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21世紀「知識」成為各國經濟發展之主要驅動力，企業更多採專案型組織運作以靈活應變，如何有效管理知識工作者也使企業文化愈受重視。專案型組織因知識工作者增加、多角化跨入新業務型態而有文化轉型需求。本研究欲探討專案型組織於傳統營建工程、知識密集服務、複雜產品系統三種業務類型下之配適文化與轉型模式。藉由蒐集個案公司Kyowa Exeo和IBM官方資料與高階主管談論文化之內容進行文化元素篩選，經競值架構特質表檢驗後，得出應變型文化、家族型文化、市場型文化、階層型文化四種文化類型之佔比，依此繪製舊文化暨新文化之文化剖面圖以進行文化配適與轉型討論。本研究貢獻為專案型組織分類、專案型組織文化情境配適表與文化轉型模式，並確認「家族型文化」於三類專案型組織配適文化中皆為重要元素。後續研究可繼續完善專案型組織文化情境配適表，驗證家族型文化在知識經濟時代對於專案型組織之重要性。 / In the 21st century, “Knowledge” becomes the driving force of economic development all over the world. More and more enterprises choose to change their structure to project-based organization in order to achieve flexibility. Corporate culture is getting more important for enterprises to manage knowledge workers. The demand of culture transformation in project-based organization is derived from the phenomenon of booming knowledge worker population and the strategy of diversification into new business. This study aims to explore the most suitable kinds of organizational culture for three different types of project-based organization, including traditional construction, knowledge-intensive business service, and complex product and system, and discuss the process of the culture transformation. The initial data bank of cultural elements is selected from official information, culture-related comment from senior managers (Kyowa Exeo and IBM). These elements are sorted into four kinds of organization cultures by the characteristic table of Competing Values Framework: Adhocracy culture, Clan culture, Market culture and Hierarchy culture. Two cases are studied in details by grouping their cultural elements in accordance to the four cultural categories. The percentage of each culture of Competing Values Framework is calculated and the culture profile of initial culture and new culture are drawn for in–depth discussion of cultural fit and culture transformation. The contributions of this research are the classification of project-based organization, and their most suitable cultures and culture transformation model. Besides, “Clan culture” is a critical element towards all three types of project-based organization. Follow-up research can improve the effectiveness of cultural fit table of project-based organization and verify the significance of Clan culture for project-based organization in the era of knowledge economy.

Organisationskultur är något som är komplext och svårdefinierat men som likväl har en betydelsefull roll. I nuvarande situation befinner sig sjukvården i en dragkamp mellan olika kulturer då det är en hierarkisk struktur, som idag kräver ett externt, ekonomiskt tänkt och som arbetar för att ge patienter ett värdigt möte. Samtidigt finns det stress för personalen i form av personalbrist medan cheferna har tryck från politiker och strama budgetar. Syftet med studien är att empiriskt undersöka om uppfattningen av en kultur inom slutenvården i Värmlands läns landsting, kan skilja sig beroende på hierarkisk position. I studiens syfte ingår också att identifiera och analysera de kommunikativa faktorer som bidrar till att kulturen skulle kunna uppfattas olika. Studiens huvudsakliga frågeställning är “I vilken utsträckning påverkar en anställds hierarkiska position dennes uppfattning om organisationskulturen?” följt av ”Vilken relation har den interna kommunikationen till den/de rådande uppfattningarna?”. Studiens analytiska ramverk har baserats på tidigare forskning och inom branschen väletablerade teorier för att definiera en viss typ av kultur inom en organisation, bland annat används ramverket för konkurrerande värderingar (Competing Values Framework) med vilken studien definierar de olika kulturerna inom organisationen genom dimensioner och kluster. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har en enkätundersökning tillämpats. En totalundersökning gjordes på populationen som dock fick en bristande svarsfrekvens. Resultaten indikerade att en tydlig hierarkisk kultur uppfattas inom organisationen. Däremot fanns stora önskemål om att styra den mot en mer familjär kultur men att fortfarande behålla de hierarkiska strukturerna. Cheferna ansåg att deras ledarskap karaktäriseras av hjälpsamhet och uppmuntran till deltagande, vilket dock inte var något som uppfattades av någon annan inom organisationen. Detta beror med stor sannolikhet på den enkelriktade kommunikationen som går igenom en hierarkisk kommunikationsmodell. / Organizational culture is somewhat hard to define and a complex matter that nevertheless has an important role. The current healthcare is challenged by a tug of war between different cultures for its hierarchical structure, which today needs an external and economic turn of mind and still work for a worthy meeting with the