Dans le contexte économique et compétitif actuel, ce qui permet aux entreprises de se distinguer c'est leur réactivité à fournir des produits de plus en plus complexes sen répondant à des besoins toujours plus diversifiés. Pour faire face à cette exigence de réactivité et malgré ces contraintes, les approches d'ingénierie intégrée sont apparues pour une meilleure gestion du cycle de vie des produits. Dans ce contexte la prise en compte des variabilités et leurs interdépendances a été démontrée comme étant indispensable à l'amélioration des performances (coût, risque, qualité, …). Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l'élaboration d'un plan d'inspection optimal pour : la maîtrise de ces variabilités et leurs effets sur le comportement du produit, l'usage et les fonctionnalités de celui-ci. Pour cela un cadre méthodologique pour la co-conception des activités de contrôles de conformités et celles de suivi de fabrication a été formalisé. Ce cadre permet une prise de décision opérationnelle grâce à l'utilisation des outils opérationnels et assure la satisfaction des objectifs stratégiques (réduction des coûts, amélioration de la qualité, augmentation de la productivité, …). Suite à une synthèse approfondie de la littérature relative à la planification la qualité et de l'amélioration (conjointe) de la performance, les outils AMDEC, KC flowdown, et Activity Based Costing (ABC) ont été retenus. Cependant ces outils présentent certains manques à combler et ont fait donc l'objet de certaines modifications (adaptations) pour convenir au mieux aux besoins du cadre méthodologique proposé. L'intégration d'AMDEC et de KC flowdown a abouti à un nouvel outil nommé ACDE (Analyse de la Causalité, des Défaillances, et leurs Effets). Ainsi l'adaptation d'ABC à l'estimation de coût de la qualité par « Quality-Driven ABC » a été proposée. L'application de ces derniers a été proposée dans le cadre de la planification d'inspection « au juste nécessaire ». / In the current economic and competitive environment, what distinguish the companies is their reactivity to provide increasingly complex products with increasingly diverse needs. To achieve this reactivity despite constraints, integrated engineering approachs have been emerged to better manage and organize the product life cycle. In this context, it is essential to take into account the characteristics' variations and their interdependencies to improve the performance (cost, risk, quality ...). This thesis was devoted to the generation of an optimal inspection plan including process variations monitoring and product variations control. A methodological framework for the co-conception of product control and process monitoring activities has been formalized and validated. This framework allows operational decision-making by the intervention of operational tools and ensures the satisfaction of strategic objectives (cost reduction, improved quality, increased productivity ...). FMEA, KC flowdown, and Activity Based Costing (ABC) were selected following a comprehensive literature review on quality planning and performance improvement. However, these tools present some lack to fill up and therefore are subjected to certain adaptations in order to best fit the needs of the proposed methodological framework. Integration of FMEA and KC flowdown resulted in a new tool called ACDE. As well the adaptation of ABC to estimate the cost of quality by "Quality-Driven ABC" was proposed. The application of these latter has been proposed to limit the inspection planning to “bare essentials activities.

