Due to the vast fossil fuel wealth, the country of Saudi Arabia is experiencing a dramatic growth in both population and GDP. Therefore there is a growing demand for water and energy to meet these needs. All of the electricity that is generated is sourced from crude oil and natural gas. All natural gas production is used domestically and there are no net imports or exports. Due to many constrains on the natural gas supply, there is a slow shift in the generation mix going towards crude oil based power generation. This study assessed the viability of utility scale solar integration into the Saudi Arabian electric mix to potentially relieve some demand pressure for natural gas consumption as well as reduce green house gas emissions. Parabolic trough concentrated solar power technology was chosen as the primary technology for utility scale integration. A total of five scenarios were calculated. The scenarios include the following, base case, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% solar integration in terms of installed capacity. Two sets of net present values were calculated. The net present values of each scenario were calculated. A second set of net present values was calculated with a projected increase in electricity prices. The natural gas and crude oil offset from the four solar integration scenarios were calculated using the base case forecasted natural gas and crude oil consumption from power generation. As expected, natural gas and crude oil consumption decreased when there was an increase in solar integration. The expected carbon dioxide offsets were calculated for each scenario. There was a decrease in carbon dioxide emission as solar integration was increased. Finally, all of these analyses were used as criteria for a decision analysis using the analytical hierarchy process. Depending on the decision maker’s importance on the determined criteria, solar integration in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is achievable. / text

In a proposed design for a concentrated solar power tower, sand is irradiated by solar energy and transfers its energy to another fluid stream by means of a finned tube heat exchanger. To maximize heat transfer and minimize potential damage to the heat exchanger, it is desired to have a very uniform flow through the heat exchanger. However, performing full scale flow tests can be expensive, impractical, and depending upon the specific quantities of interest, unsuitable for revealing the details of what it happening inside of the flow stream. Thus, the discrete element method has been used to simulate and study particulate flows. In this project, the flow of small glass beads through a square pyramid shaped hopper and a wedge shaped hopper were studied at the lab scale. These flows were also simulated using computers running two versions of discrete element modeling software – EDEM and LIGGGHTS. The simulated results were compared against the lab scale flows and against each other. They show that, in general, the discrete element method can be used to simulate lab scale particulate flows as long as certain material properties are well known, especially the friction properties of the material. The potential for increasing the accuracy of the simulations, such as using better material property data, non-uniform particle size distributions, and non-spherical particle shapes, as well as simulating heat transfer within a granular flow are also discussed.

Although concentrated solar power can be used to produce power using traditional electricity generation, energy storage has become a problem due to the intermittent supply of solar energy. By using solar energy in chemical production processes, the solar energy can be stored in a useful chemical product. The purpose of this thesis will be to examine the possibilities of a new solar chemical cycle the produces iron and ethylene from hematite (a form of iron oxide) and ethane using concentrated solar power. These two products are important stepping stones in the production of steel and polymers. This process could allow for the current process of steel production to move away from processes using coal and towards a more sustainable process using the hydrogen formed from the ethane cracking process and solar energy. The thesis will include: (1) the development of a new solar powered iron and ethylene combined cycle, (2) a feasibility study of a Concentrated Solar Heat Supply System (CSHSS) being developed at Georgia Tech, and (3) an assessment of the proposed cycle. The assessment will include an estimate of production including a thermodynamic ASPEN model, assessment of research to realize actualization of the theoretical cycle, an exergy analysis, and a heat exchanger analysis for the exchange of heat between the CSHSS and the chemical process.