patient. Simultaneously it exists a stressful situation for the health professionals in terms of staff shortage while the management has a constraint from politicians and tight budgets. The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate whether the perception of an organizational culture within Värmlands Council may differ depending on individual’s hierarchical positions. The purpose also includes identifying and analysing the communicative factors that contribute to the different perceptions. The main question of the study is “To what extent does an employee’s hierarchical position affect the perception of an organizational culture?” followed by “What is the relationship between the internal communication and the current perceptions?” The analytical framework of the study is based on previous research and within the industry well-established theories, including the Competing Values Framework, which the study uses to define the different cultures within the organization through its dimensions and clusters. To answer the study’s questions a survey has been applied that was sent to the whole population, which however, received a lack of response rate. The results indicate that a distinct hierarchical culture is perceived within the organization, alongside desires to direct it towards a more family-oriented culture while maintaining the hierarchical structures. The managers considered their leadership to be characterized by helpfulness and encouragement for participation, however it was not perceived in such way by anyone else within the organization. This is most likely due to the one-way communication that goes through a hierarchical communication model within the organization.

This Diploma Thesis focuses on comparison of organisational culture in state-controlled, commercial and non-profit organisations in the area of pre-school education. It is based on the Competing Values Framework developed by Cameron and Quinn, according to whom there are four types of organisational culture. The goal of this Thesis is to identify and describe the culture types in organisations in the above-mentioned three sectors, and to subsequently compare these types so that their similarities and differences can be revealed. The chosen method of research is a case study; the data was collected by a questionnaire survey among employees and by analysis of documents used in the organisations. My research has indicated that the organisational culture in the three sectors is similar in certain elements, but different in others. An established similarity is the presence of the clan culture, which is a friendly and informal working environment. Regarding the differences, the culture is more bureaucratic and hierarchic in a state-controlled organisation, while more dynamic and focused on innovations in commercial and non-profit ones.

I varje organisation existerar det en kultur, organisationskultur, som är unik just för företaget och inom den kan det finnas variationer. Kunskap om hur organisationskulturen ser ut, vilka variationer som finns, vad de beror på och hur de kan komma till uttryck är en styrka för organisationen och ger den en stor fördel i dess utveckling samt kan vara avgörande för organisationens överlevnad. Ett sätt att få kunskap om sin organisationskultur kan vara att mäta den. Denna studie syftade till att få en fördjupad förståelse av organisationskultur och, med mätinstrumentet OCAI, utröna hur den såg ut för två enheter (butik och HR) i en organisation. Genom en kombinerad studie genomfördes en enkät och en gruppintervju som besvarade frågeställningarna. Frågorna som användes för att besvara syftet innefattade hur organisationskulturen såg ut i respektive enhets Nuläge och Önskat läge, samsynen mellan enheterna och hur de betraktade utfallet av enkäten. De centrala resultat som framkom i studien var att de två enheterna hade, vid mätning av deras Nuläge, skattat sin organisationskultur lika. Klankultur är den kultur som domineras och delas av båda enheterna. Det rådde inte lika hög kongruens i enheternas skattning för Önskat läge; HR önskade större förändringar än butiken. Framförallt var det hierarki och marknadskulturen som HR ville minska medan butiken inte ville ha någon större förändring från Nuläget. De marginella skillnaderna butiken önskade var att minska hierarkin och öka adhokratin. Vid gruppintervjun uttryckte deltagarna en igenkänning i resultatet och att OCAI fyller ett glapp genom att kunna vara ett komplement till den årliga medarbetarundersökningen. Organisationen arbetade aktivt med sin organisationskultur och resultatet skulle kunna tyda på att kulturen genomsyrade hela företaget men en vidare undersökning behöver genomföras innan det går att konstatera.

