Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-05-24T17:27:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) MINHA DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL.pdf: 1306146 bytes, checksum: 0155465b17037927181a8658ef430856 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-06T15:04:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) MINHA DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL.pdf: 1306146 bytes, checksum: 0155465b17037927181a8658ef430856 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T15:04:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) MINHA DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL.pdf: 1306146 bytes, checksum: 0155465b17037927181a8658ef430856 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta os resultados da pesquisa realizada sobre o ensino da representação do complemento verbal a falantes de espanhol, seja o objeto direto, seja o objeto indireto, fato linguístico variável na língua portuguesa do Brasil (PB). O trabalho consiste em uma análise de materiais didáticos de ensino de português para estrangeiros (PLE), com o intuito de verificar como são apresentados e ensinados os complementos verbais, nos referidos materiais, e averiguar se a variação linguística é contemplada no tratamento desse tema. A pesquisa se apoia nos preceitos da Sociolinguística. Segundo essa teoria, todas as línguas variam, portanto são heterogêneas. Entretanto, a heterogeneidade linguística não representa um caos, pois é possível sistematizar a variação. No âmbito da aplicação pedagógica de tais conceitos, encontramos respaldo na Sociolinguística Educacional, de Bortoni-Ricardo. A linguista preconiza um ensino de língua materna bidialetal, isto é, uma didática que parte do dialeto do aluno, sem preconceitos, para então ampliar sua competência linguística. A metodologia utilizada no desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa é qualitativa, de classificação bibliográfica. Foram analisados dez livros de ensino PLE, publicados ou editados a partir do ano 2000, a fim de verificar se os estudos linguísticos influenciaram a produção dos materiais, no concernente ao tratamento do tema da representação do complemento verbal. Constatamos que já se percebe certa evolução na elaboração da maioria dos livros analisados, que já tratam da variação linguística de alguma forma. Contudo, comprovamos que ainda se faz necessário dar importância a esse tema e não abordá-lo apenas em notas e advertências, sem o imprescindível esclarecimento do conceito de adequação linguística. Não basta apresentar as variantes, é necessário aprofundar a discussão sobre o tema, de acordo com a necessidade do corpo discente. Com relação especificamente ao preenchimento do complemento verbal, essa pesquisa comprovou que ainda há um predomínio de uma visão normativa, pois a grande maioria só menciona a variante padrão (clíticos), deixando de lado a variante mais utilizada pelos brasileiros (objeto nulo), embora quase todos os materiais se proponham a ensinar língua falada / This master’s degree thesis presents the results of the research, conducted on the teaching of the verbal complement representation to Spanish speakers, as either direct object or indirect object, a variable linguistic fact in the Brazilian Portuguese (BP) language. The study consists of an analysis of Portuguese as Foreign Language (PFL) educational materials, aimed at verifying how verbal complements are presented and taught, in said materials, and investigating if linguistic variation is contemplated and addressed in this topic. The study is based on the precepts of Sociolinguistics. According to this theory, all languages vary, therefore they are heterogeneous. However, linguistic heterogeneity does not represent chaos, as it is possible to systematize variation. Regarding the educational application of such concepts, we find support in the Educational Sociolinguistics, of Bortoni-Ricardo. The linguist advocates a two-way maternal language teaching, that is, a didactic that starts from the student's dialect, without prejudice, and then broadens their linguistic competence. The methodology used in the development of this study is qualitative, of literature classification. Ten