Denna studie fokuserar på konflikthantering och dess egenskaper. Jag har fördjupat mig i praktiska och teoretiska kunskaper i konflikthantering med eleverna. I denna studie kommer jag att intervjua fyra pedagoger, två erfarna lärare och två nyexaminerade pedagoger. Jag kommer också att förklara vilka känslor har för roll i konfliktlösning. Varför jag har valt att skriva om konflikten är på grund av min osäkerhet när det gäller att lösa konflikter med elever så jag har valt att intervjua två erfarna pedagoger. Slutsatsen av min studie är att alla mina fyra informanter anser att den praktiska kunskapen är lika viktig som den teoretiska kunskapen. Studien visar att vi kan få in de olika kunskaper på två olika sätt; genom utbildningen som är den teoretiska kunskapen samt ute i arbetslivet som är den praktiska kunskapen.

Arbetsplatskonflikter är ett svårt ämne som tenderar att resultera i konsekvenser för både anställda och chefer i organisationer. Då jag anser mig ha upplevt en osäkerhet och frustration hos chefer när de ställts inför konfliktrelaterade samtal, funderade jag över hur det kunde vara möjligt att till synes välutbildade chefer agerade på sådant sätt. För att närma mig en förståelse i fenomenet valde jag att genomföra en studie av chefers subjektiva uppfattningar om hur deras utbildning fungerat som stöd vid konfliktrelaterade samtal med medarbetare. Samt att undersöka hur chefernas upplevelser och agerande kan tänkas ha påverkats av utbildningen. Eftersom att chefernas egna upplevelser var av intresse, genomfördes kvalitativa intervjuer. Studien har huvudsakligen analyserats i relation till Erving Goffmans dramaturgiska perspektiv, som liknar människor vid arbetsplatsen som skådespelare på en teaterscen. Resultatet av analysen visade bland annat att det fanns en efterfrågan av specifika kurser i konflikthantering hos de chefer som ansåg sig sakna sådan utbildning. Det visade sig även finnas tendenser av att de chefer som upplevde sig sakna specifika utbildningar i konflikthantering upplevde sig ha konfliktundvikande beteenden. Medan de chefer som ansåg sig ha relevant utbildning upplevde sig själva som trygga i sin roll vid konfliktrelaterade samtal med medarbetare. / Workplace conflicts is a difficult subject that tends to result in consequences for both employees and managers in organizations. Since I consider myself to have experienced insecutity and frustration among managers when faced with conflict-related conversations, I thought about how it could be possible that the seemingly well-educated managers acted in such a manner. In order to approach an understanding of the phenomenon, I decided to conduct a study of managers subjective perceptions of how their education served as support for conflict-related conversations with employees. And to explore how managers experiences and behavior may have been influenced by education. The fact that managers personal experiences were of interest, was qualitative interviews carried out. The study has mainly been analyzed in relation to Erving Goffman's dramaturgical perspective, that resembles people at work as actors on a stage. The results of the analysis showed that there was a demand for specific courses in conflict management within the managers who considered themselves lacking in such training. It also turned out to be tendencies that the managers that felt they where lacking in specific training in conflict management, felt like they had conflict avoidance behaviors. While the managers who felt like they had adequate training experienced themselves as secure in their role in conflict-related conversations with employees.

Fishermen's and managers' perceptions of fishery issues are an important factor to consider when studying conflicts between the two groups. According to theories of conflict management, differences in perceptions may cause situations to be characterized by misunderstanding and mistrust, and may add to the difficulties in managing the conflict. A questionnaire was developed to determine whether there were differences in perceptions between fishermen and managers. Both groups responded to the same questions. Questions were included to determine each individual's involvement in the decision making process and to test the hypothesis that fishermen and managers who are involved in the decision-making process have perceptions that are less polarized. A total of 47 commercial salmon fishermen, who fish primarily out of Oregon ports were interviewed. A total of 36 managers, who were either members of the Pacific Fishery Management Council, Salmon Technical Team, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, or non-agency managers, responded to the questionnaire. Most fishermen were interviewed in person and most managers were interviewed over the telephone. Chi-square analyses were used to measure the differences in the responses of fishermen and managers, as well as the responses of decision-makers and non-decision-makers. The results support the hypothesis that fishermen and managers have different perceptions on certain issues. However, the hypothesis that decision-makers have more similar perceptions than non-decision makers was not strongly supported. / Graduation date: 1994