[pt] A análise experimental é muito importante para se conhecer as características de Qualquer produto. Os resultados dos testes podem ser usados em pesquisas ou para serem comparados com valores padrões. No segundo caso é necessário seguir certos procedimentos que estão descritos em normas e comparar os valores das características do produto com os requisitos normalizados. No campo da Tecnologia Industrial Básica esta atividade é comumente denominada de avaliação da conformidade. Mas para se medir essas características é necessário usar instrumentos. A instrumentação é a parte mais importante neste processo porque se são usados instrumentos inadequados, o resultado da medição será incorreto e os erros poderão grandes. Então é necessário que os instrumentos tenham sido corretamente calibrados para terem exatidão adequada, baixa incerteza e garantir a repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade das medições. Metrologia é a ciência que trata da confiabilidade das medições. Nos testes veiculares acontece o mesmo, porém é necessário, também, conhecimento sobre a dinâmica veicular, para se saber como e o que será medido. O Campo de Provas da Marambaia do Exército Brasileiro possui um equipamento empregado em avaliação de veículos que mede velocidade e distância usando um sensor óptico sem contato com o solo e um sistema de aquisição de dados. Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma alternativa para a Unidade Central de Processamento deste equipamento substituindo-a por um computador portátil com uma placa de aquisição e um software específico com as ferramentas para processar o sinal do mesmo transdutor óptico. Entretanto isto não é suficiente, é necessário um tratamento metrológico deste sistema de aquisição de dados para garantir a incerteza de medição e evitar os riscos de falso aceito e falso rejeito. No contexto do tratamento metrológico desenvolvido, ambos os sistemas de medição foram avaliados, o sistema originalmente em uso e o sistema alternativo proposto que o substituirá. O conhecimento das incertezas associadas constitui estratégico insumo metrológico para a importante etapa de calibração dos equipamentos utilizados. Para realizar este trabalho foi necessário unir três áreas: dinâmica veicular, instrumentação e metrologia. / [en] Experimental analysis is very important to know the characteristics of any product. The tests results can be used in researches or be compared with default values. In the second case it is necessary follow certain procedures that are described in standards and to compare the value of product s characteristics with the standard s requirements. Within the Basic Industrial Technology Domain, this activity is commonly designated as conformity assessment. But to measure these characteristics is necessary to use instruments. The instrumentation is the most important part in this process because if inadequate instruments are used, the result of the measurement will be incorrect and the errors may be great. Then it is necessary that the instruments had been correctly calibrated and have an adequate good accuracy, low uncertainty and ensure the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements. Metrology is the science dealing with metrology reliability. In automotive tests happen the same, however it is necessary knowledge about vehicular dynamic too, to know how and what will be measured. The Brazilian Army Marambaia Proving Ground has an equipment used to vehicles evaluation that measure speed and distance using a non-contact optical sensor and a data acquisition system. This masters degree dissertation proposes an alternative for this equipment s Central Processing Unit substituting it for a laptop with a data acquisition board and a specific software with data processing tools to process the same non-contact optical sensor s signals. However this is not enough, it s necessary a metrological approach of the data acquisition system to ensure the uncertainty of measurement and avoid false accept risk and false reject risk. In the context of the developed metrological approach, both the measurement systems were evaluated, the system originally in use and the alternative system proposed that will substitute the first. The knowledge about the associated uncertainties constitute a strategic resource to the important stage of the used equipment s calibration. To carry through this work it was necessary to join three areas: vehicular dynamic, instrumentation and metrology.