PFL (Portuguese as a Foreign Language) teaching books were analyzed. These books have been published or edited from the year 2000, in order to verify if the linguistic studies influenced the production of materials, regarding the treatment of the verbal complement representation topic. We can see that some progress has already been made in the elaboration of most of the analyzed books, which already deal with linguistic variation in some way. However, we have shown that it is still necessary to give importance to this issue and not only address it in notes and warnings, without the indispensable clarification of the concept of linguistic adequacy. It is not enough to present the variants, it is necessary to deepen the discussion on the subject, according to the need of the student body. With respect to the completion of the verbal complement, this research proved that there is still a predominance of a normative view, since the great majority only mentions the standard variant (clitics), leaving aside the most used variant for Brazilians (null object), although almost all materials are aimed to teach spoken language

En proie à la guerre civile depuis son indépendance en 1948, l’Union de Myanmar (Union de Birmanie avant 1989) a connu de grandes difficultés dans le processus de construction d’un État-nation moderne. Envisagé sur des bases fédérales à l’indépendance, le pouvoir politique s’est caractérisé par une très forte centralisation, en particulier à la suite des coups d’État militaires de 1962 et 1988. Se faisant, la conception de l’identité nationale portée par le pouvoir central, largement liée aux éléments constitutifs de l’identité du groupe majoritaire (au delà d’une rhétorique et d’une imagerie classique d’« unité dans la diversité ») a continuellement fait l’objet de contestations, plus ou moins radicales. Accordant une place importante au contexte historique du sujet, ce travail examine le rôle de l’école dans le processus de construction nationale au Myanmar, en s’appuyant sur une grille de lecture simple : quantité,qualité, identité. L’accessibilité de l’école à travers le territoire national, les enjeux liés aux méthodes d’enseignement et à la langue d’instruction, les caractéristiques du « roman national » produit sous les gouvernements successifs ainsi que les compléments et alternatives à l’école publique proposés par la société civile et les groupes armés sont examinés en détails. L’ouvrage se conclut sur les perspectives de réformes de l’éducation dans le Myanmar post-SLORC/SPDC (la junte qui a dirigé le pays de 1988 à 2011), tentant de comprendre comment les enjeux identifiés au cours de ce travail se posent dans le nouveau contexte politique birman. / Born as a federal state in 1948, the Union of Myanmar (Union of Burma up to 1989) experienced great difficulties in the process of building a modern Nation-state. While political authority has been very centralizedin practice, especially after the army took over in 1962 and 1988, the official discourse on the nation and itshistory has been increasingly based on the components of the Burman majority identity (beyond the classical “unity in diversity” rhetoric), contributing to legitimize ethno-nationalist alternative conceptions of the Nationand armed struggle. This work focuses on the roles played by schooling in the perspective of nation-building. After examining the relation between schooling and nation-building over the different phases of Myanmar’s history, we move on todescribe schooling under the SLORC/SPDC (1988-2011), using a simple analytical lens : Quantity, Quality, Identity. Issues regarding the accessibility of schooling across the territory, teaching methods, language policiesand the conception of the nation conveyed by the national curriculum are examined in details. The last section of this work focuses on the complements and alternatives to education in public schools, set up by the civil society and the numerous armed-group that still exist in contemporary Myanmar. We conclude on education reform perspectives in post-SPDC Myanmar, trying to understand how the stakes and challenges identified in this work should be apprehended in the post-2011 political context.