Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-01-27T19:22:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho, Fabio-Dissert-2013.pdf: 2967132 bytes, checksum: 174afc6d09d46e45398b11d631cea6c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-27T19:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho, Fabio-Dissert-2013.pdf: 2967132 bytes, checksum: 174afc6d09d46e45398b11d631cea6c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / O objetivo geral dessa dissertação é reconstruir a lógica das relações dentro da comunidade de escravos em Vassouras/RJ entre 1850 e 1888, tendo em conta que essas relações não foram de forma alguma homogêneas ou estáticas. Correspondiam ao contexto em que os escravos estavam inseridos, sua própria composição e sua visão de mundo. Através da discussão historiográfica, brasileira e norte-americana, do que seja uma comunidade escrava, são analisados apenas processos criminais em que réu e vítima sejam escravos entre o fim do tráfico transatlântico de escravos e o fim da escravidão. / The overall goal of this dissertation is to reconstruct the logic of relations within the community of slaves in Vassouras/RJ between 1850 and 1888, taking into account that these relations were not at all homogeneous or static. Corresponded to the context in which the slaves were inserted his own composition and its worldview. Through the historiographical discussion, Brazilian and America, than be a slave community, were discussed only criminal cases in which the defendant and victim are slaves between the end of the transatlantic slave trade and the abolition of slavery.

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Au milieu du XVIIème siècle, l’Espagne connaît une crise politique et économique profonde. L’Espagne s’essouffle et elle se voit obligée de signer le traité des Pyrénées en 1659. Cette lourde période de crise que traverse la monarchie espagnole se dessine tout au long de deux sources informatives du milieu du XVIIème siècle : les Avisos attribués à Pellicer (1639-1644) et les lettres de Barrionuevo (1654-1658). La première vit en direct les révoltes des "périphéries" catalane et portugaise alors que la seconde met en exergue la "fatalité" de l’Espagne dans un contexte de caisses vides : les ennemis sont nombreux, l’armée manque d’hommes et de moyens, les fonctionnaires sont corrompus, la noblesse n’est plus digne de son rang, le clergé manque de vocation et tous, du plus haut au plus bas de l’échelle sociale, s’adonnent à toutes sortes de délits d’ordre moral, politique, pécuniaire, judiciaire, etc. Ces deux sources, de longue durée mais de périodes rapprochées, offrent d’autres avantages. Les nouvelles sont (bi-)hebdomadaires, engageant l’auteur à informer régulièrement, ce qui évite une synthétisation de l’ensemble des informations. Aussi, les Avisos de Pellicer semblent destinés à être lus par un plus grand nombre (la publication était envisagée) et l’expression du "je" est très timide, alors que les lettres de Barrionuevo s’adressent à un correspondant et il sait qu’il est lu par un cercle réduit de connaissances. Traquer l’information et la transmettre comporte un risque : les nouvelles proviennent de sources fiables mais bon nombre sont issues de la rumeur qui est colportée. Cette dernière englobe essentiellement des personnes dignes de confiance chez Pellicer alors que, chez Barrionuevo, elle peut être constituée de personnes au palais ou de tout un chacun. Enfin, l’état d’esprit et les centres d’intérêt varient d’un auteur à l’autre. Ces deux sources informatives présentent des similitudes mais aussi de nombreuses différences, et des limites ; ces caractéristiques constituent leur richesse. / In the middle of the seventeenth century, Spain undergoes a deep political and economic crisis. It becomes difficult to survive and Spain has to sign the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. This heavy crisis that the Spanish monarchy undergoes is described by two different information sources from the mid-seventeenth century : the Avisos attributed to Pellicer (1639-1658) and the Barrionuevo letters (1654-1658). The first source gives a daily account of the Catalan and Portuguese rebellions whereas the second source points out Spain’s "misfortune" due to its very bad economic situation : there are many enemies, the army lacks men and means, the civil servants are corrupt and the Nobles are no longer representative of their rank, the Clergy lacks vocation and everybody from the lowest to the highest social background is involved in all sorts of moral, political, financial and legal crimes etc. These two long-term but of short interval sources have other advantages. The news is given twice a week, forcing the author to inform the readers regularly which avoids summarizing all the information. Moreover, the Pellicer Avisos seem to be written and read by a large number of people (the publication is planned) and the use of the first person "I" is very limited whereas the Barrinuevo letters are addressed to a correspondent who knows that he is read by a small circle of people. Tracking down information and transmitting it is risky : the news is mostly reliable, but most of it comes from rumours. The Pellicer informants are more reliable and trustworthy whereas the Barrionuevo ones are composed of people from the Palace as well as any and everybody. Finally, the state of mind and interest points vary from one author to another. Both information sources show similarities but also many differences and limits and these characteristics is what makes them so full of interest.

The objective of this study is to describe and analyze the management of communal conflict in the Middle East, focusing on the Kurds. To this end, an effort is made to examine (1) the means that have been used to manage the Kurdish conflict by Middle Eastern countries; (2) the degree of success or failure of applied measures and (3) possible explanations for the first two questions.