To understand attitudes about voting in Kenya, this study examines Kenyan voters’ feelings of freedom to vote according to their own will and without pressure. More specifically it seeks to determine the extent to which these feelings are affected by 1) perception of corruption, 2) levels of trust in the government, 3) fear of political violence and intimidation, and 4) ethnic identity. Rational choice theory and an insideroutsider perspective are applied to examine the issue from a theoretical framework. Previous research conducted in relation to voting behavior and perception of corruption, trust in government, and ethnicity, among other things, are considered. This study uses secondary data collected by the Afrobarometer in 2008, and bivaraite and multivariatea nalysis are employed. Logistic regression models are used to examine the extent to which certain variables explain feelings of freedom to vote according to personal preference. The results from the logistic regression analyses show that both trust in government and fear of being subject to political violence and intimidation affect Kenyan voters’ feelings of freedom to vote according to their personal preference. These results support two hypotheses. First, Kenyan voters will feel freer to vote according to their own preference as their levels of trust in the government increase. Second, Kenyan voters’ feelings of freedom to vote will be negatively associated with fear of being subject to political violence and intimidation.

Studien syfte var att undersöka och beskriva skilda uppfattningar av konflikter mellanbarn och dess hantering i förskolan hos förskollärare. Studien är en kvalitativ studiemed en fenomenografisk ansats som bygger på intervjuer av ett antal förskollärare.De frågeställningar som låg till grund för studien var: Hur ser förskollärare påkonflikter mellan barn i förskolan? På vilket sätt hanteras återkommande konflikter? Påvilket sätt kan förskolläraren få stöd i sitt sätt att hantera konflikter?Det framgår av resultatet att förskollärare i studien har erfarenheter av konfliktereftersom de möter dem dagligen på förskolan. Dessa erfarenheter ligger till grund förhur de agerar i sin yrkesroll. De ser gärna att barnen själva hanterar konflikter ochagerar när de anser att behovet finns. Förskollärarnas agerande grundar sig i personligakänslor och uppfattningar som de mer eller mindre reflekterat över. Förskollärarnaanvänder de strategier som de menar fungerar utifrån deras erfarenheter i barngruppen.Konflikter och konflikthantering visar sig vara ett komplext ämne som kräver reflektionhos förskolläraren och arbetslaget för att fullfölja uppdraget enligt läroplanen. Resultatetvisar att det förekommer sällan organiserad och formell kompetensutveckling angåendekonflikter i förskolan. Ämnet behöver upp på agendan för att barnen ska få bästamöjliga förutsättningar att hantera framtida konfliktsituationer. / The purpose of this study was to examine preschool teachers´ different perceptions ofconflicts between children and preschool teachers´ behavior to deal with them inpreschool. The study is a qualitative study with a phenomenographic approach, basedon interviews of a number of preschool teachers.The issues wich formed the basis of the study was: How do preschool teachers view onconflicts between children in preschool? In what way do they handle recurringconflicts? How can preschool teachers be supported in their efforts to manageconflicts?It follows from the results that the preschool teachers in the study have experiencedconflicts as they meet them every day at preschool. These experiences form the basis ofhow they act as professionals. They prefer that the children themselves deal with withconflicts and act when they belive that the need exists. Preschool teachers acting isbased on personal feelings and beliefs that they more or less reflected upon. Preschoolteachers are using the strategies that they think works based on their experiences in thegroup of children. Conflicts and conflict management turns out to be a complex subjectthat requires reflection of preschool teacher and the team to fulfill the mandate of thecurriculum. The result show that there are rarely organized and formal competencedevelopment regarding conflicts in preschool. The subject needs to be on the agenda forthe children to get the best possible position to meet future conflicts.

