Bakgrund: Corporate Governance även kallad bolagsstyrning, är något som dagligen berör företag och utgör därmed en central del inom företagsorganisationer. Den teori som blivit mest uppmärksammad inom bolagsstyrning är agentteorin, som förklarar intressekonflikter mellan agent-principalen i ett bolag. Tidigare studier har visat på skillnader i länders bolagsstyrning, främst mellan de anglosaxiska och europeiska länderna gällande ägarstrukturen. För att motverka intressekonflikter som agentteorin uppmärksammar har olika riktlinjer för god bolagsstyrning, i form av koder, tillkommit som kompletterar lagstiftningen.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur börsnoterade bolag på OMX30 Stockholmsbörsen förhåller sig till svensk kod för bolagsstyrning. Studien ämnar även att ta reda på om det finns något mönster mellan bolagens ägarstruktur och hur företagen väljer att följa Koden. Metod: För att kunna besvara studiens undersökningsfrågor avser studien att använda sig av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en deduktiv ansats. Undersökningen har genomförts genom att granska offentlig information i form av årsredovisningar, bolagsstyrningsrapporter samt företagshemsidor för studiens valda företag, som finns noterade på OMX30 Stockholmsbörsen mellan åren 2013-2017. Slutsatser: Den genomförda undersökningen visar på att samtliga bolag i studien väljer att följa svensk kod för bolagsstyrning utan avvikelser, där bolag med ett spritt ägande utgör en majoritet. Däremot visar undersökningen ingen signifikant trend på en minskad eller ökad avvikelse från Kodens riktlinjer från åren 2013–2017. Det finns ingen ägarstruktur som utgör en majoritet bland studiens undersökta bolag, utan fördelar sig någorlunda jämnt bland företagen. Studien visar även på att bolagen avviker mest från kodreglerna 2.4 och 9.2. / Background: Corporate Governance is something that concerns companies regularly and is forming a central part of corporate organizations. Agency-theory is the most attentive theory in Corporate Governance, which explains the differ goals and interests between the agents and principals in a company. Previous studies have shown differences between anglosaxisk and european countries, concerning the ownership structure.To prevent interest conflicts in companies several policies, presented as Codes have been presented in different countries.    Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze how companies on the OMX30 Stockholm Stock Exchange, apply the main principles of the Swedish Corporate Governance Code. The study also aims to review if there is any pattern regarding the companies ownership structure and how the companies choose to follow the Code. Method: In order to examine and answer the questions of this study, the study intends to use a qualitative content approach with a deductive approach. The study has been conducted by reviewing public information from annual reports, corporate governance reports and websites for the selected companies during the years 2013-2017. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicates that most of the companies apply the Swedish Code of Corporate Governance without any deviations, where companies with a dispersed ownership is a majority. The study does not show any significant trend of a decreased or increased deviation from the code during the years 2013-2017. There is no ownership structure constituting a majority of the study’s investigated companies. The most common deviations in this study are 2.4 and 9.2 from the Swedish Code.

Parmi les centrales solaires thermiques à concentration, la technologie des centrales à tour offre l'un des rendements les plus importants de production d'énergie. Néanmoins, l'efficacité et la sécurité de ces centrales sont améliorables. En effet, les sels fondus, généralement utilisés comme fluide de transfert thermique, présentent une plage limitée d'utilisation (200-550°C), à l'origine des limites d'efficacité de la conversion thermique-électrique, ainsi que de consommations parasites d'énergie de chauffage. De plus, leurs caractères corrosif et comburant sont à l'origine de sévères contraintes de sécurité. Un nouveau concept de récepteur solaire, dont les caractéristiques permettent de s'affranchir des contraintes associées aux sels fondus, est présenté dans ce manuscrit. Il utilise des suspensions denses de particules fluidisées par un gaz comme fluide de transfert et de stockage de l'énergie thermique. Ce concept, et la technologie de récepteur associée, a été brevetée par Flamant et Hemati dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre le Laboratoire CNRS-PROMES d'Odeillo, et l'Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse. Son développement a reçu le soutien financier du CNRS, puis de la Commission Européenne. Les propriétés thermiques du carbure de silicium ont déterminé le choix de ce solide. Le diamètre moyen des particules utilisées avoisine 60 micromètres (groupe A). Ces particules présentent d'excellentes propriétés de fluidisation pour des vitesses de gaz faibles. La construction et l'exploitation d'une maquette froide transparente ont permis de démontrer la faisabilité hydrodynamique du concept. Cette maquette est un échangeur à deux passes. Chaque passe est constituée de deux tubes verticaux en parallèle. L'une est traversée par un débit vertical ascendant de solide, l'autre descendant. Un débit de solide continu, stable et équitablement réparti a été obtenu à l'intérieur des tubes. La caractérisation hydrodynamique détaillée de l'écoulement, et du comportement globale de la maquette, en fonction des conditions opératoires, a été effectué sur la partie ascendante de l'écoulement dans l'échangeur. La construction et l'exploitation d'une maquette chaude, constituée d'un seul tube traversé par une suspension dense en écoulement ascendant, chauffé par 3 fours d'une puissance totale de 5,6 kW, a permis d'estimer la capacité de transfert thermique de ce nouveau type d'échangeur. Le contrôle et la stabilité des conditions opératoires a permis d'évaluer l'effet de ces dernières sur le transfert thermique entre l'échangeur et la suspension dense de fines particules le traversant. La modélisation par 3 approches du transport ascendant de la suspension dense a également été réalisée. Une approche corrélative 1D basée sur le formalisme du modèle Bulle-Emulsion, adapté afin de tenir