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Daniel Garcia Fontaneti.pdf: 1193004 bytes, checksum: 1c703fe842b689f430da47dd82443658 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-03 / Many studies in behavioral analysis have been making use of concepts derived from the microeconomic theory of consumer demand to analyze and interpret the data obtained or simply to put the research problem forward. The present study intended to show how such concepts have been incorporated by behavior analysis in order to identify what types of approaches have been made between the two areas and what possibilities they have indicated for the development of one or both areas. Making use of key words commonly found in the consumer demand theory, a survey of articles which used concepts of the consumer demand theory was conducted in 4 journals: JEAB, JABA, Psychological Review and Behavioural Processes. 77 texts were selected for the reading of abstracts and a general characterization of the articles followed, aiming to identify the principal researchers, institutions, types of articles and, for the researches, their types (basic, applied or historic / methodological / conceptual). Among the 77 articles, a new selection was carried out for the complete reading of the articles, being 28 articles selected, which were then, read, described and classified into 5 categories, as follow: a) studies which measure the demand for reinforcers as a function of cost changes; b) studies which measure the demand for reinforcers using the concept of unit-price and/or verify how well the demand function proposed by Hursh, Raslear, Shurtfeff, Bauman e Simmons (1988) accounted for the data obtained; c) studies about the relative strength of reinforcers (relative preference) based upon their demand curves; d) experimental studies regarding changes in income; e) studies with panel data. The results of this study show the evident importance of the economic approach for the behavioral analysis, besides demonstrating, apart from restrictions, the validity of concepts of economic theory in so far as individual behavior, whether with humans or infra-humans / Muitos estudos em análise do comportamento têm utilizado conceitos derivados da teoria microeconômica da demanda do consumidor para a análise e interpretação dos dados obtidos ou, mesmo, para a colocação do problema de pesquisa. O presente trabalho pretendeu verificar como tais conceitos têm sido incorporados pela análise do comportamento, de modo a identificar que tipos de aproximações têm sido feitas entre as duas áreas e que possibilidades elas têm apontado para o avanço de uma ou ambas as áreas. Utilizando-se de palavras-chaves comumente presentes na teoria da demanda do consumidor, foi realizado levantamento de artigos que utilizaram conceitos da teoria da demanda do consumidor em 4 periódicos: JEAB, JABA, Psychological Review e Behavioural Processes. 77 textos foram selecionados para leitura de abstracts, e foi feita a caracterização geral dos estudos, buscando-se identificar principais pesquisadores, instituições, tipos de artigo e, para os relatos de pesquisa, seus tipos (básica, aplicada ou histórica / metodológica / conceitual). Dentre os 77 textos, procedeu-se a nova seleção para leitura completa dos artigos, tendo sido selecionados 28 artigos, que foram, então, lidos, descritos e classificados em 5 categorias, a saber: a) estudos que medem a demanda por em função de variações no custo; b) estudos que medem a demanda por reforçadores, utilizando-se do conceito de preço-unitário (unit price) e/ou verificam o poder explicativo da função geral da demanda nos moldes propostos por Hursh, Raslear, Shurtfeff, Bauman e Simmons (1988); c) estudos sobre força relativa de reforçadores (preferência relativa) a partir de suas curvas de demanda; d) estudos experimentais levando-se em conta variações na renda; e) estudos com painel. O resultado deste estudo aponta para a clara importância da abordagem econômica para a análise do comportamento, além de demonstrar, ainda que com restrições, a validade de conceitos da teoria econômica no âmbito do comportamento individual, seja com humanos ou infra-humanos