In the early 90s¡¦, the government of the Republic of China, Taiwan (ROC) declared the end of martial law. Taiwanese society has moved toward multi-dimensional development, which includes the greater liberal awareness of the public, as well as gradually forming various but unique social cultures. Among these cultural changes is the right to public dispute. In the past two decades, several public disputes have occurred; from the dispute against environmental pollution by the petrochemical industry, including the Chinese Petroleum Corporation, followed by the establishment of a Du Pont chemical factory, the rejection of garbage disposal plant & incinerator building, the anti-construction of nuclear power plants & the Mei Nong reservoir. To attract more customers and to pre¡Vdominate the potential market, competitors in the telecommunication industry have implemented strategies to build excess mobile base station to enhance the quality of the signal reception. From recent scientific research, there is no clear evidence to prove that electromagnetic wave signals from mobile telecommunications have any direct impact on human health. In the Year 2000, the Executive Environmental Department in Taiwan has officially announced that electromagnetic wave signals from mobile telecommunications were not a source of pollutants. However, the objection of anti-establishing mobile base station has gradually become one of the leading issues of public dispute. The dispute approaches have tended to be radical and irrational, which has lead to strong violence. In the mean time, the government and the telecommunication industry are not able to respond to and resolve the current situation. These issues not only threaten the ability for the mobile telecommunication industry to survive, but cost an incredible amount of the social resource which it is also a great concern for the similar conditions in future society. The research motivations were developed by considering the special cultural backgrounds mentioned above. The literature review includes the following research areas: conflict management; the crises interventional communication; negotiating skills; legislation process study; and the theory of outsourcing study. Furthermore, surveys on professional groups were completed to seek expertise and feedback to help resolve public radical situations. Interviews were also conducted on some key radical and irrational people to increase the public awareness about the severity of disputes. In this study, the author also investigates reasons behind public disputes and what the public has experienced and learned. To summarize, the findings of this study: 1. In the current stage, the managerial approach only resolves a radical situation as it happens; a long term and systematic methodology is still unavailable and yet to be developed. Even though the short term resolution allows authorities to accumulate precious experiences in managing public pressure, the current methodology can not effectively prevent and avoid public disputes occurrence. 2. The fundamental idea from authorities is still in favor of ¡§technical educations¡¨ which permits technicians to take major responsibilities in implementing the idea of ¡§technical skill demonstrations¡¨ to communicate and lead the agenda. However, the outcomes do not appear to be effective to those irrational and radical disputes. 3. Political power interventions mean the government is unable to provide a stable environment for industrial developments. There are politicians¡¦ interventions from different parties; public threatens and violence might also be the reasons that cause immobilized feedbacks from the government. Based on the investigation on the pros and cons of disputes on excess mobile base station and possible dispute modes, long term and short term solutions were developed. The solutions include: 1. Possible long term solutions: (1) Develop long term strategic plans, which enable the prevention of future dispute. The practical plans include media operations, professional propaganda planning, management for united industrial unions on public disputes and offers of technical and general product propagandas to the public. (2) Organizational structure justifications, traditional conceptual changes in public disputes and formations of special negotiation teams: the authority should initiate with its negotiation process based on public opinions rather than listed contents with technical issues. Professional teams should have the ability to implement the law, the public relationship and technology to the public. (3) A liberal and a specific budget support for individual projects. (4) Mobile base station embellishments and joint venture with the industrial union. (5) Provide outsourcing to professionalism. (6) Seeking for political assistances: Through democratic operations, the government should maximize its ability in public authority monitoring and the law execution. This also ensures and protects legal welfares for the mobile telecommunication industry. 2. Possible short term solutions: (1) General strategies in station selection issues. (2) New tactics formations. (3) Training professional negotiators. (4) Holding regular conferences, exchanging ideas which draw upon useful opinions, and editing ¡§Irrational mobile base station dispute management¡¨ reference handbook. (5) Educate the public to understand and obey the law. Using the law to protect and maintain basic rights for the mobile telecommunication industry. The final discussions conclude with some proposed solutions to manage public disputes. The future research recommendations to the mobile telecommunication industry, the professional team, and the governmental organizations are also included. The aim is to establish a rational and peaceful future society and provide a stable business environment for the mobile telecommunication industry.

In the recent years, the financial tendency in Taiwan towards merging banks into financial holding companies. Traditional banking services, i.e. deposit saving and loan, have been replaced by the most popular consumer financial products such as cash card and credit card. In order to adapt to the rapid changing financial trends, a more flexible and accurate information system will be an imperative for the management levels. The mainframe systems, the most popular system in the banking industry, have been challenged by the open systems of client-server architecture. This research is to explore the critical success factors of the multi-sections collaboration in a system reengineering project. This exploratory study adopts case study method. It takes in-depth interviews with fourteen IT supervisors and executives from the case-study bank. After summarizing and analyzing the related factors, the conclusions are as followed. 1. Set up checkpoints in the project development process, and review the utilization of resources including human resources, cost and programming quality. 2. At least, there is a team member who masters the system to be replaced and the network system in order to fully understand the merit and defect of the replaced system. 3. For IT professionals who are already provided with banking related knowledge and information technology, they need a charismatic project leader. 4. Except for traditional communication of interpersonal behaviors, leaders can adopt new technology such as wide-band conference or distant VOD (voice on demand) to reinforce the communications among members who are located in different places. 5. Avoid conflicts and direct them to cooperation. Discover the events and problems that cause the conflicts and target on problem solving levels. 6. In the internal organizational structure levels, divide and adjust them into well-structured divisions or sections. As for the external levels, project departments should be set up for these specific projects. 7. Leaders should present the project plans and steps to all the involving IT staff before the project initiates, in order to bring all the project members with participation and responsibility.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships of learned resourcefulness and conflict behaviors of university students. The sample of the study consisted of 393 (253 females, 140 males) volunteered undergraduate students from Faculty of Education in Middle East Technical University in Ankara. The data were gathered by administering two instruments, namely Rosenbaum&rsquo / s Self-Control Schedule (SCS) and Conflict Behaviors Questionnaire (CBQ). The results of MANOVA employed to CBQ scores revealed significant main effects for learned resourcefulness groups and gender. The interaction effect of gender and learned resourcefulness levels was not significant. The results of ANOVA yielded a significant difference between high and low learned resourcefulness groups in collaborating behavior, indicating that, as compared to low resourceful group, high resourceful group reported higher usage of collaborating behavior in conflict situations. Findings also seemed to suggest that, in conflict situations, those in the high resourcefulness group tended to use compromising behaviors more than those in low resourcefulness group. No significant difference was found in any of the other conflict behaviors as a function of learned resourcefulness.