Dans le contexte énergétique mondial de raréfaction des ressources fossiles, et de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, l’agence internationale de l’énergie prévoit que la filière solaire thermodynamique fournisse en 2050 plus de 10% de l’électricité mondiale. De gros efforts de recherche sont nécessaires pour atteindre cet objectif. Les axes de développement actuels des technologies solaires à concentration portent, entre autres, sur les systèmes optiques composés de multiples miroirs (champs d’héliostats, concentrateurs linéaires de Fresnel, Beam-Down), sur les récepteurs solaires volumétriques (récepteurs à air, lits fluidisés) et sur les réacteurs (chimie à haute température, photobioréacteurs, dessalement par voie thermodynamique). Le transfert d’énergie par rayonnement est un des phénomènes prépondérants dans les systèmes optiques concentrateurs et dans les récepteurs solaires volumétriques. Les laboratoires Rapsodee et Laplace ont développé en quelques années d’étroite collaboration un savoir faire méthodologique sur la modélisation des transferts radiatifs et le calcul de sensibilité par la Méthode de Monte- Carlo et ils ont accumulé une expérience pratique, issue de la synthèse d’image, en programmation scientifique en interaction avec des chercheurs en informatique. Nous montrons dans ce manuscrit dans quelle mesure l’association de ces compétences théoriques et pratiques permet de répondre à certains besoins de la communauté du solaire à concentration et nous donnons des éléments de réponses ou des pistes à explorer en vue de surmonter les difficultés restantes que nous avons rencontrées. / The decrease of the fossil energy resources and the reduction of the emissions of greenhouse effect gas are major environmental issues. In this global situation, the International Energy Agency expects that solar power will provide more than 10% of the world electricity in 2050. Significant research efforts are needed to achieve this goal. Radiative transfer is one of the main physical phenomena in solar optical concentrators and in volumetric solar receivers. In few years of closely work, the laboratories Rapsodee and Laplace developed a methodological know-how in using Monte-Carlo methods for the modeling of radiative transfer and the sensitivity computations. They have also accumulated some experience in scientific programming and algorithms optimisation. We show in this dissertation how the combination of these physicists theoretical and practical skills can meet certain needs of the community of solar concentration. We give some answers or clues to be explored to get through the remaining difficulties we encountered.

Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet Européen VEGEPHY (VEGEtale-PHYtosanitaire) dont le but est de développer un produit support destiné à être pulvérisé pour protéger les plantes des viroses. Le produit étudié est une émulsion de type eau-dans-huile (E/H) à base d’une solution aqueuse de polysaccharide et d’esterméthylique de colza comme phase continue. Le polysaccharide est utilisé sous forme d'adjuvant afin de modifier les propriétés rhéologiques de la préparation phytosanitaire (bouillie) et ainsi de limiter la dérive des gouttelettes lors de la pulvérisation. Le but est également d’améliorer le contact des gouttes sur le végétal traité. L'objectif de ce travail est de formuler une émulsion (E/H) avec une concentration maximale de polysaccharide, qui soit stable sur le long terme (environ 2 ans) et d'étudier, lors de la mise en œuvre du produit, les mécanismes de relargage dans un laps de temps efficace devant rester inférieur à 600 s. Les émulsions (E/H) concentrées ont été réalisées à l'aide d'un système rotor stator à température ambiante. La phase aqueuse contenant le polysaccharide et du glycérol a été dispersée dans une phase huileuse agitée dans laquelle un surfactant (lécithine ou PolyRicinoléate de PolyGlycérol, PGPR) a préalablement été dissous. Des tests de stabilité ont été menés immédiatement après les phases de préparation ou par un vieillissement accéléré. Différents paramètres qui ont une influence sur cette stabilité ont été étudiés par DSC, observations microscopiques, diffraction laser et mesure des propriétés rhéologiques. Les analyses DSC ont été utilisées poursuivre l'évolution de la taille des gouttes en fonction du temps. En effet, le comportement thermique des émulsions pendant les phases de congélation et de fusion permet de calculer la fraction d’eau congelée dans les gouttelettes et sa mise en relation avec l’évolution de la stabilité des émulsions. Le relargage du polysaccharide (CarboxyMethylCellulose, CMC) est obtenu en deux étapes : déstabilisation de l'émulsion primaire E/H par