The MA paper analyzes the conceptual metaphors which were used in pre- and post-elective speeches of presidents Bill Clinton and Valdas Adamkus and how the choice of metaphorical expressions influenced the voters' choice. / Darbas analizuoja konceptualias metaforas Bilo Klintono ir Valdo Adamkaus prieš ir po rinkiminėse politinėse kalbose ir kaip metaforų naudojimas įtakojo rinkėjų pasirinkimą.

SANTOS, Emerson Cristian Pereira. Metáforas conceituais baseadas em vida, morte e ressurreição e sua tradução para a Libras. 2016. 182f. - Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-23T17:07:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_ecpsantos.pdf: 3067021 bytes, checksum: 2a14a744da92038e345ec31cab039bdf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-26T12:12:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_ecpsantos.pdf: 3067021 bytes, checksum: 2a14a744da92038e345ec31cab039bdf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T12:12:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_ecpsantos.pdf: 3067021 bytes, checksum: 2a14a744da92038e345ec31cab039bdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / This research analyzes in which ways the conceptual metaphors based in “life”, “death” and “resurrection”, presents in the John`s Gospel of the Bible in Portuguese language, were translated into Brazilian Sign Language (Libras). Firstly, I do a mapping of the metaphors, and later on I check how the cognitive aspects underlying each one of them are structured, both in the source language as in the translation of them. In this regard, I use the postulates of the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor, designed by Lakoff and Johnson (2003), the postulates of Fauconnier and Turner (2002) about the conceptual blending and the postulates of Kövecses (2005, 2010) about the role of cultures upon their own conceptualizations. In order to explain some phenomena, specifically from translation, such as the new implicit information, I bring some discussion about some views of the Relevance Theory, from Sperber and Wilson (2001), whereby I also check in which ways the translator`s inferences keep or change the conceptual metaphors from a religious sensitive text in the Brazilian deaf culture. As it can be seen, the research upon this thesis connects the Translation Studies and the Cognitive Linguistics, and some of the results propose that the same embodied experience can generate distinct conceptual metaphors in two also distinct cultures. As I am analyzing the translation of the Bible as a sensitive text, some of the results also point to changes in the conceptual metaphors, due to the translation, may cause changes in the chains of significances related to the Christian symbols. / Este trabalho analisa de que forma as metáforas conceituais baseadas em “vida”, “morte” e “ressurreição”, presentes no evangelho de João da Bíblia em língua portuguesa, foram traduzidas para a Língua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS). Primeiro eu faço um mapeamento das metáforas, e depois verifico como os aspectos cognitivos subjacentes a cada uma delas estão estruturados, tanto na língua-fonte quanto na tradução. Para isso, utilizo os pressupostos da Teoria da Metáfora Conceitual, de Lakoff e Johnson (2003), as proposições de Fauconnier e Turner (2002) sobre a mesclagem conceitual e o entendimento de Kövecses (2005, 2010) sobre o papel das culturas diante de suas próprias conceitualizações. Para explicar alguns fenômenos específicos da tradução, tais como as novas informações implícitas, trago para a discussão alguns entendimentos da Teoria da Relevância, de Sperber e Wilson (2001), por meio da qual eu verifico também de que forma as inferências do tradutor mantêm ou modificam as metáforas conceituais de um texto sensível religioso na cultura surda brasileira. Como pode ser percebido, a pesquisa desta dissertação conecta os Estudos da Tradução à Linguística Cognitiva, e alguns dos resultados sugerem que uma mesma experiência corporificada pode gerar metáforas conceituais distintas em duas culturas também distintas. Como estou analisando a tradução da Bíblia como texto sensível, alguns dos resultados também apontam que as mudanças nas metáforas conceituais, em virtude da tradução, podem acarretar mudanças na rede de significâncias envolvida com os símbolos cristãos.