With the increase in health system Mergers and Acquisitions (MandA’s) since the Affordable Care Act [Brown TC, Werling KA, Walker BC, et al. Current trends in hospital mergers and acquisitions. Healthc Financ Manage. March, 2012], health systems must carefully weigh and measure the current organizational culture prior to the consummation of the merger, seeking to understand differentiation within and between the merging organizations, and requires that the organization be analyzed by employee levels or tiers. This study seeks to understand the organizational culture of two merging partners before the merger is consummated, identifying levels of differentiation among employee tiers. Cultural domination from an acquiring organization is also considered. The cultures are analyzed utilizing the Competing Values Framework (CVF). The population included all employees of both health systems with the survey respondent sample stratified by the following employee types: (Tier 1), entry-level employee; (Tier 2), supervisory level, and, (Tier 3), executive level. Statistical procedures included independent t tests and indicated a statistically significant difference between the current cultures of the health systems prior to the merger with significant differences in the cultural perceptions of Tier 1 employees and Tier 2 employees.

Le climat organisationnel (ci-après, CO) a des effets notables sur les attitudes et comportements au travail. Or, son opérationnalisation demeure un enjeu non résolu au sein de la communauté scientifique. Les cadres théoriques limités, voire absents, pour orienter l’opérationnalisation du CO ainsi que l’utilisation de nombreux instruments de mesure ne reposant pas sur un processus de validation complet exacerbe cet état de fait. Pour combler ces manques, des chercheurs ont suggéré de considérer les valeurs organisationnelles comme bases conceptuelles du CO. De ce fait, certains chercheurs ont orienté leur attention sur le Competing Values Framework (ci-après, CVF; Quinn et Rohrbaugh, 1983), un cadre théorique issu de la littérature sur la culture organisationnelle. Toutefois, à notre connaissance, aucune étude ne démontre pleinement l’adéquation conceptuelle entre les dimensions du CO et les quadrants du CVF pour en justifier l’application. De plus, une analyse critique des instruments du CO, dont ceux basés sur le CVF, démontre plusieurs lacunes importantes de ces derniers, notamment quant à leur processus de création et de validation. Cette thèse vise à traiter de ce manque conceptuel et psychométrique en offrant une conceptualisation et une opérationnalisation du CO arrimées et cohérentes avec le CVF, en suivant les meilleures pratiques de validation. Le premier article de la thèse consiste en une étude conceptuelle qualitative, qui cherche à concrétiser un alignement conceptuel entre les dimensions du CO et les quatre quadrants du CVF. Pour ce faire, une revue de la documentation portant sur les dimensions du CO utilisées à travers la documentation scientifique fut réalisée. Une première analyse qualitative de contenu a permis de regrouper 403 dimensions du CO en 24 regroupements conceptuels différents. Une seconde étape d’analyse de contenu a permis d’évaluer l’adéquation entre ces regroupements et chacun des quatre quadrants du CVF. Cette première démarche a permis de démontrer que le CVF est un modèle théorique approprié pour opérationnaliser le CO. Le deuxième article de la thèse consiste en l’élaboration et la validation d’un nouvel instrument du CO basé sur le CVF, le Questionnaire multifacettes du climat organisationnel (QMCO), et ce, à partir des 24 regroupements formés lors du premier article. Deux études quantitatives constituent cet article. Suivant un processus rigoureux de création d’items, l’étude 1 (n = 151 travailleurs canadiens francophones) a permis de dégager une structure factorielle préliminaire pour la version expérimentale du QMCO par le biais d’analyses factorielles exploratoires, tout en offrant des preuves pour soutenir la validité convergente, divergente et critériée. Par la suite, l’étude 2 (n = 304 travailleurs canadiens francophones) a permis de confirmer l’adéquation de cette structure aux données, par le biais d’analyses factorielles confirmatoires. Cette étude a aussi permis d’étayer la validité convergente, divergente et critériée du QMCO. Les résultats des deux études suggèrent une structure à sept facteurs : 1) Les récompenses basées sur la contribution individuelle, 2) La performance et la profitabilité organisationnelle, 3) La formalisation des règlements et des attentes des employés, 4) La gestion de la rétroaction, 5) Le changement, l’innovation et la prise de risque, 6) L’orientation envers les employés, et 7) La latitude décisionnelle. Cette thèse contribue à répondre à plusieurs critiques et limites des études antérieures portant sur le CO en proposant à la communauté scientifique un cadre théorique applicable au CO et un questionnaire aux propriétés psychométriques clairement explicitées qui démontre un potentiel, avec des raffinements nécessaires. / Research has stated that organizational climate (OC) has notable effects on organizational attitudes and behaviours. However, the scientific community still struggles with its operationalization. The limited use or absence of theoretical frameworks to guide the operationalization of OC, as well as the use of