un produit chimique puis dilution dans l'eau pour obtenir une émulsion (H/E) avec la concentration désirée de polysaccharide dans la phase aqueuse. La déstabilisation a été étudiée en observant l'évolution des gouttelettes par DSC. Le procédé de dilution a été étudié par une mesure de la conductivité de la solution aqueuse couplée à un modèle cinétique de relargage du CMC.La formulation et la stabilité de l'émulsion (E/H) ont montré que la DSC, complétée par d'autres techniques, est une méthode appropriée pour déterminer les caractéristiques des émulsions. L'étude du comportement lors de la congélation montre que la proportion de glace formée dans les gouttelettes durant les tests DSC est en bonne adéquation avec les mesures DSC et les calculs thermodynamiques. L'utilisation du PGPR comme tensioactif et l'ajout du glycérol dans la formulation permettent d'augmenter la stabilité de l'émulsion à long terme. La formulation optimum obtenue contient 3.5 % (m/m) de CMC, 10 % (m/m) de glycérol dans 75 % (v/v) de phase dispersée et 14 % (m/m) de PRPG dans la phase continue. Un modèle empirique peut être utilisé pour décrire la cinétique de relargage. Pour déstabiliser l'émulsion (E/H), la quantité optimum de tensioactif anionique Cynthiorex PMH1125 est de 10 % (m/m) dans première émulsion avec NRe ≥ 4200 et T ≥ 20°C. Dans les conditions réelles d’utilisation de la préparation au champ, le temps minimum de relargage est d'environ 200 secondes. / This study is a part of the European project VEGEPHY (VEGEtale-PHYtosanitaire) to develop a product for the crop protection purposes. The product is a concentrated W/O emulsion trapping of a polysaccharide in the aqueous phase and rapeseed methyl ester oil as a continuous phase. Polysaccharide is used as a thickening adjuvant to modify the rheology properties of the water-based spray solution in order to reduce the drift of thespray. The objective of this study is to formulate concentrated W/O emulsions incorporation with the maximum amount of polysaccharide which show long stability (for over 2 years) and to study the release mechanism of polysaccharide in suitable conditions with a goal of an efficiency time less than 600 seconds.Concentrated W/O emulsions were realized by using a rotor stator system at room temperature. Aqueous phase containing polysaccharide and glycerol was dispersed into the stirred oil continuous phase where in a surfactant (lecithin and/or polyglycerol polyricinoleate, PGPR) has been previously dissolved. Stability tests were performed immediately after preparation and after ageing tests. Various parameters having an influence on thestability have been interpreted from DSC thermogram parallel with microscopic observation, laser diffraction granulometry and rheology measurement. DSC technique was used to study the emulsions by following the evolution of the droplet size versus time. Thermal behaviour of emulsions may be evaluated when they under gofreezing and melting in which the proportion of ice formed in the droplets may be calculated and their link with the evolution of the emulsion versus time. The release of the polysaccharide (CarboxyMethyl Cellulose, CMC)from the emulsion system is obtained by a two steps process : destabilization of the primary W/O emulsion by achemical product and dilution in water that gives an O/W emulsion containing the required concentration of polysaccharide. Destabilization was observed by following the evolution of dispersed droplets using DSC. Dilution process was assessed by measuring electrical conductivity of the water solution and a mathematical model to represent the kinetic release of CMC in water was proposed.The formulation and the stability of concentrated W/O emulsion has shown that DSC completed with granulometry and rheometry is an appropriate technique to study the emulsion characteristics. The study offreezing behaviour of emulsions show that the proportion of ice formed in the dispersed droplets during DSC test indicates good agreement between DSC measurements and thermodynamics calculation. The use of PGPRas surfactant and the introduction of glycerol in the formulation are beneficial to improve the long‐term stabilityof the emulsion. The optimum formulation of concentrated W/O emulsion was obtained containing : 3.5% w/wof CMC, 10% w/w of glycerol in 75% v/v of dispersed phase and 14% w/w of PGPR in the continuous phase. From the release study, an empirical model may be used to describe the released kinetic. The optimum amount of nonionic surfactant Cynthiorex PMH 1125 to break primary W/O emulsion was found at 10% w/w in the primary emulsion with NRe ≥ 4200 and T ≥ 20°C. Under practical field conditions, the minimum release time isthen around 200 seconds.

