit final. Dans une première partie, l’application d’un plan d’expériences a permis de pallier ce problème par une étude modèle pour déterminer les paramètres importants pour effectuer une telle réaction efficacement. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons synthétisé les précurseurs et réalisé le couplage de Heck en vue de l’accès à un précurseur AC comportant tous les atomes de carbone du squelette de la céphalotaxine et les fonctionnalités requises pour sa cyclisation ultérieure en tétracycle ABCD. Enfin, nous avons fonctionnalisé les produits de Heck en position C3 par différents méthodes. Ces résultats ont permis de valider notre stratégie de synthèse. / For more than 40 years the chemists were interested in the extraction, in the biological activity and in the synthesis of the homoharringtonine, a natural ester of cephalotaxine, which is a powerful antileukemic compound of therapeutic use, in particular against the leukaemia resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These alkaloids are extracted from Cephalotaxus, conifers native of the South of China with extremely slow growth. The objective of this work thus consisted in developing a concise synthesis of the cephalotaxine, to limit the recourse to the endangered vegetable resource The developed strategy requires an intermolecular Heck-coupling of electronically and sterically deactivated demanding substrates. The preliminary results having been disappointing, the first objective consisted in developing the use of the model of the experimental design in total synthesis because the classic methodology of variation of a single parameter at the same time said of "one by one" was ineffective. The application of a complete factorial design overcomes this problem by a model study, allowing to determine the optimized parameters to make this coupling reaction effective. We then synthesized the precursors from naturally abundant safrol and 2,3-butanedione then realized the Heck coupling with the aim of the access to the precursor AC containing all the atoms of carbon of cephalotaxine and the features required for its later cyclization in pyrrolobenzazepine ABC fragment. The o-iodized homopiperonylic alcohol led in certain conditions to an isochromane through a tandem Heck-oxa-Michael reaction. Finally, we have functionalized the Heck and hydro-arylation products obtained with 69-70 % yield in position C3 by different methods allowing us to validate our strategy to access these alkaloids.

Depuis plus de 40 ans des chimistes se sont intéressés à l’extraction, à l’activité biologique et à la synthèse de l’homoharringtonine (HHT), un ester naturel de la céphalotaxine, qui est un puissant antileucémique utilisé pour le traitement des leucémies résistantes aux inhibiteurs de tyrosine kinase. Ces alcaloïdes sont extraits de Cephalotaxus, des conifères originaires du sud de la Chine à croissance extrêmement lente et menacés d’extinction. Leur synthèse est donc nécessaire. L’homoharringtonine utilisée en thérapeutique est obtenue à partir de (-)-céphalotaxine d’origine naturelle, par greffage d’une chaîne latérale acide suivie de purifications longues et coûteuses. L’objectif de ce travail consiste à développer une synthèse concise de la (-)-céphalotaxine, afin de s’affranchir de la ressource naturelle, de ce fait de garantir un approvisionnement d’HHT de qualité constante et de développer des analogues de seconde génération.Les stratégies développées dans ce travail ont consisté à développer une synthèse très concise de la céphalotaxine, d’une part en valorisant un synthon ABC nitrile pour y introduire les deux atomes de carbone manquant au squelette de la céphalotaxine, et d’autre part à améliorer l’accès à une synthon analogue ABC ester pour en étudier la réactivité. Ces travaux ont conduit à décrire un nouveau complexe arène chrome pentacarbonyle analogue de céphalotaxine, une méthode originale et efficace de cyclisation anionique d’imide formant un squelette 3-benzazépine à l’aide d’une nouvelle combinaison de bases, le tert-butylate de potassium et le carbonate de potassium agissant en synergie, et une nouvelle méthode de solvolyse de nitrile aliphatiques ou aromatiques sous micro-ondes qui a été exemplifiée. / For over 40 years, chemists are interested in the extraction, biological activity and synthesis Homoharringtonine (HHT ), a natural cephalotaxine ester, which is a potent antileukemic used therapeutically, especially leukemias resistant against tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These alkaloids are extracted from Cephalotaxus, evergreen trees from southern China having extremely slow growth and are in extinction. Their synthesis is thus necessary. Homoharringtonine used therapeutically is obtained from (-)-cephalotaxine of natural origin, by grafting an acidic side chain followed by lengthy and expensive purifications. The objective of this work is to develop a concise synthesis of (-)-cephalotaxine to get rid of the natural resource, thereby ensuring a supply of constant quality and develop similar second generation of HHT.The strategies developed in this work has been to develop a very concise synthesis of cephalotaxine , firstly by enhancing an ABC nitrile synthon to introduce the two carbon atoms missing to the backbone of cephalotaxine , and secondly to improve access to similar ABC ester synthon to investigate its reactivity. This work led to describe a new arena complex chromium pentacarbonyle cephalotaxine analog, an original and efficient method of anionic cyclization of imide forming a 3-benzazepine skeleton using a new combination of bases , potassium tert -butoxide and potassium carbonate acting synergistically, and a new method of aliphatic or aromatic nitrile solvolysis under microwave which was exemplified.