L’étude comparative des normes du droit islamique et du DIH révèle de nombreux points de convergences aussi bien en ce qui concerne le droit de La Haye que le droit de Genève. De plus, les Etats musulmans membres de l’OCI qui sont tous parties aux conventions de Genève de 1949 et en majorité aux PA de 1977, sont impliqués dans les actions de mise en œuvre du DIH initiées ou dirigées par le CICR, que ces actions relèvent de l’article 1 commun des Conventions de Genève ou du contrôle a priori et/ou a posteriori de la mise en œuvre du DIH. En outre, ces Etats ont adopté des textes favorisant l’application conjointe des droits de l’homme et du DIH tels que la Déclaration du Caire sur les droits de l’homme en Islam de 1990. La contribution des Etats musulmans concerne les mécanismes de mise en œuvre en période de paix et de conflits armés et se matérialise aussi bien par la coopération interétatique qu’à travers celle avec les ONG et notamment le CICR. Bien que le concept de jihad puisse soulever des difficultés, les motifs politiques, davantage que religieux, expliquent certaines réticences des Etats musulmans en matière de mise en œuvre du DIH. / The comparative study of the norms of the Islamic Law and the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) reveals numerous points of convergences with regards to both The Hague Law and Geneva Law, as it can be noticed in the works of the major authors of the Muslim Law of war. Furthermore, the Muslim member States of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, member States of the 1949 four Geneva Conventions or/and the 1977 Additional Protocols, are involved in actions initiated or regulated by ICRC, whether these actions fall under the common Article 1 of the four 1949 Geneva Conventions, or concern the monitoring a priori or a posteriori of the IHL implementation. Besides, many instruments such as the 1990 Declaration of Cairo on Human Rights in Islam have been adopted by the Muslim States, thus favoring the simultaneous implementation of IHL and Human Rights. The contribution of the Muslim States concerns the mechanisms of implementation in periods of peace and armed Conflicts and is realized through both interstate and NGOs cooperation, in particular with ICRC. Although the concept of jihad can raise some difficulties, political motives, more than religious, give explanations for reluctances of the Muslim States as far as the Implementation of IHL is concerned.

Les différents droits et libertés garantis par la Constitution ont une même valeur juridique. Il s’agit, par ailleurs, de normes présentant des caractéristiques identiques : nature principielle, caractère indéterminé et même source textuelle. Cela explique pourquoi les conflits de droits fondamentaux constitutionnels sont des conflits de normes particuliers. Il est impossible d’utiliser les critères classiques de résolution des conflits de normes pour solutionner ceux qui opposent les libertés garanties par la Constitution. Pour harmoniser leur exercice simultané, on ne peut pas prioriser leur développement sur le plan hiérarchique, chronologique ou en tenant compte du niveau de précision des énoncés considérés. La similitude des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels implique de recourir à une méthode de résolution des conflits plus sophistiquée. Lorsque de telles normes imposent des directives contradictoires, il faut définir leurs limites respectives pour dépasser les situations de blocage. En France et en Espagne, seul le législateur est en mesure de pouvoir concilier ainsi l’exercice des droits garantis par la Constitution. Cette conciliation législative est réalisée sous le contrôle du juge constitutionnel, auquel il revient de s’assurer de la régularité des solutions apportées aux conflits de libertés. En d’autres termes, l’observation des expériences française et espagnole révèle que la résolution des conflits de droits fondamentaux constitutionnels est un processus complexe. Dans le cadre de celui-ci, c’est le législateur qui effectue des choix politiques pour prioriser l’exercice des libertés. Le juge constitutionnel, pour sa part, s’assure de la conformité de ces choix sur le plan juridique. / The various guaranteed rights and the liberties by the Constitution have the same legal value. It is, besides, about standards possessing identical characteristics : nature principielle, indefinite character and same textual origin. It explains why the conflicts of constitutional fundamental rights are particular conflicts of standards. It is impossible to use the classic criteria of resolution of the conflicts of standards to resolve those who bring into conflict the liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. To harmonize their simultaneous exercise, we cannot prioritize their development on the hierarchical, chronological plan or by taking into account the level of precision of the considered statements. The similarity of the constitutional fundamental rights implies to resort to a method of more sophisticated resolution of the conflicts. When such standards impose contradictory directives, it is necessary to define their respective limits to exceed the situations of blocking. In France and in Spain, only the legislator is capable of being able to reconcile so the exercise of the guaranteed rights by the Constitution. This legislative conciliation is realized under the control of the constitutional judge, who means making sure of the regularity of the solutions brought to the conflicts of liberties. In other words, the observation of the French and Spanish systems reveals that the resolution of the conflicts of constitutional fundamental rights is a complex process. Within the framework of this one, it is the legislator who makes political choices to prioritize the exercise of the liberties. The constitutional judge, for his part, makes sure of the conformity of these choices on the legal plan.