Orientador: Gustavo Luiz Chagas Manhães de Abreu / Resumo: O presente trabalho propõe uma nova estratégia para supressão ativa robusta do fenômeno Ground Resonance (GR) em Helicópteros. O modelo clássico de análise deste fenômeno é desenvolvido para um rotor isotrópico e a análise de estabilidade é feita no domínio de Coleman, para encontrar as fronteiras de instabilidade. Também é proposta uma nova estratégia para lidar com essas fronteiras de instabilidade e suprimir o GR usando controladores com formulação descrita por conjuntos politópicos convexos. Controladores são projetados via desigualdades lineares matriciais (LMIs, Linear Matrix Inequalities), formulados de acordo com a Teoria de Estabilidade de Lyapunov. Adicionalmente, incertezas paramétricas na frequência de lead-lag das pás e a apresentação de uma falha estrutural nos atuadores são consideradas e, assim, novos controladores robustos são projetados a fim de expandir o envelope operacional da aeronave. Ainda, são considerados diferentes tipos de não-linearidades estruturais na rigidez e amortecimento do trem de pouso do helicóptero e a caracterização da estabilidade não-linear do sistema exibe oscilações em ciclo limite (LCO, Limit Cycle Oscillation), que são determinadas a partir da construção de Diagramas de Bifurcação. Utiliza-se a modelagem Fuzzy-TS do sistema para cada caso de estudo e, com base nas fronteiras de estabilidade não-linear do GR, definidas a partir dos Diagramas de Bifurcação, têm-se o projeto de controladores para supressão das LCOs do sistema. Os res... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work proposes a new strategy for robust active suppression of Ground Resonance (GR) phenomenon in Helicopters. The classical model to analysis of this phenomenon is developed for an isotropic rotor and stability analysis is done in Coleman domain, to nd the boundaries of instability. It is also proposed a new strategy for dealing with these boundaries of instability and suppressing GR using controllers with polytopic convex hulls formulation. Controllers are designed via Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), formulated according to the Lyapunov Stability Theory. Additionally, parametric uncertainties in the lead-lag frequency of the blades and actuators faults are considered and thus new robust controllers are designed to expand the aircraft operating envelope. Also, di erent types of structural nonlinearities in the landing gear sti ness and damping of the helicopter are considered, and the characterization of the nonlinear stability of the system exhibits Limit Cycle Oscillation (LCO), which are determined from the construction of Bifurcation Diagrams. Fuzzy-TS modeling is used for each case study and, based on the nonlinear stability boundaries of the GR, de ned from the Bifurcation Diagrams, the controllers to suppress the LCO are designed. The results of numerical simulations, discussions and conclusions are presented and show that the control strategy proposed is an attractive solution to suppress the linear and nonlinear GR problem, being able to expand the o... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Le mécanisme de radiolyse de l’eau est bien établi. Sous l’effet des rayonnements ionisants, les produits de la radiolyse de l’eau pure sont les radicaux et les produits moléculaires tels que les électrons solvatés, les atomes hydrogènes, les radicaux hydroxyles, le peroxyde d’hydrogène et les ions hydroniums. Lorsque les solutions concentrées sont irradiées, le résultat de la radiolyse change à cause de la fraction d’énergie absorbée par le soluté, cette fraction est négligeable dans le cas des solutions diluées. Les produits de la radiolyse du solvant peuvent réagir avec les molécules du solvant engendrant des changements dans leurs rendements radiolytiques ainsi qu’un changement dans le mécanisme de radiolyse du solvant. L’effet du rayonnement ionisant sur les solutions concentrées est appelé l’effet direct du rayonnement ionisant. La compréhension de cet effet est fondamentale dans plusieurs domaines tels que l’énergie nucléaire, la radiothérapie et la radiobiologie.L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre le mécanisme de radiolyse des solutions concentrées ainsi que de quantifier l’effet direct du rayonnement ionisant en étudiant des solutions concentrées d’halogénures tels que les bromures de sodium et les chlorures de sodium, de même qu’une étude préliminaire sur les solutions concentrées d’acide nitrique.Tout d’abord, en effectuant la radiolyse stationnaire des solutions concentrées de bromures de sodium, nous avons quantifié le rendement radiolytique de formation de Br3- qui est l’unique produit stable de ces solutions sous rayonnements sous différentes conditions expérimentales.Ensuite, en effectuant la radiolyse pulsée picoseconde sur l’installation ELYSE des solutions aqueuses de NaCl, NaBr et HNO3, nous avons montré l’ionisation direct du soluté après le passage du faisceau d’electron. Selon les cinétiques obtenues, nous avons montré que la formation Br2•-, Cl2•-, NO3• prend place durant l’impulsion picoseconde d’électron d’électron. La radiolyse pulsée picoseconde nous a permis donc de conclure qu’il existe deux voies pour la formation de Br2•- et Cl2•-. La première voie résulte de l’ionisation directe du soluté. La deuxième résulte du changement dans le mécanisme de radiolyse de l’eau dû à la forte concentration