many OC instruments that lack formal validation processes to support their use exacerbate this struggle. To fill these gaps, researchers have brought their attention to organizational values as a conceptual foundation for understanding OC, thus bringing their attention to the use of the Competing Values Framework (CVF), a theoretical framework which stems from organizational culture. Still, to our knowledge, studies have yet to fully demonstrate the conceptual fit between OC dimensions and the CVF’s quadrants to justify the use of this framework. Furthermore, a critical analysis of OC instruments based on the CVF reveals important limitations, namely in regards to the creation and validation processes employed. This thesis aims to address these conceptual and psychometric gaps by offering a conceptualization and operationalization of OC that are coherent with the CVF, by following best practices in scale validation. The first article of this thesis consists of a conceptual qualitative study which aims to provide a conceptual alignment between OC dimensions and the four CVF quadrants. To do so, we carried out a literature review of OC dimensions used across the OC body of literature. A first qualitative content analysis grouped 403 OC dimensions into 24 different clusters. A second step of qualitative content analysis allowed us to evaluate the fit between these clusters and each of the four CVF quadrants. This article demonstrates that the CVF is an appropriate theoretical model to operationalize OC. The second thesis article consists of the creation and validation of a new CVF-based OC instrument, the Multifaceted Organizational Climate Questionnaire (MOCQ), based on the 24 clusters from the first thesis article. Two quantitative studies constitute this article. By following a rigorous item creation process, Study 1 (n = 151 French-speaking Canadian workers) revealed a preliminary factor structure for the experimental version of the MOCQ with the use of exploratory factor analyses, all while offering proof of convergent, divergent and criterion validity. Next, Study 2 (n = 304 French-speaking Canadian workers) confirmed the established structure of Study 1 with the use of confirmatory factor analyses. Furthermore, the convergent, divergent and criterion validity of the MOCQ was established. Results of both these studies suggest the following seven-factor structure: 1) Rewards Based on Individual Contribution, 2) Organizational Performance and Profitability, 3) Formalization of Rules and Expectations of Employees, 4) Feedback Management, 5) Change, Innovation, and Risk-Taking, 6) Employee Orientation and 7) Decision-Making Latitude. This thesis contributes to addressing several criticisms and limitations highlighted in past OC studies by proposing to the scientific community a theoretical framework applicable to OC, as well as a questionnaire with psychometric properties that are clearly stated and that demonstrates clear potential, notwithstanding the necessary refinements.

O gerenciamento de projetos de forma sistematizada vem se tornando essencial para todo tipo de organização, pois os mercados a cada dia tornam-se cada vez mais competitivos, os recursos mais escassos e os clientes muito mais exigentes. É possível observar isso com o número crescente de empresas que se associam ao Project Management Institute (PMI) - referência nas melhores práticas em gerenciamento de projetos - que desde o final de 2013 possui mais de 400.000 empresas associadas em todo o planeta. Tal tendência é natural, visto que as empresas necessitam se destacar nos negócios em um mercado cada vez mais dinâmico a fim de garantir a sua sobrevivência. De acordo com Gu et al. (2013), uma questão-chave na investigação de gerenciamento de projetos gira em torno de porquê alguns projetos são bem sucedidos, enquanto outros não. Esta questão levou os pesquisadores a explorar determinantes potenciais que possam levar ao sucesso ou fracasso de um projeto. Por exemplo, o Standish Group International (2009) encontrou uma taxa global de fracasso do projeto em torno de 72% nos EUA. É certo que a cultura organizacional exerce forte influência no sucesso dos projetos, mas seria possível diagnosticá-la para com isso melhor conduzir as equipes de projeto? Deste modo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a relação entre a cultura organizacional e o gerenciamento de projetos, utilizando-se para tanto dos modelos como o Competing Values Framework (CVF) e o Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). O emprego dos modelos se justifica por serem os mais utilizados na literatura em gestão organizacional, embora não tenham sido encontrados estudos empíricos que os utilize no contexto brasileiro em gerenciamento de projetos. O método utilizado para obtenção do perfil cultural dominante para o sucesso em gerenciamento de projetos foi survey, na qual o modelo OCAI foi adaptado e destinado para gerentes e membros de equipe de projetos. Observou-se através da análise dos dados, que a cultura de clã foi a que apresentou forte influência para o sucesso no gerenciamento de projetos de acordo com a percepção dos respondentes da survey. É importante ressaltar que não há um perfil de cultura melhor que o outro, portanto, a cultura de gerenciamento de projetos obtida é apenas o diagnóstico de uma cultura organizacional que poderá permitir a obtenção de um