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-19T13:31:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Juliana Espindola Scofano.pdf: 3134461 bytes, checksum: b3a168bb1db1b00562c5aaa29b7f2ed3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-19T13:31:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Juliana Espindola Scofano.pdf: 3134461 bytes, checksum: b3a168bb1db1b00562c5aaa29b7f2ed3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Since the late 1980s to the present day, the production of organic food has been suffering from expansion and contraction cycles, depending on the location, driven by public policy, the market demand in European, American and Asian countries. These cycles occur both in export markets (low income countries), as in the importing markets (high-income countries). Among the producers markets, Argentina is highlighted in Latin America, where the organic production area has suffered decline since 2009. In high-income countries, Australia is the country with the largest organic area certified. The production of organic food has forced countries to establish mechanisms for ensuring organic quality. The standardization process began with IFOAM in 1981, private organization, with France the first country to regulate in the same years. Currently in several countries it is accepted more than a guarantee mechanism of organic quality. Certification by audit (individual and group) is still the main form of security, but the participatory guarantee systems (GSP) organic quality are being broadcast around the world, including some studies for the recognition of SPG's in countries where Certification is the main form of control. / Desde o final dos anos de 1980 at? os dias atuais, a produ??o de alimentos org?nicos vem sofrendo ciclos de expans?o e retra??o, dependendo do local, impulsionados por pol?ticas p?blicas e pela demanda de mercado nos pa?ses europeus, americanos e asi?ticos. Esses ciclos acontecem tanto nos mercados exportadores (pa?ses de baixa renda), como nos mercados importadores (pa?ses de alta renda). Entre os mercados produtores, a Argentina ? destaque na Am?rica Latina, onde a ?rea de produ??o org?nica vem sofrendo queda desde 2009. Nos pa?ses de alta renda, a Austr?lia ? o pa?s com maior ?rea org?nica certificada. A produ??o de alimentos org?nicos obrigou os pa?ses a criarem mecanismos para garantir a qualidade org?nica. O processo de normaliza??o iniciou-se com a IFOAM em 1981, organiza??o privada, sendo a Fran?a o primeiro pa?s a regulamentar no mesmo ano. Atualmente em diversos pa?ses do mundo aceita-se mais de um mecanismo de garantia da qualidade org?nica. A certifica??o por auditoria (individual e em grupo) ainda ? a principal forma de garantia, mas os sistemas participativos de garantia (SPG) da qualidade org?nica est?o sendo difundidos em todo o mundo, inclusive h? estudos para o reconhecimento dos SPG?s em pa?ses onde a certifica??o ? a principal forma de controle

O processo de liberação da operação comercial de um túnel rodoviário, sempre é realizada sobre a pressão típica do final de um cronograma, cujo prazo final, está em vias de se esgotar. Por outro lado considerando os relevantes riscos envolvidos com a operação de um túnel, o órgão público que libera o início da operação comercial (Artesp no caso do Estado de São Paulo), deve ter plena certeza que a nova estrutura está pronta a utilização e apresenta-se totalmente preparada a atender os requisitos mínimos de segurança. O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de avaliação de conformidade aderente a NBR ISO/IEC 17020:2006 - avaliação de conformidade com os critérios gerais para o funcionamento de diferentes tipos de organismos que executam inspeções. Para tanto foi realizado um extenso e minucioso trabalho de identificação dos requisitos aplicáveis, concatenando as referências internacionais de túneis, o modus operandi nacional e a ferramenta gerenciamento de riscos, que resultaram numa proposta de metodologia de avaliação de conformidade composta por onze atividades, que aplicadas permitem avaliar as condições de liberação ao uso e operação comercial de túneis rodoviários. / The process of releasing the commercial operation of a road tunnel is always done under the typical pressure of a chronogram deadline. On the other hand, considering the relevant risks involved with the tunnel operation, the public institution that releases the beginning of the commercial operation (ARTESP, in the case of São Paulo State), should be totally sure that the new structure is ready to be used and shows it is completely prepared to meet the needs of the minimum security requirements. The present work proposes an evaluation methodology of adherent conformity the NBR ISO/IEC 17020:2006 Conformity evaluation with the general criteria for the functioning of different types of organisms that perform inspections. In order to do so, a large and detailed work of identification of the applicable requirements, linking together the international references of tunnels, national way of working and the tool Management of Risks, that ended in a proposal of conformity evaluation methodology composed by eleven activities, that if applied, allow evaluation of the releasing conditions to the use and commercial operation of road tunnels.