des ions halogénures autour des molécules d’eau ionisées. Nos résultats montrent que la formation du radical hydroxyle HO• dans les solutions concentrées est marginale puisque la molécules d’eau ionisée, le trou H2O+ , réagit très rapidement avec les ions halogénures. / The mechanism of water radiolysis is well established. As a result of the action of ionizing radiation on pure water, radicals and molecular products such as solvated electrons, hydrogen atoms, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide and hydronium ions are formed. When highly concentrated solutions are irradiated, the outcome of irradiation is changed due to the important fraction of energy being absorbed by the solute which in the case of diluted solutions is skipped. Products of solvent radiolysis may react with the molecules of the solute leading to the change in their yields and moreover, may cause changes in the mechanism of solvent radiolysis. The action of ionizing radiation on highly concentrated solutions is named direct action of radiation. The understanding of direct effect of ionizing radiation is very important in several aspects, for example in nuclear energy, or radiotherapy or radiobiology. The aim of this work was to understand the mechanism and quantify the direct action of ionizing radiation in model systems such as highly concentrated sodium bromide and sodium chloride solutions. Firstly, by performing gamma radiolysis of highly concentrated solution of sodium bromide we quantify the yield of direct ionization of bromide ions for different experimental conditions.Secondly, by carrying out picosecond pulse radiolysis of aqueous solutions of NaCl, NaBr, and HNO3, we showed the direct ionization of the solute after the passage of electron beam. On the base of recorded kinetics, we showed that the formation of Br2•-, Cl2•-, NO3• takes place during the electron pulse. Picosecond pulse radiolysis allowed us to conclude that two ways of formation of Br2•- and Cl2•- exist. The first results from the direct ionization of the solute. The second results from the change in the mechanism of water radiolysis due to the high concentration of halide ions around the molecules of ionized water. Our results show that the formation of HO• radical in highly concentrated solutions is marginal and only stem from the dissociation of excited water, since the molecules of ionized water react with halide ions instead of hydronium ions leading to the formation of HO• hydroxyl radical.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jannice Amoras Monteiro.pdf: 1308031 bytes, checksum: 2a66112ab87075d35574ed61609a8637 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Globalization is a phenomenon whose effects are felt both in the legal harvest, and in various areas of human knowledge, claiming all - theoretical and practical - the adoption of new perspectives are compatible with the current changes observed, particularly in foreign trade, which have come to understand new mechanisms and instruments, as are examples of unfair trade practices that undermine productivity and performance of all firms, justifying thus their study in this work. Among such practices, one of the most obvious and present in international trade is the practice of dumping, which occurs when the price of a particular good or service introduced into the commerce of another country is below its normal price (BARRAL, 2002).This study focuses on the impact of the theory of Public International Law Development (JACKSON, 2006) applied to the dumping, and unfair or restrictive trade, exports of Brazilian orange juice concentrate, operationalized by the four largest exporter of concentrated orange juice based in Brazil, in order to contribute objectively to understand to understand the regulation of trade and restrictive practices or unfair to him and their characteristics, and highlight the multilateral trading system, with a special analysis of the normative scenario incident on the agricultural sector and operation of the WTO Dispute Settlement WTO, highlighting the case of Brazilian orange juice led to the consideration of this, after all, check in the Brazilian case, how would the system of agribusiness across orange chain and how the Brazilian government has acted in the interests of national export of this product. In this light, what are the effects of dumping on Brazilian exports of concentrated orange juice from the case study of four leading exporters of orange juice concentrate? To answer this question, were used as stock methodological case study done with multidisciplinary exports of concentrated orange juice, Brazil, combined with exploratory research and qualitative information on the system of citrus agribusiness, with particular focus on production and exports of orange juice concentrate, based on secondary data, covering numbers on production, consumption and exports of orange and its products in the databases of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Secretariat of Foreign Trade and Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (SECEX) and the interview technique to collect data, it is the best suited to the small universe of informants. The research aims to address the legal aspects related terms, demonstrating how they will interact, how they are driven through the WTO and what practical results for this sector representative of the Brazilian economy. In this respect, also