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este estudo propÃe a aplicaÃÃo dos princÃpios da Teoria da MetÃfora Conceitual (TMC), preconizada por Lakoff e Johnson, ao ensino/aprendizagem de inglÃs como lÃngua estrangeira (LE), mais especificamente ao ensino/aprendizagem de verbos de duas ou mais palavras, comumente chamados de phrasal verbs. Analisa a relaÃÃo entre metÃfora conceitual e cogniÃÃo, particularmente entre as metÃforas conceituais relacionadas Ãs partÃculas up e down, foco principal deste trabalho, e procura explicar de que maneira essa relaÃÃo pode influenciar nossa linguagem e a maneira como compreendemos e utilizamos esse tipo de verbo. Revisa e explora os sentidos dessas partÃculas com o objetivo de estabelecer a relaÃÃo entre metÃfora conceitual e o significado de verbos de duas ou mais palavras. Utiliza a pesquisa experimental como mÃtodo investigativo. Assim, a fim de possibilitar uma anÃlise mais abrangente dos dados, faz uso de uma abordagem mista que inclui um prà e um pÃs-teste, instrumento mais relacionado a pesquisas experimentais, mas tambÃm, utiliza anotaÃÃes feitas pela pesquisadora durante a aplicaÃÃo dos exercÃcios para os grupo-controle e experimental, a exemplo de pesquisas semelhantes que buscam uma visÃo mais abrangente tanto do produto como do processo de ensino/aprendizagem. Sugere procedimentos de ensino que faÃam uso de metÃforas conceituais como ferramenta facilitadora do ensino/aprendizagem dos verbos de duas ou mais palavras, que sÃo bastante comuns em lÃngua inglesa, mas que sÃo considerados difÃceis, ou atà mesmo impossÃveis de serem aprendidos por alunos e professores de inglÃs como LE falantes de portuguÃs brasileiro. Apesar de os resultados estatÃsticos nÃo mostrarem evidÃncia de que o ensino de verbos de duas ou mais palavras seja mais eficiente do que o ensino tradicional, os resultados qualitativos apontam para o fato de que a TMC pode oferecer contribuiÃÃes bastante positivas para o ensino de inglÃs como LE. / This study proposes application of the principles of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), put forward by Lakoff and Johnson, to the teaching/learning of English as a foreign language (EFL), specifically the teaching/learning of verbs of two or more words, commonly known as phrasal verbs. The relationship between conceptual metaphor and cognition is analysed, particularly between conceptual metaphors related to the particles up and down, the main focus of this research, and seeks to explain how this relationship may influence our language and how we understand and use this kind of verb. The study both revises and explores the meanings of these particles with a view to establish a relation between conceptual metaphor and the meaning of verbs of two or more words. The investigative method adopted is that of experimental research. Thus, in order to enable a broader analysis of the data, a mixed approach is used, which includes a pre- and post-test, a tool more related to experimental research, but also makes use of notes made by the researcher during application of exercises to the control group and the experimental group, following the example of similar studies which seek a broader view of both the product and the process of teaching/learning. Teaching procedures which make us of conceptual metaphors as a tool facilitating learning/teaching of phrasal verbs are suggested, as the latter are very common in English, but are considered complicated or even impossible to learn by Portuguese-speaking learners and teachers of English as a Foreign Language. Despite the fact that statistical results failed to show evidence that the teaching of phrasal verbs is more efficient than traditional teaching, the qualitative results point to the fact that CMT may have a highly positive contribution to make to the teaching of English as a Foreign Language.

This essay is an account of an investigation of conceptual metaphors of LOVE in two albums by singer Mariah Carey. It also includes an investigation of if LOVE metaphors were used differently at the beginning of her career from how they are used twenty-four years later. The study is based on the singles of Carey's debut album and those of her latest album. The analysis showed that although the songs are separated by approximately twenty years the LOVE metaphors most reflected in the song lyrics were the same in both albums. The results also showed that the source concept which was most typically used overall was also reflected to describe the target concept in both albums. However, the variation of LOVE metaphors was greater in the singles of her debut album.