desempenho superior, ou seja, sucesso no atendimento de escopo, qualidade, custo e prazo. Discute-se para estudos futuros a importância de se empregar respondentes de diferentes estados do Brasil e ainda de outros países, buscando estabelecer que não existam influências de outros fatores culturais regionais na percepção dos respondentes. / Project management in a systematic manner has become essential for any type of organization, because the markets every day become increasingly competitive, scarce resources and more demanding customers. You can see this with the growing number of companies that are associated with the Project Management Institute (PMI) - reference the best practices in project management - which since late 2013 has more than 400,000 affiliates around the world. This tendency is natural, since companies need to stand out in business in an increasingly dynamic market in order to ensure their survival. According to Gu et al. (2013), a key issue in project management research centers on why some projects are successful while others do not. This question led the researchers to explore potential determinants that can lead to success or failure of a project. For example, the Standish Group International (2009) found an overall rate of failure of the project around 72% in the US. Admittedly, the organizational culture has a strong influence on the success of the projects, but it would be possible to diagnose it for it better lead project teams? Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between organizational culture and project management, using for both models like the Competing Values Framework (CVF) and the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). The use of models is justified because they are the most used in the literature on organizational management, although we did not find empirical studies that use them in the Brazilian context in project management. The method used to obtain the dominant cultural profile for success in project management was the survey, in which the OCAI model was adapted and designed for managers and project team members. It was observed by analyzing the data, the clan culture showed the strong influence for success in project management according to the perception of the survey respondents. Importantly, there is a better culture profile than the other, so the obtained project management culture is only the diagnosis of an organizational culture that may allow obtaining superior performance, ie success in scope of service, quality, cost and schedule. It is argued for further study the importance of employing respondents from different states of Brazil and even from other countries, seeking to establish that there are no influences from other regional cultural factors in the perception of respondents.

O gerenciamento de projetos de forma sistematizada vem se tornando essencial para todo tipo de organização, pois os mercados a cada dia tornam-se cada vez mais competitivos, os recursos mais escassos e os clientes muito mais exigentes. É possível observar isso com o número crescente de empresas que se associam ao Project Management Institute (PMI) - referência nas melhores práticas em gerenciamento de projetos - que desde o final de 2013 possui mais de 400.000 empresas associadas em todo o planeta. Tal tendência é natural, visto que as empresas necessitam se destacar nos negócios em um mercado cada vez mais dinâmico a fim de garantir a sua sobrevivência. De acordo com Gu et al. (2013), uma questão-chave na investigação de gerenciamento de projetos gira em torno de porquê alguns projetos são bem sucedidos, enquanto outros não. Esta questão levou os pesquisadores a explorar determinantes potenciais que possam levar ao sucesso ou fracasso de um projeto. Por exemplo, o Standish Group International (2009) encontrou uma taxa global de fracasso do projeto em torno de 72% nos EUA. É certo que a cultura organizacional exerce forte influência no sucesso dos projetos, mas seria possível diagnosticá-la para com isso melhor conduzir as equipes de projeto? Deste modo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a relação entre a cultura organizacional e o gerenciamento de projetos, utilizando-se para tanto dos modelos como o Competing Values Framework (CVF) e o Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). O emprego dos modelos se justifica por serem os mais utilizados na literatura em gestão organizacional, embora não tenham sido encontrados estudos empíricos que os utilize no contexto brasileiro em gerenciamento de projetos. O método utilizado para obtenção do perfil cultural dominante para o sucesso em gerenciamento de projetos foi survey, na qual o modelo OCAI foi adaptado e destinado para gerentes e membros de equipe de projetos. Observou-se através da análise dos dados, que a cultura de clã foi a que apresentou forte influência para o sucesso no gerenciamento de projetos de acordo com a percepção dos respondentes da survey. É importante ressaltar que não há um perfil de cultura melhor que o outro, portanto, a cultura de gerenciamento de projetos obtida é apenas o diagnóstico de uma cultura organizacional que poderá permitir a obtenção de um desempenho superior, ou seja, sucesso no atendimento de escopo, qualidade, custo e prazo. Discute-se para estudos futuros a importância de se empregar respondentes de diferentes estados do Brasil e ainda de outros