emphasized the increasing Brazilian participation in the international arena to defend the national interests, recording some progress and challenges of many governments and industry to ensure the effective and free trade in Brazilian exports of concentrated orange juice and thus ensure sustainable development and poverty eradication / A globalização é um fenômeno cujos reflexos são sentidos tanto na seara jurídica, quanto nas mais variadas áreas do conhecimento humano, reclamando de todos - teóricos e práticos - a adoção de novas perspectivas compatíveis com as mudanças hodiernamente observadas, em especial nas relações comerciais exteriores, as quais passaram a compreender novos mecanismos e instrumentos, como são exemplos as práticas comerciais desleais, que comprometem a produtividade e o bom desempenho do conjunto de empresas, justificando-se, assim, seu estudo no presente trabalho. Dentre tais práticas, uma das mais corriqueiras e presentes no comércio internacional é a prática do dumping, que ocorre quando o preço de um determinado bem ou serviço introduzido no comércio de outro país é inferior ao seu preço normal (BARRAL, 2002). O presente trabalho enfoca o impacto da teoria do Direito Internacional Público Econômico (JACKSON, 2006) aplicada ao dumping, como prática desleal ou restritiva ao comércio, às exportações brasileiras de suco concentrado de laranja, operacionalizadas pelas quatro maiores exportadoras de suco de laranja concentrado sediadas no Brasil, de modo a contribuir objetivamente para a compreensão para a compreensão da regulação do comércio e das práticas restritivas ou desleais a ele e suas características, além de destacar o sistema multilateral de comércio, com especial análise do cenário normativo incidente sobre o setor agrícola e o funcionamento do Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC, destacando-se o caso do suco de laranja brasileiro levado à apreciação desta para, ao fim e ao cabo, verificar, no caso brasileiro, como se comporta o sistema agroindustrial da laranja em toda a sua cadeia e como o governo brasileiro tem atuado na defesa dos interesses nacionais das exportações desse produto. Diante do exposto, quais os efeitos do dumping nas exportações brasileiras de suco de laranja concentrado a partir do estudo de caso das quatro maiores empresas exportadoras do suco de laranja concentrado? Para responder a esse questionamento, foram utilizadas como ações metodológicas o estudo de caso multidisciplinar feito com as exportações do suco de laranja concentrado brasileiro, combinado com pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa sobre o sistema agroindustrial citrícola, com especial enfoque na produção e exportação do suco de laranja concentrado, a partir de dados secundários, abordando números sobre produção, consumo e exportação de laranja e de seus produtos nas bases de dados do United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) e da Secretaria do Comércio Exterior e Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (SECEX) e com a técnica de entrevista para a coleta de dados, pois é a que melhor se adequa ao reduzido universo de informantes. A pesquisa visa abordar os aspectos jurídicos dos termos relacionados, demonstrando de que forma interagem entre si, como são acionados via OMC e quais resultados práticos para esse setor representativo da economia brasileira. Neste aspecto, destaca ainda a crescente participação brasileira no cenário internacional na defesa dos interesses nacionais, com o registro de alguns avanços e de muitos desafios governamentais e setoriais, a fim de assegurar o efetivo e livre comércio nas exportações brasileiras de suco de laranja concentrado e garantir, assim, o desenvolvimento sustentável e a erradicação da pobreza

O mapeamento de inundações tem sido objeto de estudo para o desenvolvimento de Planos Diretores (PD). Desde 2002, a Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos-SP (PMSC) desenvolve seu PD com diretrizes para prevenção e controle de enchentes. No entanto, o cenário atual é o de execução de obras estruturais anti-enchentes, onerosas e de soluções pontuais. Pela ausência de planejamento prévio da urbanização em áreas de risco, a região do Mercado Municipal de São Carlos (MMSC) é a principal atingida pelas enchentes na várzea do córrego do Gregório. Este estudo provê elementos à tomada de decisão no PD através de medidas estruturais e não-estruturais como o mapeamento de enchentes. Foram inventariados os eventos críticos que produziram inundações próximo ao MMSC, via entrevista à população da várzea. Para essas datas e para chuvas de projeto, foram simulados os escoamentos com transformação chuva-vazão integrada e propagação simples através de um modelo concentrado IPHS-1 e um modelo distribuído HIDRORAS, cujos resultados foram comparados. Os dados de entrada foram calibrados usando dados monitorados. As incertezas inerentes aos modelos foram identificadas. Os eventos simulados oferecem importantes subsídios para o mapeamento de inundações, a discutir na agenda do PD da cidade. Foram estudadas medidas estruturais de controle de inundação, consistindo em um “piscinão" sem necessidade de escavação, e não-estruturais, como o acréscimo de áreas de infiltração. Concluiu-se que, para bacias urbanas, como a bacia do córrego do Gregório, as alterações nos padrões de fluxo de escoamento devido às vias urbanas são mais bem representadas pelo