compte de l'entraînement des particules dans le sillage des bulles. Ce modèle permet de représenter la structure diphasique de l'écoulement. Une autre approche 1D a été utilisée. Elle repose sur la résolution des équations locales de conservation de masse et de quantité de mouvement sur chaque phase gaz et solide. Cette méthode permet de s'affranchir des hypothèses du modèle Bulle-Emulsion. Enfin, la simulation numérique 3D a été réalisée sur un maillage complet du système, de telle sorte que les conditions aux bornes imposées son identiques à celle imposée par l'opérateur (débit de fluidisation, débit d'aération, débit de solide, pression de la nourrice). Cette dernière apporte des informations sur la structure locale de l'écoulement, dont les caractéristiques permettent d'expliquer l'efficacité du transfert thermique entre la suspension et la paroi observé expérimentalement. / Among concentrating solar power plants, solar tower technology is one of the more power efficient. Nevertheless, their efficiency and safety can be improved. Indeed, molten salts, commonly used as heat transfer fluid, have a limited range of operating temperature (470-820K), thus lowering the thermal-electrical conversion efficiency, and increasing parasitic power consumption. Moreover, they are corrosive and combustion agent, leading to severe safety constraints. A new concept of solar receiver is presented in the present study, the characteristics of which avoid most of the molten salts drawbacks. It uses dense gas-particle suspension as heat transfer and storage fluid. This concept and the associated technology has been patented by Flamant et Hemati in the frame of a collaboration between the PROMES-CNRS Laboratory of Odeillo and the Polytechnic National Institute of Toulouse. Its development has been first supported by the CNRS, and later by the European Commission. Thermal properties of silicon carbide have determined the choice of this solid. The mean diameter of particles is around 64 microns (A group). These particles have excellent fluidisation properties at low gas velocities. The construction and the operation of a transparent cold mockup allowed demonstrating the hydrodynamic feasibility of this concept. This mockup is composed of two passes. Each pass is composed of two tubes in parallel. One pass is upward flow of solid, the other is downward flow. A steady, stable and evenly distributed solid flow has been set inside the tubes. The global behaviour of the system and the hydrodynamics of the suspension has been evaluated as a function of operating parameters on the upward pass. The construction and the operation of a hot mockup allowed estimating the heat transfer efficiency of this new kind of exchanger. On this mockup, the dense suspension flows upward inside a single tube, heated by three ovens of 5.6 kW total power. Thanks to the control and stability of the operating parameters, their effects on the heat transfer between the tube and the dense gas-solid suspension has been accurately determined. Modelling of the suspension upward flow has been performed using 3 approaches. The first one is based on the 1D Bubble-emulsion formalism, adapted to take into account the solid entrainment by the bubble wakes. It allows modelling the diphasic structure of the flow. The resolution of the local mass and momentum balance equation on each phase has also been performed. It allows to sidestep the Bubble-Emsulion assumptions, and to study the effects of drag models. 3D simulation has been performed on a complete mesh of the system, so that the boundary conditions are the same as those imposed by the operator (fluidisation flow rate, aeration flow rate, solid flow rate, dispenser pressure). These simulations give information on the local structure of the suspension flow, influencing on the heat transfer efficiency between the exchanger wall and the suspension.

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-02-23T17:32:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Amorésio Souza Silva Filho.pdf: 580211 bytes, checksum: 5212f5a29c2c00d3974a7836f49b276e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-02-23T17:34:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Amorésio Souza Silva Filho.pdf: 580211 bytes, checksum: 5212f5a29c2c00d3974a7836f49b276e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-23T17:34:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Amorésio Souza Silva Filho.pdf: 580211 bytes, checksum: 5212f5a29c2c00d3974a7836f49b276e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / CAPES / Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação concentrada sobre o desempenho de novilhas de corte em pastejo no período das águas. O experimento foi realizado em propriedade rural localizada no município de Rondonópolis-MT nas coordenadas geográficas Latitude 16°28’ S e Longitude 54° 38’W. O Período experimental foi de dezembro de 2013 a maio de 2014, com duração 136 dias. Os tratamentos, constituídos pelo fornecimento de suplementação concentrada ao nível de 0; 0,5 e 1,0% do peso corporal (PC) dos animais, foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualisados com duas repetições (área). Cada uma das seis áreas experimentais foi composta por oito piquetes de 0,1 hectares e por uma área de 200 m2 de livre acesso aos animais, na qual foram alocados os comedouros e bebedouros. O método do pastejo adotado foi o de lotação rotacionada com carga animal variável. Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas (animais testes) com peso corporal (PC) médio 249,3 Kg e aproximadamente 16 meses de idade. Estes animais foram pesados no início e final do experimento após jejum de sólidos e líquidos de 14h. Outras dezesseis novilhas (animais reguladores) de iguais composições genéticas e contemporâneas aos animais testes foram adicionadas e removidas das áreas experimentais sempre que houve a necessidade de se ajustar a taxa de lotação à capacidade de suporte dos pastos. O ganho de peso diário dos animais testes foi utilizado para estimar o desempenho individual das novilhas. O ganho de peso por área (kg/ha) foi calculado com base nos ganhos de pesos individuais médios dos animais testes e no número de animais totais (testes e reguladores) de cada área experimental, animais dia/ha. Os componentes da massa de forragem (lâmina foliar, colmo e material senescente), e composição química da forragem foram estimados por ciclo de pastejo, a partir da amostragem de três piquetes de cada área experimental. Em cada um destes piquetes foram coletadas, no pré-pastejo e no pós-pastejo, três amostras de forragens para determinação dos componentes da massa de forragem. Para a composição química foi coletada, no pré-pastejo, uma amostra de forragem por piquete. A análise financeira por tratamento foi realizada considerando como receita a quantidade de arrobas produzidas e o preço de venda da arroba e como desembolsos os gastos com suplemento mineral, concentrado, adubos, vermífugo e mão de obra. As variáveis relacionadas à forragem foram analisadas estatisticamente considerando a estrutura da matriz de covariâncias composta simétrica com a utilização do procedimento MIXED do programa SAS. As variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho dos animais foram analisadas utilizando-se o procedimento GLM do mesmo programa. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Foram observados ganhos de pesos de individuais de 0,562; 0,746 e 0,895 kg/dia para os animais que receberam 0; 0,50 e 1,0% do PC de suplemento concentrado, respectivamente. Valores médios de 653, 958 e 1438 kg/ha de ganho de peso e 5,44; 6,02 e 7,70 UA/ha de taxa de lotação foram obtidos com 0; 0,50 e 1,0% do PC de suplementação concentrada, respectivamente. Não houve efeito de tratamento sobre a massa de lâmina foliar, massa de colmo, massa de material morto e massa de forragem total no pré-pastejo e no pós-pastejo. Todavia, essas variáveis foram influenciadas pelo ciclo de pastejo. As alturas do pasto no pré-pastejo foram influenciadas pela suplementação concentrada, com valores de 37,2; 37,6 e 42,9 cm para os níveis de suplementação concentrada de 0; 0,50 e 1,0% do PC, respectivamente. A composição química da forragem no pré-pastejo não foi alterada pelas estratégias de suplementação concentrada, com valores médios de médios de 7,7; 8,9 e 8,3% de PB e 64,1; 63,8 e 64,4% de FDN para os níveis de 0; 0,50 e 1,0% do PC de suplementação concentrada, respectivamente. A margem bruta obtida foi de 1081,5; 1131,6 e 1242,2 R$/ha para os níveis de 0; 0,50 e 1,0% do PC, respectivamente. A suplementação concentrada de novilhas de corte em pastejo no período das águas intensifica os ganhos de pesos individuais e por área e contribui com a rentabilidade do sistema de produção. / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of concentrate supplementation on performance of grazing beef heifers in the rainy season. The experiment was conducted in a rural property in the city of Rondonópolis-MT, located in the geographical coordinates Latitude 16°28’S, Longitude 54°38’W. The experimental period was from December of 2013 to May of 2014, lasting 136 days. The treatments were consisted of concentrated supplementation at the level of 0; 0.5 and 1.0% of body weight (BW) of the animals, being distributed in a randomized blocks with two repetitions (area). Each of the six experimental areas was composed of eight paddocks of 0.1 hectares and an area of 200 m2 with free access to the animals, in which the feeders and water drinkers were allocated. The grazing method adopted was the rotational stocking with variable stocking rate. It was used 36 heifers (testing animals) with BW with average of 249.3 kg and approximately 16 months old. These animals were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment after 14 hours of solid and liquid fasting. Other 16 heifers (regulators animals) of the same genetic and contemporary compositions to the testing animals were added and removed from the experimental areas whenever there was a need to adjust the stocking rate on the pasture carrying capacity. The animal testing daily weight gain was used to estimate the performance of individual heifers. The weight gain per area (kg/ha) was calculated based on the average of individual weight gain of the testing animals and the total number of animals (testing and regulators) of each experimental area, animals day/ha. The components of the herbage mass (leaf blade, stem and senescent material) accumulation of forage and chemical composition of the forage were estimated by grazing cycle, from the sample of three paddocks of each experimental area. In each of these paddocks were collected three samples of forage, in the pre-grazing and post-grazing, to determine the mass of the components of forage. For the chemical composition, was collected a sample of forage per paddock in the pre-grazing. The financial analysis by treatment was carried out considering as revenue the amount of kilos produced and the selling price of kilos and as disbursements the expenditures on mineral supplement, concentrate, fertilizers, vermicides and labor. The variables related to the forage were analyzed statistically considering the structure of the compound symmetric covariance matrix using the SAS PROC MIXED. The variables related to the performance of the animals were analyzed using the GLM procedure of the same program. The averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. It was observed individual gain of 0.562; 0.746 and 0.895 kg/day in animals were fed with 0; 0.50 and 1.0% of BW of concentrated supplement, respectively. Mean values of 653; 958 and 1438 kg/ha of weight gain and 5.44; 6.02 and 7.70 AU/ha of stocking rates were obtained with 0; 0.50 and 1.0% of concentrated supplementation of PC, respectively. There was no treatment effect on the leaf blade mass, stem mass, dead material mass and forage mass of the pre-grazing and post-grazing. However, these variables were influenced by grazing cycle. The grass heights in the pre-grazing were influenced by concentrated supplementation, with values of 37.2; 37.6 and 42.9 cm for the levels of supplementation of 0; 0.50 and 1.0% of BW, respectively. The forage chemical composition in the pre-grazing was not affected by concentrate supplementation strategies, with average mean values of 7.7; 8.9 and 8.3% crude protein and 64.1; 63.8 and 64.4% of NDF to levels of 0; 0.50 and 1% of concentrated supplementation of BW, respectively. The gross margin obtained was 1081.5; 1131.6 and 1242.2 R$/ha for levels of 0; 0.50 and 1.0% of BW, respectively. The concentrated supplementation of grazing beef heifers in the rainy season intensifies the individual weight gain by area and contributes to the production system profitability.