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among individual values, trait boredom, job boredom, job characteristics, and CWB. Job boredom and trait boredom were expected to be positively related to CWB. Individual values and job characteristics were expected to moderate the relationship between boredom and different types of CWB. Completed online questionnaires were received from 211 participants, and 112 co-worker matches also submitted online surveys. The Schwartz Value Survey, Job Descriptive Index, Job Boredom Scale, and Boredom Proneness Scale were used to assess independent variables. The Counterproductive Work Behavior Checklist measured the dependent variable. Results were analyzed using correlation and moderated regression. Both trait boredom and job boredom showed large significant correlations with all forms of CWB. Additionally, co-worker reported job boredom showed significant correlations with some forms of CWB. Values showed small and mostly non-significant relationships with CWB and no moderating effects on the boredom/CWB relationship. Job characteristics showed relationships with some forms of CWB but did not interact with boredom in its effects on CWB. In general, moderating effects were not found in the relationships among boredom, values, job characteristics, and CWB. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The impacts of emissions sources of carbon monoxide and particulate matter pollution levels for projected level conformity assessment and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analyses are usually estimated through computer-aided models. Because of the involvement and interaction of a large number of variables that affect formation of CO and PM hot spots, exhaustive impact assessment studies can be time consuming. This is especially true for complex urban projects consisting of numerous roadways whose potential CO and PM impacts on surrounding neighborhoods must be disclosed. A highway project may consist of hundreds of roadway links, therefore undertaking project level conformity analysis without screening tools can be computationally resource intensive. CALINE4, a line source emission modeling tool, is used to predict downwind CO and PM concentrations for various receptors to generate a learning dataset for development of screening rules. This research has developed statistical screening criteria based on Classification and Regression Tree modeling that can be used to eliminate those links from the CALINE4 analysis whose contribution of pollutant concentration to a particular receptor site are insignificant. For the purpose of this study, any link that contributes a concentration of 0 ppm of CO or 0 µg/m3 of PM to a particular receptor site is termed insignificant for the corresponding pollutant. The model uses seven predictor variables, namely wind speed, wind directional variability, linear emission flux, link length and receptor polar coordinates. Response vector has two classes of pollutant concentrations namely significant and insignificant which are obtained by conversion of numerical values of pollutant concentration according to above mentioned criterion, thereby converting a regression problem into categorical or classification problem. The developed rules based on constructed model were validated through test samples and can be applied to future dataset to classify and screen out the insignificant links in highway planning analyses. The screening tool also allows analysts to prepare gridded pollution concentration predictions for use in environmental justice analyses.

Thesis (M.S.)--The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2008. / Directed by Marion O'Brien; submitted to the Dept. of Human Development and Family Studies. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Apr. 13, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-38).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VilsonRR.pdf: 664562 bytes, checksum: 2161eaac4d687b2ded4c5599d576cc33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-13 / This research presents an outlook of the industries of red ceramic in the region next to the city of Teresina and an analysis of the ceramic products producted in this pole. The microregion investigated possesses 13 boroughs where were identified 32 ceramic in operation, being that 24 are located in Teresina, the ceramic region more important of Piau?, 1 is located in the city of Miguel Le?o and 7 is located in Timon city that belongs to the state of Maranh?o. The majority of ceramics are pulverized in these two cities, Teresina and Timon , responsible by a largely production independent of distance between fabric and consumer market. Furthermore, there is an artisanal production realized in other boroughs, mainly manual conformation bricks, where are producted diverse types of handicraft and ceramics utilitarian. The objective of this research is to evalue the conformity of ceramic blocks for brick of obstruction made by red ceramic industry of microregion at studying, verifying their pontentialities and adequacy in terms of production. In this research universe made a search of ceramic industries related to the Foundation CEPRO (Foundation Center of Research Social and Economic of Piau?). For the analysis of the ceramic products , were colected 60 crude bricks sample in three industries for their characterization, and 39 burned bricks sample for the Evaluation of Conformity. The results of the characterization made reached a accetptable standard in all formulations and temperature studied. The burned