The present dissertation, a prerequisite for the conclusion of the Master in Education at the Postgraduate Program in Education of the Federal University of Santa Maria, is tied to the research line: School Practice and Public Policy. This is a qualitative-quantitative research, a case study type. Portrays the violent conflicts of bullying at school and their entanglements with the Restorative Justice. Aims at understanding how violent conflict are presented in school and the characteristics that define the practice of bullying, its characters and forms of intervention. Raises the issue of judicialization of school conflicts and the existence of another lens for conflictive resolution under the restorative bias. Presents Restorative Justice, its application in Brazil and structure of the Restorative Circles. Through research, it was found that Restorative Justice favors the performance of teachers and students, as a useful tool in confronting and preventing violent conflict of bullying at school. / A presente dissertação, pré-requisito para a conclusão do curso de Mestrado em Educação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, está vinculada a linha de pesquisa: Práticas Escolares e Políticas Públicas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quali-quanti, do tipo estudo de caso. Retrata os conflitos violentos de bullying na escola e seus entrelaçamentos com a Justiça Restaurativa. Objetiva compreender como os conflitos violentos se apresentam na escola e as características que definem as práticas de bullying, seus personagens e formas de intervenção. Suscita a problemática da judicialização dos conflitos escolares e a existência de outra lente para resolução conflitiva, sob o viés restaurativo. Apresenta a Justiça Restaurativa, sua aplicação no Brasil e a estrutura dos Círculos Restaurativos. Com a pesquisa, constatou-se que a Justiça Restaurativa favorece a atuação de professores e alunos, como ferramenta útil no enfrentamento e prevenção dos conflitos violentos de bullying na escola.

Certaines catégories de personnes (militaires, fonctionnaires, élèves d’écoles publiques …) se trouvent dans une relation spécifique d’autorité qui limite « par nature » l’exercice de certains droits fondamentaux. En cela, la restriction « naturelle » fondée sur la condition statutaire particulière de ces catégories entre en conflit avec les droits fondamentaux qui consacrent des libertés « par nature ». Le principe de proportionnalité propose au juge un outil correctif puissant pour résoudre ce conflit de normes. Or, le principe de proportionnalité pose un certain nombre de problèmes : de création prétorienne, ses conditions floues et indéterminées opèrent un transfert de compétence vers le juge. Élargissant sa propre compétence, le principe de proportionnalité permet au juge par le développement d’une vaste argumentation de solutionner ce conflit sans pour autant chercher une conciliation entre des positions antinomiques. / Certain people categories (military, civil servants, students …) are in a special authority relationship which limits « naturally » the exercice of certain fundamental rights. This natural « limitation » is based on their special status condition and conflicts directly with the fundamental rights guaranteeing liberties « naturally ». The principle of proportionality offers the judge a powerful corrective tool to resolve this conflict. Yet the principle of proportionality itself raises un certain number of problems : created by the judge, its conditions are vague and undetermined shifting the competence to the judiciary. Extending his own competence, the principle of proporionality enables the judge to solve this conflict by developping a vast argumentation without necessarily searching a conciliation between antinomic positions.

Recent literature state that the relationship between buyers and sellers has gained more and more importance in business-to-business segments. The distribution of products may even end up in the shadow of these important relationships. The statement, of increased need for relationship marketing, is proven more tangible in cross-border interactions and communications. Managers who are maintaining and establishing international accounts have to acknowledge cultural differences, norms and preferences when keeping their international key accounts satisfaction. However, the practice around how cultural diversity implement the relationship process is something that could be further explored. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to explore cultural conflicts and dilemmas in manager’s relations with international key accounts.The thesis has a phenomenological approach, which aims at exploring personal business experiences of managers in practice. Thus, the aim is not to make general assumptions about either KAM, RM or business culture. The thesis is developed through five separate interviews with managers of different gender, practice and targeted customer culture. We mainly used Hofstede's (2017) framework when analyzing and discussing the implication of business culture on international relationships. Several strategies, both personal and business oriented, where noticed as a result of international and intercultural business collaborations. The result shows how complex the subject of business culture is and how limitations of managing cultural diversity can lead to conflicts and dilemmas.

That women and men have different travel patterns has been known for a long time, and previous research argues that gender inequality is the reason for the different travel patterns. Thus, integrating a gender equality perspective into transportation planning has been a relevant topic for quite some time. However, it has been proven to be easier said than done. Gender equality has not been given much attention within transportation planning and planners find it difficult to know how to implement a gender equality perspective. By studying two County Transportation Plans developed by regions in northern Sweden and interviewing infrastructural planners as well as gender equality experts, this thesis will investigate how gender equality is managed and integrated in transport planning on a regional level, and how it could be integrated. How gender equality relates to sustainable transportation on a regional level is another research question. The results show that the planners are aware of women’s and men’s different travel patterns, but they have experienced the difficulties of how gender equality can be integrated in the plans, and integration has previously been made with modesty. This is partly due to lack of competence among the planners and because it has not been prioritized. The result also indicates that gender equality can be beneficial for sustainable transportation, but some goal conflicts were found as well. A conclusion it that there seems to exist a paradox among the respondents where they are unsure of if the transportation should adjust to the current travel needs, or promote change. It is seemingly not either the lack of competence that is the reason gender equality has not been prioritized, but the fact that other areas, such as the need of functional connections due to long distances between places has been seen as more important. The competence and knowledge exists, but need to increase among the planners, and gender equality within transportation planning has to be given more attention on a national level and in the directives from the government.