países, buscando estabelecer que não existam influências de outros fatores culturais regionais na percepção dos respondentes. / Project management in a systematic manner has become essential for any type of organization, because the markets every day become increasingly competitive, scarce resources and more demanding customers. You can see this with the growing number of companies that are associated with the Project Management Institute (PMI) - reference the best practices in project management - which since late 2013 has more than 400,000 affiliates around the world. This tendency is natural, since companies need to stand out in business in an increasingly dynamic market in order to ensure their survival. According to Gu et al. (2013), a key issue in project management research centers on why some projects are successful while others do not. This question led the researchers to explore potential determinants that can lead to success or failure of a project. For example, the Standish Group International (2009) found an overall rate of failure of the project around 72% in the US. Admittedly, the organizational culture has a strong influence on the success of the projects, but it would be possible to diagnose it for it better lead project teams? Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between organizational culture and project management, using for both models like the Competing Values Framework (CVF) and the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). The use of models is justified because they are the most used in the literature on organizational management, although we did not find empirical studies that use them in the Brazilian context in project management. The method used to obtain the dominant cultural profile for success in project management was the survey, in which the OCAI model was adapted and designed for managers and project team members. It was observed by analyzing the data, the clan culture showed the strong influence for success in project management according to the perception of the survey respondents. Importantly, there is a better culture profile than the other, so the obtained project management culture is only the diagnosis of an organizational culture that may allow obtaining superior performance, ie success in scope of service, quality, cost and schedule. It is argued for further study the importance of employing respondents from different states of Brazil and even from other countries, seeking to establish that there are no influences from other regional cultural factors in the perception of respondents.

The main objective of this research was to establish a model for emotional intelligence as a determinant of organisational climate. This model should help companies and organisational psychologists to better understand the interrelatedness of the two constructs in order to optimally enhance organisational performance. This research was conducted in a large organisation, utilising a large sample (n = 1 612) of employees in the financial services industry. During the first phase of this research, emotional intelligence was conceptualised from literature research within the trait paradigm and organisational climate as a molar construct. A theoretical model of emotional intelligence as a determinant of organisational climate was developed and suggested a link to organisational output. During the second phase of this research (empirical research), assessment instruments for emotional intelligence (the Gerber Emotional Intelligence Scale) and organisational climate (the High Performance Climate Questionnaire) were developed and validated. Thereafter an assessment instrument for work output was designed to test the link with performance. The structural equation model (SEM) produced a new best-fitting model of emotional intelligence, organisational climate and work output. The model indicates that emotional intelligence does not correlate with work output as expected, but organisational climate does correlates moderately with work output and explains almost 40% of the variance in work output. The strongest influence seems to flow from teamwork and management. The regression weights between emotional intelligence and organisational climate were trivial, although the model fit indices were all within an acceptable range. The researcher attributed the lack of support for the model to the characteristics of the employees of this type of organisation and concluded that emotional intelligence should not be seen as a determinant of organisational climate in this specific financial services sector. The results further indicate that significant differences exist between the organisational climate experiences of four biographical categories (race, position level, age and geographical region) and also for the categories of position level and age for work output. These differences need to be considered when developing future interventions. This research contributes towards a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between emotional intelligence, organisational climate and work output. The three newly developed questionnaires and the SEM could help researchers and practitioners to apply the research model in other industries and subsequently improve organisational outputs. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Comm. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)