<p>Предмет овога рада јесте синтаксичко сагледавање статуса глаголских допуна у српском језику током XVI и XVII века.<br />Глаголска допуна у морфосинтаксичком смислу обухвата именску фразу у одговарајућој падежној форми, инфинитив, односно комплементну клаузу чија је употреба дефинисана инхерентном лексичком семантиком глагола у функцији управне реченичне компоненте. Глаголска допуна у том смислу садржински конкретизује глаголску реч формирајући са њом рекцијску релацију. Реч је о зависној релацији у којој је глагол (зависно од типа формализације) управни члан, а рекцијска допуна зависни или регирани члан. Глаголска допуна у зависности од семантике свог лексичког експонента, те инхерентне лексичке семантике управног (глаголског) члана може имати различите синтаксичко-семантичке статусе. У начелу, може се говорити&nbsp; (1) о објекатској или (2) о адвербијалној допуни. Рекцијски капацитет глагола као управног члана рекцијске везе испољава се заправо кроз његову валентност, која у крајњој инстанци и диктира устројство реченичне структуре, односно број реченичних аргумената и односе међу њима.<br />С обзиром на морфосинтаксичку и лексичку сложеност овог феномена, чинило се корисним испитати какав је рекцијски капацитет глагола у XVI и XVII веку и сагледати на ком је степену развијености глаголска транзитивност у поменутом временском периоду. Материјал на коме се спровело истраживање обухвата реторички дискурс (односно пословноправну писмености) те поетски дискурс који укључује изворе из сфере&nbsp; религиозности и белетристике.<br />Резултат овога испитивања представља речник глагола са рекцијским допунама.</p> / <p>Predmet ovoga rada jeste sintaksičko sagledavanje statusa glagolskih dopuna u srpskom jeziku tokom XVI i XVII veka.<br />Glagolska dopuna u morfosintaksičkom smislu obuhvata imensku frazu u odgovarajućoj padežnoj formi, infinitiv, odnosno komplementnu klauzu čija je upotreba definisana inherentnom leksičkom semantikom glagola u funkciji upravne rečenične komponente. Glagolska dopuna u tom smislu sadržinski konkretizuje glagolsku reč formirajući sa njom rekcijsku relaciju. Reč je o zavisnoj relaciji u kojoj je glagol (zavisno od tipa formalizacije) upravni član, a rekcijska dopuna zavisni ili regirani član. Glagolska dopuna u zavisnosti od semantike svog leksičkog eksponenta, te inherentne leksičke semantike upravnog (glagolskog) člana može imati različite sintaksičko-semantičke statuse. U načelu, može se govoriti&nbsp; (1) o objekatskoj ili (2) o adverbijalnoj dopuni. Rekcijski kapacitet glagola kao upravnog člana rekcijske veze ispoljava se zapravo kroz njegovu valentnost, koja u krajnjoj instanci i diktira ustrojstvo rečenične strukture, odnosno broj rečeničnih argumenata i odnose među njima.<br />S obzirom na morfosintaksičku i leksičku složenost ovog fenomena, činilo se korisnim ispitati kakav je rekcijski kapacitet glagola u XVI i XVII veku i sagledati na kom je stepenu razvijenosti glagolska tranzitivnost u pomenutom vremenskom periodu. Materijal na kome se sprovelo istraživanje obuhvata retorički diskurs (odnosno poslovnopravnu pismenosti) te poetski diskurs koji uključuje izvore iz sfere&nbsp; religioznosti i beletristike.<br />Rezultat ovoga ispitivanja predstavlja rečnik glagola sa rekcijskim dopunama.</p> / <p>The subject of this paper is syntactic observation of the status of verb complements in the Serbian language of the 16th and 17th century.<br />Verb complementation in morphological-syntactic sense comprises the noun phrase in the corresponding case form, infinitive and complementary clause whose use is defined by inherent lexical semantics of the verb in the function of governing sentence component. Verb complementation in that sense specifies in terms of content the verbal word forming the rection relation with it. It is a dependent relation in which the verb (depending on the formalization type) is the governing member, whereas the rection complement is the dependent or subordinate member. Verb complement depending on the semantics of its lexical exponent and inherent lexical semantics of the governing (verbal) manner may have various syntactic-semantic statuses. In principle, we may discuss (1) object or (2) adverbial complement. Rection capacity of the verb as a governing member of the rection connection is expressed in fact via its valence, which eventually dictates the system of the sentence structure, i.e. the number of sentence arguments and relations among them.