Für den ökonomischen Erfolg konzentrierender Solarkraftwerke und für die Effizienz-steigerung der Industrie durch Weiterverwendung von Abwärme sind skalierbare Hochtemperatur-Wärmespeicher zu vertretbaren Kosten unabdingbar. Bisher sind für dieses Anwendungsgebiet nur sensible Speicher kommerziell verfügbar. Denen gegenüber besitzen chemische Speicher zahlreiche Vorteile. Sie bieten höhere Speicherdichten, geringere Wärmeverluste, die Möglichkeit zur Wärmetransformation durch Variation des Reaktionsdrucks und eine Vielzahl von Reaktionssystemen für eine optimale Prozess-integration. Jedoch befinden sie sich noch in der Entwicklungsphase. Die reversible Gas-/Feststoffreaktion von Calciumoxid und Wasserdampf zu Calcium-hydroxid geschieht bei Temperaturen von 400 – 600 °C und ist damit optimal für solarthermische Anwendungen geeignet. Für die Entwicklung eines Speichers ist neben der thermochemischen Charakterisierung des Speichermaterials ein effizientes, skalierbares Reaktorkonzept nötig. Ein Reaktor mit bewegtem Reaktionsbett ermöglicht die Trennung der zwei charakteristischen Speichergrößen Leistung und Kapazität und stellt damit einen wirtschaftlichen Speicher in Aussicht. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Aufbau und Inbetriebnahme eines neuen Teststandes, in welchem ein innovatives Reaktordesign erprobt werden soll. Sie beschreibt die Auslegung einer planaren Reaktorgeometrie, die einen Schwerkraftfluss des Bettes und die Modularisierung für größere Anlagen gewährleistet. Bei Vorversuchen stellt sich die homo-gene Bewegung des Reaktionsbettes aufgrund dessen Kompressibilität als schwierig heraus. Der angestrebte homogene Massenfluss des Reaktionsmaterials kann durch die ursprünglich eingesetzten Feindosiereinheiten nicht erzielt werden. Sie zeigen sich jedoch für die Temperierung des Speichermediums und die Gasdichtheit des Reaktionsraumes als geeignet. Das homogene Ausfließen wird einer separaten Austragshilfe zugeteilt, welche konstruiert und umgesetzt wird. Experimente mit einem Schaureaktor identifizieren eine Zahnwelle als beste Option. Für einen kommerziellen Speicher wird ein Schlitzschieber empfohlen. Ebenso erfolgen Auslegung und Errichtung der peripheren Anlagenteile, wie z.B. die Fertigung eines Druckhalters zur Steuerung der Reaktionstemperatur. Am Teststand werden somit alle Vorbereitungen abgeschlossen, um Heißversuche bei Reaktionstemperatur durchzuführen.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-28T18:51:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRGG.pdf: 3208784 bytes, checksum: 80ce8d39964d883fe297d958d7ec58b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:58:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRGG.pdf: 3208784 bytes, checksum: 80ce8d39964d883fe297d958d7ec58b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:58:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRGG.pdf: 3208784 bytes, checksum: 80ce8d39964d883fe297d958d7ec58b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T18:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRGG.pdf: 3208784 bytes, checksum: 80ce8d39964d883fe297d958d7ec58b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Industrial Port Complex of Suape (IPCS) project has a long trajectory and can be understood in four different moments of deployment in the history of regional development policy experiences to the Northeast. The first moment, 1955-1970, constitutes the studies coordinated by CONDEPE- highlighting to the research of Lebret in 1955. The second, 1970-1982, is characterized by the institutionalization of the PPS by the Pernambuco government in 1974 and the formulation of its first director’s plans. The third, 1983-2014, in the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, appears the PPS as one of the largest ports in Brazil. But, it was from 2006 that has emerged as one of the largest projects of the federal government, which brought together investments of its programs: Growth Acceleration Program (PAC); National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES); Northeast Constitutional Financing Fund (FNE). Also in this time, the Pernambuco government prepared its new Suape Director Plan – 2030. Our hypothesis, in this thesis, is that the Industrial Port Complex of Suape has a particularity: be idealized and institutionalized in new developmental period characterized by the protagonism of the State and public funds for the development leverage. This point – anchoring in developmental project - allows us to present similarities and differences in the proposals of the IPCS for development at different stages of its historical trajectory: by the Old developmentalism in the 1950s until 1970, at the latest phase in the 2000s. In both instances, the State was central figure in the development and was the protagonist of this process in formulating development policies. However, the central difference is that in the developmental period the concept of development was anchored in the axis of economic productivity as an ex-ante condition of social policies. In the new developmentalism the concept of development was marked by the binomial economic growth with social inclusion. The goal proposed in this thesis is to verify that in the period of 2003 to 2014 the federal government has formulated social policies with the same intensity that mobilized resources for economic growth for Suape. This goal was worked for five movement of analysis: 1) Identification of the conception of social policies present in Multi-annuals plans of the federal government; 2) Comparison of social policy design made by the federal government with the instruments of direct application in the strategic territory of Suape, designated by the theme notebooks and the new Director Plan for Suape – 2030; 3) Analysis of resources allocated to public policies in the social area in Suape from consultation realized in federal government programs (PAC, BNDES, FNE, Bolsa Família Program); 4) Assessments of structural changes in the territory of Suape, in special by the survey (or not) of social vulnerability fall and possible recent changes. This movement prioritized the quantitative analysis of the eight municipalities that compose the territory of Suape; 5) A last