Language can be seen as a bridge between the way we think and our actions. From a social semiotic, language becomes a resource with which collective knowledge can be distributed. The way we talk about an artefact is a reflection of our conceptual understanding thereof. Often, we use conceptual metaphors to communicate abstract concepts in abstract reasoning domains such as computer science. Conceptual metaphors are formed in relation to primary metaphors and are grounded in sensorimotor experience. Primary metaphors can be used to analyse how we embody our conceptual understanding of specific concepts. The aims of this study are threefold: Firstly, to explore how conceptual metaphors are used by students and teachers while engaging in conversations about computer programming; secondly, to analyse the emergent conceptual metaphors to identify how teachers and students understand abstract aspects about computer programming and thirdly, to identify the sensorimotor experiences that contribute to shaping the conceptual metaphors used by the students and the teachers. Two teachers and three students from two different upper-secondary schools engaged in informal conversations regarding aspects of computer programming. The conversations were audiorecorded, and excerpts were transcribed verbatim and translated into English. The excerpts were analysed by adopting a methodological framework based on Grady’s theory of primary metaphor. Results suggest that teachers and students have a multi-faceted conceptual understanding of computer science that involves concepts such as spatial relations, similarities between objects and computer code. Other emergent aspects concerned interpersonal relationships, in relation to customer service and social skills. The findings imply that expanding the number of available conceptual metaphors could lead to a more diverse set of didactic tools in computer science education, thus increasing overall conceptual understanding. / Vårt språk kan ses som en brygga mellan det sätt vi tänker och det sätt vi agerar. Ur ett socialsemiotiskt perspektiv blir språket ett verktyg med vilket kollektiv kunskap kan distribueras. Detta gör det rimligt att säga att det sätt varpå vi talar en spegling av vår möjlighet att förstå. Vi använder ofta konceptuella metaforer för att kommunicera abstrakta koncept som exempelvis datavetenskap. Konceptuella metaforer formas i relation till primärmetaforer, grundade i sensomotoriska erfarenheter. Primärmetaforer kan användas för att analysera hur vi kroppsligt befäster och förstår specifika koncept. Syftet med denna studie är att: i, undersöka hur konceptuella metaforer används av lärare och elever vid samtal rörande programmering, ii, använda de uppkomna konceptuella metaforerna för att identifiera lärares och elevers förståelse för abstrakta aspekter av programmering och iii, identifiera de sensomotoriska upplevelser som formar de konceptuella metaforer lärarna och eleverna använder sig av. Informella samtal kring olika aspekter av programmering genomfördes med två lärare och tre elever vid två svenska gymnasieskolor. Samtalen spelades in, varefter kortare utdrag transkriberades och översattes till engelska. Utdragen har analyserats med en metod baserad på Gradys teori om primärmetaforer. Studiens resultat visar att lärare och elever har en mångfacetterad förståelse för programmering. Deras konceptuella förståelse baseras på bland annat rumsliga relationer mellan olika objekt, skillnader och olika objekt samt relationen till kod. Andra identifierade aspekter berör interpersonella förhållanden, kundservice och social kompetens. Resultaten indikerar att en vidgad uppsättning didaktiska verktyg inom programmeringsundervisning skulle kunna öka antalet tillgängliga konceptuella metaforer relaterade till programmering och således öka den generella konceptuella förståelsen för programmering.

This study investigates the use of metaphors in corporate storytelling and the strategies that may be applied when translating these from English to Swedish. The conceptual metaphor theory was used as a starting point for the investigation of structural metaphors in particular. The results reveal that the most common translation strategy was keeping the same conceptual metaphor in the target text. The second most common strategy was changing into a different metaphor. Moreover, metaphors were often omitted which results in a translation with less evocative imagery. The metaphorical concepts organism and building were found to be the most frequent. The weave metaphor was frequent in storytelling, and the organism, building, and machine metaphors were common in business contexts, similar to what earlier studies have found. Some conceptual metaphors were less frequent in the translation due to cultural differences, although both similarities and differences were encountered when analyzing the metaphorical expressions in detail. The study also reveals that an awareness of organizational metaphors is fundamental in order to render an inspirational and persuasive text in this genre as accurately as possible, while at the same time being faithful to the style and imagery in the original.

This study examines the translation of an adventure travel guide from English to Swedish, focusing on the translation of conventional metaphors, original metaphors, metonymy and similes, with special attention to conceptual metaphors. The results show that most of the metaphors are reproduced in the target text, along with most of the metonymic segments and all similes. The findings suggest that the relatively high rate of metaphors and metonymy reproduced is due to a high degree of shared metaphorical concepts in source and target culture, whereas the decrease likely is due to an asymmetry in the preference of usage and degree of elaboration for these metaphors. The qualitative analysis shows that many conceptual metaphors fulfilled important functions in the source text, which confirms previous research that preserving the conceptual metaphors as much as possible in the translation process is essential in order to preserve all the functions of the source text. Analysis of metonymy and the personification of cities shows how the metonymic concept place for person is related to the central theme of personification and that this concept is likewise used to fulfill an important purpose of the source text, showing that metonymy is equally important to preserve in the translation process. The results of this study suggest that the choice of translation strategy in some cases is less dependent on category and more dependent on to what extent the cultural concepts that the metaphor/simile/metonymy is based on is similar/different, more/less elaborate or more/less preferred in source and target culture.