<br />Taking into consideration the morphological-syntactic and lexical complexity of this phenomenon, it seemed useful to examine the rection capacity of verbs in 16th and 17th century and examine the level of development of the verbal transitivity during the mentioned time period. The material which is the corpus of the research comprises rhetorical discourse (i.e. business-legal literacy) and poetic discourse which includes sources from the sphere of religion and fiction.<br />The result of this examination represents the dictionary of verbs with rection complements.</p>

Η παρούσα διατριβή έχει ως σκοπό της, πρώτον, την ανάκτηση συντακτικής πληροφορίας (αναγνώριση συμπληρωμάτων ρημάτων, ανάκτηση πλαισίων υποκατηγοριοποίησης (ΠΥ) ρημάτων, αναγνώριση των ορίων και του είδους των προτάσεων) αυτόματα μέσα από ελληνικά και αγγλικά σώματα κειμένων με την χρήση ποικίλων και καινοτόμων τεχνικών μηχανικής μάθησης και, δεύτερον, την θεωρητική περιγραφή της ελληνικής σύνταξης μέσω τυπικών γλωσσολογικών φορμαλισμών, όπως η γραμματική Ενοποίησης και η γραμματική Φραστικής Δομής Οδηγούμενη από τον Κύριο Όρο. Η διατριβή κινήθηκε πάνω στους εξής καινοτόμους άξονες: 1. Η προεπεξεργασία των σωμάτων κειμένων βασίστηκε σε ελάχιστους γλωσσολογικούς πόρους για να είναι δυνατή η μεταφορά των μεθόδων σε γλώσσες φτωχές σε υποδομή. 2. Η αντιμετώπιση του θορύβου που υπεισέρχεται στα δεδομένα εξ αιτίας της χρήσης ελάχιστων πόρων πραγματοποιείται με Μονόπλευρη Δειγματοληψία. Εντοπίζονται αυτόματα παραδείγματα δεδομένων που δεν προσφέρουν στην μάθηση και αφαιρούνται. Τα τελικά δεδομένα είναι πιο καθαρά και η απόδοση της μάθησης βελτιώνεται πολύ. 3. Αποδεικνύεται η χρησιμότητα της εξαχθείσας πληροφορίας. Η χρησιμότητα των συμπληρωμάτων φαίνεται από την αύξηση της απόδοσης της διαδικασίας ανάκτησης ΠΥ με την χρήση τους. Η χρησιμότητα των εξαγόμενων ΠΥ φαίνεται από την αύξηση της απόδοσης ενός ρηχού συντακτικού αναλυτή με την χρήση τους. 4. Οι μέθοδοι εφαρμόζονται και στα Αγγλικά και στα Ελληνικά για να φανεί η μεταφερσιμότητά τους σε διαφορετικές γλώσσες και για να πραγματοποιηθεί μια ενδιαφέρουσα σχετική σύγκριση ανάμεσα στις δύο γλώσσες. Τα αποτελέσματα είναι πολύ ενθαρρυντικά, συγκρίσιμα με, και σε πολλές περιπτώσεις καλύτερα από, προσεγγίσεις που χρησιμοποιούν εξελιγμένα εργαλεία προεπεξεργασίας. / The thesis aims firstly at the acquisition of syntactic information (detection of verb complements, acquisition of verb subcategorization frames (SF), detection of the boundaries and the semantic type of clauses) automatically from Modern Greek and English text corpora with the use of various state-of-the-art and novel machine learning techniques, and, secondly, at the theoretical description of the Greek syntax through formal grammatical theories like Unification Grammar and Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. The thesis has been based on the following novel axes: 1. Corpus pre-processing has been limited to the use of minimum linguistic resources to ensure the portability of the presented methodologies to languages that are poorly equipped with resources. 2. Due to the low pre-processing level, a significant amount of noise appears in the data, which is dealt with One-sided Sampling. Examples that do not contribute to the learning process are detected and removed. The final data set is clean and learning performance improves significantly. 3. The importance of the acquired information is proven. The importance of complements is shown by the improvement in the performance of the SF acquisition process after the incorporation of complement information. The importance of the acquired SF lexicon is shown by its incorporation in a shallow syntactic parser and the increase of the performance of the latter. 4. The methods are applied on Modern Greek and on English to show their portability across different languages and to allow for an interesting rough comparison between the two languages. The results are very satisfactory, comparable to, and in some cases better than, approaches utilizing sophisticated resources for pre-processing.