modelo distribuído HIDRORAS, apesar de se reservar uma parcela de incertezas quanto a este modelo, como a atribuição de valores ao parâmetro da condutividade hidráulica saturada / Since 2002, the Municipality of São Carlos, SP, Brazil (PMSC) is developing a Master Plan, thereby pursuing the guidelines for flood preventing and controlling. However, the present scenario shows expensive, on-site anti-flood works in São Carlos. Due to the absence of previous watershed planning, the area around the Municipality Market (MMSC) is continuously threatened by overspilling inundation events in the floodplain of the Gregorio river. Aim of this work is to provide supporting information to decision-making in the Master Plan using structural and nonstructural measures, as flood zoning of risk-prone areas. Critical flood events that produced inundation at MMSC were identified interviewing inhabitants living in these urban risk-areas. Those critical events were simulated with runoff-stormflow transformation and wave routing by the concentrated model IPHS-1 and the distributed model HIDRORAS, which results were compared. Input data were calibrated from monitored flood events. Uncertainties inherent to each model were identified. Results depict initial yardsticks for flood mapping to be included in the Master Plan agenda. Structural measures of flooding control, consisting in a retention basin without excavation, and non-structural measures, as increase of the infiltration area, were investigated. It came out that for urban watersheds as the Gregório basin, changes in the flow patterns due to urban paths are better represented by the distributed model HIDRORAS. However, a portion of uncertainties for this model, like the influence of soil’s saturated hydraulic conductivity still remain

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monalisa Dibo.pdf: 2749049 bytes, checksum: 96831de7ad989f4b24fdc9032b450835 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this study consists in the determination of whether the mandala's design improves concentrated attention in teenagers in a classroom, and if it presents symbols of religious connotation. This is a quantitative as well as a qualitative research project, focusing on the quantity and frequency of the meanings and processes under scrutiny. The tool used for the mensuratiion of concentrated attention in four high school groups, totalling 70 teenagers, was Test AC-15. In the concentrated attention test, groups B and C (mandala + test) showed results above the average, while groups D and E (test + mandala) came up with results below the average; thus attesting to the mandala's improvement of concentrated attention. The results also show that circular forms are the most frequent in the mandala's inwards, and that, in the quadrature of the circle, flower and star shapes prevail among the themes found. In the verification and analysis of the groups, it is possible to observe that the drawings, in their majority, are center-aligned, which indicates that the subjects of this research are well-adjusted individuals, with a tendency to be more self-driven and self-centered. The characteristics of drawing styles and pressure, reflecting emotional and mental balance, appear to be normal. Also, the drawings present mostly average aesthetic results, showing signs of intelligence, aptitude for spatial abstraction, and emotional equilibrium. Therefore, it can be said that, in this study, the mandala presented an enriching activity for individuals' psychic life, enhancing concentrated attention in the subjects, and bringing moments of improvement in the inner contact with order and harmony, leading to emotional integration / O objetivo deste estudo consiste em verificar se o desenho da mandala melhora a atenção concentrada em adolescentes em sala de aula e se o mesmo apresenta símbolos de conotação religiosa. É uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa, que privilegia os significados e processos mensurados em termos de quantidade e freqüência. O instrumento utilizado para medir atenção concentrada em quatro turmas do Ensino Médio, que totalizaram 70 adolescentes, foi o Teste AC-15. As turmas B e C (Mandala + Teste) que representa a aplicação do desenho da mandala e depois o teste AC15 apresentaram índice superior à média no teste Atenção Concentrada, enquanto as salas D e E (Teste + Mandala) manifestaram um índice inferior à média; comprovando, assim, que a mandala proporciona maior atenção concentrada. Os resultados mostram, também, que as formas circulares são as mais freqüentes no interior da mandala e que, na quadratura do círculo, entre os temas encontrados, há o predomínio de flor e estrela. Na verificação e análise das turmas, é possível observar que os desenhos, em sua maioria, estão centralizados, indicando que os sujeitos desta pesquisa estão ajustados; mostram-se mais auto-dirigidos e auto-centrados. A caracterização do traço e a pressão, que significa equilíbrio emocional e mental, se apresentam normais. Os desenhos também, em grande parte, são medianos, demonstrando inteligência, capacidade de abstração espacial e equilíbrio emocional. Portanto, podemos dizer que a mandala nesse estudo foi uma atividade enriquecedora para a vida psíquica, aumentando a atenção concentrada dos sujeitos e proporcionando momentos à melhora na integração emocional de contato interior de ordem e harmonia, o que pode levar, à integração