¡@Because the public take account of ecological and environmental protection, there are many conflicts between the public and constructors to trigger many obstacles and duels in construction of many infrastructures. Thus, tradeoff between environment, lives, property and economic benefits is a big problem. In the researches of plural public affairs decision making and cognition impact management problems, practical researches found that Hammond(1965, 1975, 1996) developed SJT(Social Judgement Theory) from Lens model and had significant effects and contributions for analysis of public affairs decision making. The thesis uses SJT and studies cognition conflict management on representative case of environmental protection ¡¥the construction of CPC Yung-An LNG¡¦ in Taiwan. ¡@CPC Yung-An LNG began construction in May in 1984. Because environmental consciousness rose, the public gave relief to themselves when encountering environmental pollution. Negligence of communication with the village and of good-neighborliness makes the village not make allow and trigger Yung-An village dueled. This study bases on economic environment, gathers relative literatures and presents four controversial and representative topic for decision variables. They are individually ¡¥X1(benefit of construction of the firm)¡¦ and ¡¥X2(subsidies for the residents)¡¦ for economy, ¡¥X3(threat for ecology and environment)¡¦ for environment and ¡¥X4(threat for lives and property)¡¦ for both economy and society. ¡@This study uses SJT on the construction of ¡¥CPC Yung-An LNG¡¦ for cognition conflict management. The results are as below: (i)Government has higher stability and consistency of making decision than the residents. (ii)Government and the residents have significant difference for weight mean values of X1, X2 and X4. And they are the conflicts between them. (iii)Men and women have no significant difference for weight mean values of all decision variables. (iv)The older deciders have higher emphasis on X3 than the younger. But they have no significant difference for weight mean values of the other decision variables. (v)Lower educational background deciders have higher emphasis on X4, and there is no significant difference for all the other decision variables. (vi)There is no significant difference for weight mean values of all decision variables between core and border area. ¡@Finally, the study gets the judging principles of government and the residents. They are ¡¦average weights¡¦ and ¡¥function types¡¦ of all decision variables. Then, we use ¡¥specify¡¦ on Policy PC 3.0 software to make estimated judging table for all decision situations for government and the residents. Looking into the table can estimate the acceptance of government and the residents for all combinations of decision variables when making policies. We also can use the table to estimate the change of acceptance of government and the residents when any decision variables improve, and the authorizations can use the resources for the most efficient and effective applications when proposing improving methods.

This study focuses on the conflict process in a multi-culture team and discusses those factors which bring the conflict to next stage. In this study, 6 participators in Global MBA program which was formed by National Sun Yat-Sen Univiersity in Taiwan, University Victoria in Canada, and Johannes Kepler University in Austria were interviewed. By using narrative inquiry as research method, the study integrates different perspectives and analyzes factors behind this case. The result shows that if the interpersonal relationship is based on social-exchange theory, every participator provides one¡¦s good exchange with owned culture, but culture and value differences turn the goodness into misunderstandings. The expectation of one side wasn¡¦t met by the other side. The inefficient social exchange finally became subliminal conflict. In addition, peer support and mental balance play important roles in the process, and both of them are impacted by culture. The similarity of cultures connects people from different countries and builds up peer support which raises the subliminal conflicts to the surface. The difference of the cultures makes it more difficult to understand other¡¦s kindness. Both sides can¡¦t achieve mental balance, so it moves the conflict process back to previous stage and repeats itself. Finally, the attitude after conflict incident is the key factor to end up the conflict. Positive attitude helps participators to create more cultural understanding and solve the problem. On the contrary, negative attitude comes with rude behavior and brings down the organization. The study provides the empirical experience of the conflict process and further discussion which can be practiced in the cross-culture management and conflict management in the future.