L’arille de Momordica cochinchinensis (gac), un fruit de la famille des Cucurbitacées, est la source végétale la plus riche en lycopène et β-carotène. Ces deux composés ont, respectivement, un rôle de puissant antioxydant et de provitamine A, intéressant les compléments santé. Tout d'abord, un procédé d’extraction fractionnée douce a été développé pour extraire ces caroténoïdes naturels en gardant leur qualité originale. Puis, le lycopène et le β-carotène extraits ont été caractérisés et analysés. Au moins 95 % des extraits sont composés de l’isomère all-trans. Ils ne sont pas dégradés pendant le traitement thermique représentant les procédés de formulation. Leur stéréo-mutation thermique a été évaluée. Le lycopène est plus antioxydant et donc plus rapidement isomérisé que le β-carotène à haute température. L’isomérisation augmente leur activité antioxydante, qui a été évalué par test chimique TEAC et sur l’hémolyse des cellules sanguines (KRL) in vitro. Les deux caroténoïdes de l’arille de gac sont beaucoup plus antioxydants que le Trolox contre l’hémolyse. En comparant avec d’autres sources de β-carotène, les caroténoïdes extraits de gac dans ces conditions douces restent antioxydants même à des concentrations plus élevées contrairement à ceux extraits dans des conditions classiques qui deviennent prooxydants. Ces résultats permettent de discuter la bioactivité des caroténoïdes d'après leur qualité et de leur origine, c’est à dire leur source et leur procédé d’extraction. D’un point de vue applicatif, outre le procédé de fractionnement qui est industrialisable, le traitement thermique appliqué permet de contrôler la fonctionnalité des produits riches en caroténoïdes. / The aril of Momordica cochinchinensis (gac), plant from the Cucurbitaceae family, is the richest source of lycopene and β-carotene, which are a strong antioxidant and a pro-vitamin A, respectively, interesting for health-complements. First, a process of soft extraction-fractionation was developed for extracting effectively the natural carotenoids from gac without loss of their original quality. Then, the lycopene and β-carotene extracted from gac were analyzed and characterized. At least 95% of the extracts were composed of the all-trans isomer. They were not degraded during the heat-treatment mimicking formulation processing. Their thermal stereo-mutation was evaluated. Lycopene is more antioxidant, it is thus isomerized more rapidly than β-carotene at high temperature. The isomerization of carotenoids increases their antioxidant activity that was evaluated by the chemical test TEAC and through the hemolysis of red blood cells (KRL) in vitro. The lycopene and β-carotene from gac are notably more antioxidant than Trolox. By comparing with other sources of β-carotene, carotenoids extracted from gac in these soft conditions keep their antioxidant properties, even at high concentration, contrasting with extracts obtained in classical conditions that become prooxidant. From these results, the bioactivity of carotenoids is discussed from their quality and their origin that is their source and extraction process. For application, in addition to the fractionation process which is easily transferable to the industry scale, the heat-treatment used in this study is interesting for controlling products rich in functional carotenoids

La tesi è divisa in tre parti: la prima parte offre un panorama delle principali teorie della valenza sviluppate in Francia e in Italia, con particolare attenzione allo statuto sintattico dei complementi preposizionali (argomenti o aggiuntivi); la seconda parte presenta lo studio contrastivo di 103 verbi francesi tratti dal "Dictionnaire de la Complémentation Verbale" di Salkoff-Valli (in preparazione); la terza parte presenta lo studio contrastivo di due gruppi preposizionali francesi di particolare interesse traduttivo: "de N" con valore di causa e "contre N". / This Thesis is divided into three parts : the first one gives an overview of the main valency theories, which have been developed in France and Italy, particularly paying attention to the problem of prepositional complements ambiguity (objects or modifiers of the verb) ; second part proposes a contrastive study of 103 French verbs, taken from Dictionnaire de la Complémentation verbale of Salkoff-Valli (in progress); third part proposes a contrastive study of two French prepositional phrases "de N" indicating a cause, and "contre N", object or specific modifier of the verb , very interesting topic under the point of view of the translation into Italian.

No description available.

Risk assessment, analysis, insolvency law, insolvency codex, methods, novelisation.