movement conducted the survey of actions of state and local governments of Pernambuco with the focus on public policies to Suape, using as basic material PPAs of Pernambuco and municipalities. / O Complexo Industrial Portuário de Suape (CIPS) possui longa trajetória e pode ser compreendido em quatro diferentes momentos de implantação na história das experiências de políticas de desenvolvimento regional para o Nordeste. O primeiro momento, 1955-1970, constituiu-se dos estudos coordenados pelo CONDEPE com destaque para a pesquisa de Lebret, em 1955. O segundo, 1970-1982, caracteriza-se pela institucionalização do PPS pelo governo de Pernambuco em 1974 e pela formulação dos seus primeiros planos diretores. O terceiro, 1983-2014, no governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso, aparece o PPS como um dos maiores portos do Brasil. Mas, foi a partir de 2006 que despontou como um dos maiores projetos do governo federal, o qual reuniu investimentos dos seus programas: Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC); Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES); Fundo Constitucional de Financiamento do Nordeste (FNE). E, também neste momento, o governo de Pernambuco preparou o seu Novo Plano Diretor Suape – 2030. Partimos da hipótese, nessa tese, de que o Complexo Industrial Portuário de Suape possui uma particularidade: ser idealizado e institucionalizado no período novo desenvolvimentista, caracterizado pelo protagonismo do Estado e dos fundos públicos para alavancagem do desenvolvimento. Esse ponto – ancoragem em projeto de cunho desenvolvimentista - nos permite apresentar semelhanças e diferenças nas propostas do CIPS para o desenvolvimento em fases distintas de sua trajetória histórica: do velho desenvolvimentismo dos anos de 1950 até 1970, até a fase mais recente, nos anos 2000. Em ambos os momentos o Estado foi figura central no desenvolvimento e foi protagonista desse processo ao formular políticas de desenvolvimento. Em contrapartida, a diferença central é a de que no período desenvolvimentista o conceito de desenvolvimento esteve ancorado no eixo da produtividade econômica como condição ex-ante de políticas sociais. No novo desenvolvimentismo o conceito de desenvolvimento foi balizado pelo binômio crescimento econômico com inclusão social. O objetivo proposto nessa tese é verificar se no período de 2003 a 2014 o governo federal formulou políticas sociais com a mesma intensidade que mobilizou recursos para o crescimento econômico para Suape. Esse objetivo foi trabalhado por cinco movimentos de análise: 1) Identificação da concepção de políticas sociais presentes nos Planos Plurianuais do governo federal; 2) comparação do desenho de políticas sociais formulado pelo governo federal com os instrumentos de aplicação direta no território estratégico de Suape, designados pelos cadernos temáticos e pelo Novo Plano Diretor de Suape – 2030; 3) análise dos recursos direcionados para políticas públicas na área social em Suape , a partir de consulta realizada nos programas do governo federal (PAC, BNDES, FNE, Programa Bolsa Família); 4) balanço das mudanças estruturais no território de Suape, em especial pelo levantamento (ou não) da queda de vulnerabilidade social e possíveis alterações recentes. Este movimento priorizou a análise quantitativa dos oito municípios que compõe o território de Suape; 5) Um último movimento realizou o levantamento de ações dos governos estadual e municipais de Pernambuco com o foco em políticas públicas para Suape, utilizando como material básico os PPAs de Pernambuco e dos municípios.

La filière solaire thermodynamique concentrée est une des voies les plus prometteuses pour la production des énergies renouvelables du futur. L’efficacité des surfaces optiques est un des facteurs clés influant sur les performances d’une centrale. Un des défis technologiques restant à résoudre concerne le temps et les efforts nécessaires à l’ajustement et l’orientation de tous ces miroirs, ainsi que la calibration des héliostats pour assurer un suivi précis de la course du soleil et une concentration contrôlée. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit propose une réponse à ce problème par le développement d’une méthode de caractérisation des héliostats dite de « rétrovisée », consistant à placer quatre caméras au voisinage du récepteur pour enregistrer les répartitions de luminance occasionnées par la réflexion du soleil sur l’héliostat. La connaissance du profil de luminance solaire, combiné à ces quatre images, permet de reconstruire les pentes des erreurs optiques de l’héliostat.La première étape de l’étude de la méthode a consisté à établir les différentes équations permettant de reconstruire les pentes des surfaces optiques à partir des différents paramètres du système. Ces différents développements théoriques ont ensuite permis la réalisation de simulations numériques pour valider la méthode et définir ses possibilités et ses limites. Enfin, des tests expérimentaux ont été réalisés sur le site de la centrale Thémis. À la suite de ces expériences, des pistes d’améliorations ont été identifiées pour améliorer la précision expérimentale et envisager son déploiement industriel. / Concentrated solar power is a promising way for renewable energy production. Optical efficiency of the mirrors is one of the key factors influencing a power plant performance. Methods which allow the operator to adjust all the heliostat of a plant quickly, in addition of calibration and tracking, are essential for the rise of the technology. The work presented in this thesis is the study of a “backward-gazing” method consisting in placing four cameras near the receiver simultaneously recording brightness images of the sun reflected by the heliostat. The optical errors of the mirrors are retrieved from these four images and the knowledge of the one dimension sun radiance profile.The first step of the study consists in the theoretical description of the method. Then numerical simulations are performed to estimate the general accuracy and the limits of the backward-gazing method. In a third phase, experimental tests have been fulfilled at Themis solar power plant. Finally, ideas of improvement are proposed based on the experiments performed.