Focusing on a source text of music journalism, this study sets out to investigate the role of metaphors in translation techniques from English to Swedish. The study turns to the conceptual metaphor, as presented by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980), and considers a range of translation strategies prescribed by scholars such as Christina Schäffner (2004, 2012) and Grace Crerar-Bromelow (2007). Drawing upon these sources, the aim is to quantify, categorize, and translate the metaphors of the source text, premised on Lakoff and Johnson’s three conceptual categories of structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors. Focusing on their frequency, overlaps, and role in the source and target texts, the study traces what bearing these conceptual categories have on the translation practice. The results show that Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphors have great merit in the translation of metaphors by helping the translator capture nuances, double meanings, and idiomatic properties in both source and target texts and contexts.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Bautista da Costa Dissertacao.pdf: 539830 bytes, checksum: 5a911666185ca0e5a1f7756c9106109f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-01 / Pontificia Universidade de São Paulo / This study looked at the theme of friendship as it is presented in the American sitcom Friends. The research was carried out by focusing on metaphors and how these metaphors relate to friendship, love and other similar themes. In order to accomplish the aim proposed above, this research drew on Corpus Linguistics as well as on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Corpus Linguistics was used as a theoretical approach and methodology which takes into account large bodies (corpora) of natural linguistic data and a probabilistic view of language. In this study, several computer tools such as Concord, Collocates and Clusters in the software WordSmith Tools 3.0 (Scott, 1998) were employed. According to Lakoff (1993:203), metaphor can be understood as a cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system . The results showed there are several metaphors in the sitcom Friends that lead us to conceptualize friendship in many different ways, such as: LOVE IS CRAZYNESS, LOVE AS A JOURNEY, BOY/GIRLFRIENDS ARE SWEET, for example. As a general conclusion, we may say that the sitcom Friends draws on a number of metaphors centering around the theme of friendship which in turn lends consistency and thematic unit to the series as a whole. Moreover, in a sense, the series redefines friendship, by blending topics such as sex, childhood, youth and partnership. Arguably, part of the success of the series may be due to these / Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal propor o levantamento de metáforas lingüísticas no corpus de estudo (seriado de TV Friends) e a categorização das mesmas em metáforas conceptuais relacionadas ao tema da amizade. A motivação do estudo surgiu da necessidade de ensinar vocabulário de inglês como língua estrangeira e do desejo de incorporar, no ensino, episódios do seriado norte-americano Friends. A escolha do corpus deveu-se a essa motivação adicional. Espera-se que em outra pesquisa possamos passar dos achados de pesquisa à sua utilização no contexto de ensino de línguas estrangeiras. Para que o propósito acima fosse realizado, esta pesquisa integrou duas áreas de pesquisa, a da Lingüística de Corpus e a da Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual. A Lingüística de Corpus é uma abordagem teórica metodológica que se norteia a partir da observação de dados lingüísticos naturais e de uma visão probabilística da linguagem. Neste estudo, a Lingüística de Corpus fez-se presente, metodologicamente, por meio de várias ferramentas computacionais, como Concord, Collocates e Clusters, oferecidas pelo programa utilitário WordSmith Tools 3.0 (Scott, 1998). Tais ferramentas foram utilizadas para realizar o levantamento de metáforas lingüísticas, revelando, dessa forma, as metáforas conceptuais estudadas por Lakoff e Johnson (1980/2002). Entende-se por metáfora um mapeamento entre domínios que faz parte de um sistema conceptual (Lakoff, 1993). Adotou-se, aqui, a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual como o arcabouço teórico que permitiu a identificação das metáforas do corpus do seriado Friends. Os resultados indicaram várias metáforas presentes no seriado Friends que remetem ao tema da amizade de diversas maneiras, como nos exemplos: AMOR É LOUCURA, AMOR COMO VIAGEM, NAMORADOS/AS SÃO COMO UM ALIMENTO DOCE, etc. A conclusão geral é que as metáforas freqüentes no seriado não somente dão a tônica ao conjunto dos episódios, dessa forma trazendo consistência a uma série longa como essa, mas também, e talvez principalmente, redefinem o conceito de amizade como o conhecemos, incorporando noções de sexo, infantilidade, jovialidade e companheirismo. Parte do sucesso da série pode ser, talvez, atribuída à escolha feliz e consistente de metáforas que aludem aos temas principais da série. A pesquisa pretende ter dado uma contribuição original para a área da Lingüística de Corpus na interface com a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual, na medida em que integra questões referentes à sua visão de linguagem, com princípios teóricos e metodológicos referentes à aprendizagem de vocabulário por meio das metáforas conceptuais propostas por Lakoff e Johnson (1980/2002)