L'objectif de la thèse est la conception d'une machine électrique dédiée à des applications Mild-Hybrid. En assurant certaines fonctionnalités, cette machine permet de réduire la consommation de carburant dans le véhicule et par conséquent réduire la quantité des gaz rejetés. Les contraintes exigées par un tel domaine à la fois pour le couple et la puissance nous amène à étudier les machines synchrone polyphasée à aimants avec un bobinage concentré autour des dents. Cette technologie de bobinage permet d'obtenir des machines de rendement élevé qui sont faciles à fabriquer, réparer et recycler, mais avec un certain niveau d'effets parasites. Afin de trouver un compromis entre ces effets et la capacité à fournir de couple, la thèse concerne l'étude des topologies de bobinage à pas dentaire avec différentes combinaisons Encoches/Pôles. Un modèle analytique constituant un outil permettant de comparer les pertes d'aimants entre les différentes combinaisons est développé. De nombreuses configurations sont comparées afin de faire le choix le plus adéquat pour minimiser les effets parasites. Les topologies rotoriques qui permettent à la machine de présenter une large plage de vitesse sont examinées, mais en tenant compte également de la nécessité de protéger leurs aimants contre des harmoniques nocifs de FMM. Enfin, l'exploitation du degré de liberté offert par une structure à 5 phases est abordée montrant que, le couple peut être significativement boosté en modifiant la structure de rotor. La cohérence de toutes les études analytiques menées dans la thèse est corroborée par des modèles en éléments finis et des mesures effectuées sur un prototype. / The aim of this thesis is to design an electrical machine dedicated for Mild-Hybrid applications. By providing certain functionalities, this machine can reduce fuel consumption in the vehicle and therefore reduce the amount of released gases. The challenges imposed by such application on both torque and power lead us to study the multiphase PM machines with concentrated windings. This windings technology provides efficient machines which are easy to manufacture, repair and recycle, but accompanied with a certain level of parasitic effects. In order to find a compromise between these effects and the ability to provide torque, the thesis concerns the study of winding topologies with different Slots/Poles combinations. An analytical model constituting a tool to compare magnet losses between various combinations is developed. Many configurations are compared in order to make the most appropriate choice which minimizes parasitic effects. The rotor topologies that allow the machine to provide a wide speed range are examined, taking into account their role in magnets protection against MMF harmful harmonics. Finally, the exploitation of freedom degree offered by a 5-phases structure is discussed, showing that the torque can be significantly boosted by modifying the rotor structure. The consistency of all analytical studies presented in the thesis is corroborated by finite element models and a prototype measurement.

Le risque est une propriété inhérente de chaque projet. En effet, tout projet est soumis, durant l’ensemble de son cycle de vie, à de nombreux risques qui sont d’origine interne et externe dont la maîtrise est un enjeu crucial pour la réussite du projet. Beaucoup d'outils de gestion des risques ont été développés, mais ont la faiblesse récurrente de ne représenter que le projet et traitent le risque de façon isolée. Les risques affectant le projet et étant générés par ce dernier, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte les nombreuses et complexes interactions entre projet, environnement et risques.Les travaux réalisés visent à mettre en place une méthode de gestion des risques inhérents aux projets en général et plus particulièrement aux projets du domaine compétitif des énergies renouvelables.Cette méthode s’appuie sur un cadre formel et des outils applicatifs permettant d’optimiser le management des risques liés au projet. En effet, un cadre de modélisation servant de support à la méthode et ayant pour but de faciliter la modélisation du projet en tant que système complexe a été déterminé. De plus, la représentation des interactions inhérentes au projet et la prise de décision ont été rendues possibles par la nature des attributs caractérisant les entités du projet et de son environnement, et les différents modèles d’évaluation, d’interprétation et de choix des alternatives. Cette méthode a été adaptée à la prise en compte des incertitudes inhérentes au projet et à son environnement. Pour cela, nous avons d’abord procédé à l’identification et à la description des incertitudes via la réalisation d’une base de connaissances relatives aux facteurs de risques et à la documentation des variables incertaines. Les incertitudes ont ensuite été formalisées, propagée et évaluées. / Risk is an inherent property of each project. Indeed, any project faces, throughout its whole life cycle, numerous risks. Those risks can have an internal or an external origin. Be able to control risks is a crucial stake for the project success. Many risk management tools have been developed, but have the recurring weakness of representing only the project and treating the risk in isolation. Risks affect the project and are generated by the project itself. So, it is necessary to consider the numerous and complex interactions between project, environment and risks.The work carried out aims to develop a risk management method suitable for all types of projects and more particularly for projects of the competitive field of renewable energies.This method relies on a formal framework, as well as on application tools to optimize project risk management. Indeed, a modeling framework which supports the method and aims to facilitate the modeling of the project as a complex system has been developed. Moreover, the representation of the interactions and the decision making have been allowed by the nature of the attributes characterizing the entities of the project and its environment and the different models for evaluation, interpretation and selection of alternatives. This method was adapted to the uncertain context. For this purpose, uncertainties have been identified and described via the realization of a data base on risk factors. Then, uncertainties have been formalized, propagated and evaluated.

Les aliments sont des matrices de composition complexe et variée au sein desquelles les protéines possèdent diverses fonctionnalités, pour stabiliser des mousses ou des émulsions, gélifier, solubiliser certains composés menant à différentes textures finales du produit. Une modification de ces protéines par hydrolyse enzymatique ménagée permet d’améliorer certaines de ces fonctionnalités et donc de changer les propriétés rhéologiques et structurales du produit. Les peptides dérivés des protéines sont présents dans de nombreux aliments soit par production in situ soit par incorporation lors de la formulation des produits sous forme d'hydrolysats. Des questions subsistent pour savoir i) si des règles générales d’assemblage existent ou non pour expliquer comment les peptides et les protéines interagissent entre eux et ii) et si une réorganisation se fait au sein des matrices ici laitières pour induire de nouvelles propriétés fonctionnelles ou les modifierL’objectif de la thèse était de déterminer comment et jusqu’à quel niveau les peptides sont capables de modifier la texture, la rhéologie et la microstructure des matrices à haute teneur en caséines.Nous avons ainsi pu montrer i) quels changements de structure et de texture avaient lieu à différentes échelles en variant le type de peptides produits, leur proportion et la concentration de la matrice dans laquelle ils étaient ajoutés et ii) les interactions entre peptides et caséines et la non-linéarité des phénomènes expliquant les évolutions parfois contradictoires des propriétés de texture des matrices caséiniques. / Food products are matrices of complex and varied composition, among which proteins are the main molecules possessing various functionalities, i.e. foam and emulsion stabilisation, gelation, solubilisation of some components. They led to various final textural properties of the food products. Modification of proteins by mild enzymatic hydrolysis, allowed improving some of the functionalities and in turn changing the structural and rheological properties of the food product. Protein-derived peptides are present in a huge number of food products either by in situ production or by incorporation as an ingredient during food formulation. Questions remains i) whether some general rules can be put forward or not to explain the building-up of the interactions between peptides and between peptides and proteins and ii) the subsequent reorganization of the food matrices and namely dairy ones that has to be done to induce new or modified functional properties in various dairy matrices.The objective of this thesis was to determine how and to what extent casein-derived peptides are able to modify the texture, the rheology and the microstructure of highly-concentrated casein matrices. We showed i) what kinds of structural and textural changes occurred at various scales from microscopic to macroscopic ones, when we varied the type of peptides produced, their percentage in the dairy matrices and the concentration of the matrices they were incorporated in; ii) interactions between peptides and caseins and the non-linearity of the phenomena explaining some adversely evolutions of the rheol

[pt] As cargas concentradas em vigas de aço são freqüentemente encontradas na prática da engenharia civil. Nas situações onde o local de aplicação da carga é fixo, enrijecedores transversais de alma podem ser usados para aumentar a resistência, mas devem ser evitados sempre que possível por razões econômicas. Para cargas móveis, é fundamental conhecer a resistência última das almas não enrijecidas. Diversas teorias foram desenvolvidas para uma melhor formulação deste problema mas, ainda assim, o erro das fórmulas de previsão é superior a 20%. Duas são as causas desta dificuldade de se encontrar uma equação mais precisa: o grande número de parâmetros que influenciam o comportamento de uma viga sujeita a cargas concentradas, e o número insuficiente de dados experimentais presentes na literatura para o desenvolvimento de uma análise paramétrica completa. Se por um lado a criação de novos resultados experimentais é um processo que envolve tempo e dinheiro, os métodos numéricos utilizados para gerar novos dados ainda apresentam diferenças significativas. As redes neurais foram inspiradas na estrutura do cérebro, a fim de apresentarem características humanas como o aprendizado por experiência e a generalização de novos exemplos a partir dos apresentados. Estas características mostram a possibilidade da utilização das redes neurais no estudo de problemas complexos, de difícil resolução por programas convencionais, como a previsão da carga última de vigas de aço sujeitas a cargas concentradas. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar e investigar o comportamento estrutural de cargas concentradas, através de uma análise paramétrica que permita identificar a influência dos diversos parâmetros que controlam o problema. Para viabilizar esta análise, torna-se necessária a geração de novos dados. Desta forma, será investigada a possibilidade da aplicação das redes neurais na previsão da carga crítica de vigas sujeitas a cargas concentradas, a partir de um treinamento destas redes utilizando os resultados experimentais existentes na literatura. Uma revisão bibliográfica do problema foi feita, bem como uma avaliação criteriosa dos resultados a serem utilizados no treinamento das redes. Para a avaliação e/ou novo treinamento do modelo de redes neurais, também foi estudada a utilização de resultados numéricos gerados através do método de elementos finitos. Estas simulações numéricas foram executadas utilizando um sistema de interface desenvolvido neste trabalho para integrar programas de pré-processamento, análise e pós- processamento. As simulações numéricas encontradas na literatura também foram analisadas para avaliar sua incorporação ao conjunto de dados de treinamento de redes neurais. A partir da validação do modelo de redes neurais adotado, através de uma comparação dos resultados fornecidos pelas redes com os valores fornecidos pelas fórmulas de previsão existentes, uma análise paramétrica poderá ser executada dentro dos limites do treinamento das redes neurais. Estas redes poderão então ser utilizadas como uma nova ferramenta na previsão da carga crítica de vigas de aço submetidas a cargas concentradas. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho poderão permitir, no futuro, o desenvolvimento de uma fórmula de projeto mais precisa. De posse desta nova fórmula, uma sugestão para sua incorporação em normas de projeto de estruturas de aço poderá ser feita, garantindo desta forma um dimensionamento mais seguro e econômico. / [en] Concentrated loads on steel beams are frequently found in structural engineering practice. In situations where the location of the load is fixed, traverse web stiffeners can be used to provide an adequate increased resistance, but for economic reasons should be avoided whenever possible. For moving loads, the knowledge of the unstiffened web resistance becomes imperative. Many theories were developed for a better understanding of the problem, however, a 20% error is still present in the current design formulas. A more accurate design formula for this structural problem is very difficult to be obtained, due to the influence of several interdependent parameters. On the other hand, creating new experimental results is very expensive and time consuming. As an alternative, numerical methods were used to generate new data but they still present significant differences. The neural networks were inspired in brain structure, to present human characteristics such as: learning from experience; and generalization of new data from a current set of standards. These characteristics demonstrate the possibility of using the neural networks to investigate complex problems which could not be solved by conventional programs, such as the forecasting of the ultimate strength of steel beams subjected to concentrated loads. The main objective of this work is to investigate the structural behavior of concentrated loads, by means of a parametrical analysis. This analysis can surely help to identify the influence of the several interdependent parameters. Thus, the possibility of using neural networks to generate new data is investigated. A literature survey of the problem is presented, as well as a critical evaluation of the experimental results to be used as the training data set of the neural networks. In order to evaluate or train the neural networks, the use of finite element simulations will be analyzed. These numerical simulations will be performed using a finite element method interface system which was developed to integrate the preprocessing, analysis and post-processing programs. The use of numerical results present in the literature is also analyzed and discussed. In order to validate the neural networks model, the results are compared with existing design formulas enabling the parametrical analysis to be executed. The neural networks model can also be used as a new tool to forecast the ultimate load of steel beams subjected to concentrated loads. / [es] Las cargas concentradas en vigas de acero son frecuentemente encontradas en la práctica de la ingeniería civil. En las situaciones donde el local de aplicación de la carga es fijo, enrijecedores transversales de alma pueden ser usados para aumentar la resistencia, mas deben ser evitados siempre que sea posible por razones económicas. Para cargas móviles, es fundamental conocer la resistencia de las almas no enrijecidas. Aunque diversas teorías han sido desarrolladas para obtener una mejor formulación de este problema, todavía el error de las fórmulas de previsión es superior al 20%. La dificuldad de encontrar una ecuación más precisa tiene dos causas: el gran número de parámetros que influyen en el comportamiento de una viga sujeta a cargas concentradas, y el número insuficiente de datos experimentales presentes en la literatura para el desarrollo de un análisis paramétrico completo. Si por un lado la creación de nuevos resultados experimentales es un proceso que lleva tiempo y dinero, los métodos numéricos utilizados para generar nuevos datos presentan diferencias significativas. Las redes neurales fueron inspiradas en la extructura del cerebro, con el objetivo de representar características humanas como el aprendizaje por experiencia y la generalización de nuevos ejemplos a partir de los presentados. Estas características indican la posibilidad de utilizar las redes neurales en el estudio de problemas complejos, de difícil resolución por programas convencionales, como la previsión de la carga de vigas de acero sujetas a cargas concentradas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar e investigar el comportamiento extructural de cargas concentradas, a través de un análisis paramétrico que permita identificar la influencia de los diversos parámetros que controlan el problema. Para realizar este análisis, se hace necesario generar nuevos datos. De esta forma, se investigará la posibilidad de aplicar redes neurales en la previsión de la carga crítica de vigas sujetas a cargas concentradas, utilizando los resultados experimentales existentes en la literatura como conjunto de entrenamiento. Fue realizada una revisión bibliográfica del problema, así como una evaluación de los resultados a utilizar en el entrenamiento de las redes. Para la evaluación y/o nuevo entrenamiento del modelo de redes neurales, se estudió la utilización de resultados numéricos generados a través del método de elementos finitos. Estas simulaciones numéricas se ejecutaron utilizando un sistema de interface desarrollado en este trabajo para integrar programas de preprocesamiento, análisis y posprocesamiento. Las simulaciones numéricas encontradas en la literatura también fueron analizadas para evaluar su incorporación al conjunto de datos de entrenamiento de la red neural. A partir de la evaluación del modelo de redes neurales adoptado, se comparan los resultados obtenidos a través de la red neural con los resultados que arrojan las fórmulas de previsión existentes. Estas redes podrán ser utilizadas como una nueva herramienta en la previsión de la carga crítica de vigas de acero sometidas a cargas concentradas. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo podrán permitir, en el futuro, el desarrollo de una fórmula de proyecto más precisa. Ya con esta nueva fórmula, se podrá sugerir su incorporación en normas de proyecto de extructurasde acero, garantizando de esta forma un dimensionamento más seguro y económico.