samples were applied to the geometric, physical and mechanical assays according to the ABNT standards (Brazilian Association of Technical Standards). The results of the physical assays showed that all the samples are at the same band recommended by standard. However, through the geometric assays just two industries did not present results according to the standard, due to lack of control in their process such as in their equipments. Taking into account the mechanical properties, only one industry investigated was not according to the standard / Esta pesquisa apresenta um panorama das ind?strias de cer?mica vermelha na Regi?o Integrada de Desenvolvimento da Grande Teresina e uma an?lise dos produtos cer?micos fabricados nesse p?lo. A microrregi?o em estudo possui 13 munic?pios onde foram identificadas 32 cer?micas em atividades, sendo que 24 est?o situadas na cidade de Teresina, o p?lo cer?mico de maior import?ncia do Piau?, 1 na cidade de Miguel Le?o e 7 no munic?pio de Timon, no vizinho estado do Maranh?o, que faz parte da grande Teresina. A maioria das cer?micas est? pulverizada nestas duas Cidades, Teresina e Timon, respons?veis por uma produ??o largamente independente da dist?ncia entre f?brica e mercado consumidor. Al?m dessas, h? a produ??o artesanal realizada nos demais munic?pios, principalmente, tijolos de conforma??o manual, onde tamb?m s?o produzidos diversos tipos de artesanato e utilit?rios cer?micos. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? avaliar a conformidade de blocos cer?micos para alvenaria de veda??o, produzidos pela ind?stria de cer?mica vermelha da microrregi?o em estudo, verificando suas potencialidades e adequa??o em termos produtivos. Para defini??o do universo da pesquisa, fez-se um levantamento das ind?strias cer?micas junto ? Funda??o CEPRO (Funda??o Centro de Pesquisas Econ?micas e Sociais do Piau?). Para a an?lise dos produtos cer?micos, foram coletadas 60 amostras de tijolos verdes em tr?s ind?strias, para a caracteriza??o desses produtos e 39 amostras de tijolos queimados, para a avalia??o da conformidade. Os resultados das caracteriza??es realizadas apresentaram um padr?o aceit?vel em todas as formula??es e temperaturas estudadas. As amostras queimadas foram submetidas aos ensaios geom?tricos, f?sicos e mec?nicos de acordo com as normas da ABNT (Associa??o Brasileira de Normas T?cnicas). Os resultados dos ensaios f?sicos mostraram que todas as amostras est?o dentro da faixa recomenda pela norma. J? nos ensaios geom?tricos, duas ind?strias apresentaram resultados n?o conforme com a norma, devido ? falta de controle nos seus processos e nos equipamentos. Quanto ?s propriedades mec?nicas, apenas uma ind?stria pesquisada n?o atendeu ? norma, devido ao fato do controle inadequado do seu processo

Ce travail de thèse se propose d’étudier tout d’abord le rôle majeur de l’effet de conformité, qui consiste en la reprise de caractéristiques de l’existant dans l’activité de conception, pour ensuite étudier ses effets sur l’appréciation esthétique des pages web réalisées, par des utilisateurs. Nos hypothèses générales sont, d’une part, que l’effet de conformité, décrit par une grande partie de la littérature comme un effet négatif et difficilement répressible peut être optimisé par les conditions de consultation des sources d’inspiration et améliorer ainsi l’utilisabilité des pages web. D’autre part, nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’amélioration de l’utilisabilité des pages web peut avoir un impact significatif sur l’expérience utilisateur et influencer les différents facteurs qui la compose, comme l’esthétique et l’utilisabilité perçue. Les résultats des six expériences menées auprès de concepteurs professionnels de sites web et d’utilisateurs du web ont montré d’une part qu’il est possible de contraindre l’effet de conformité et comment, dans une perspective applicative, utiliser cette influence pour optimiser la prise en compte de l’utilisabilité. Et d’autre part que cette amélioration de l’utilisabilité influence, dans une certaine mesure, l’appréciation esthétique des pages web par les utilisateurs / This thesis work proposes to study first the role of the fixation effect, which involves reworking of the existing features in the design activity, and then study its effects on the assessment aesthetic web pages made by users. Our general hypotheses are, firstly, that the fixation effect, described by much of the literature as a negative and repressible can be optimized by the conditions of consultation of the inspiration sources and thus improve the usability of web pages. Furthermore, we hypothesize that improving the usability of web pages can have a significant impact on user experience and influence factors that compose it, such as aesthetics and perceived usability. The results of six experiments conducted with professional web designers and web users have shown firstly that it is possible to constrain the fixation effect and how, in an application perspective, use this influence to optimize the consideration of usability. And secondly that the improvement of usability influence, to a certain extent, the aesthetic appreciation of web pages by users.

A partir de um alerta internacional emitido pelas autoridades sanitárias francesas no ano de 2010 com respeito a altas taxas de ruptura de implantes mamários da marca Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP), a Agência de Vigilância Sanitária brasileira (ANVISA) suspendeu a importação, distribuição, comércio e uso destes implantes no país. Visando manter a qualidade destes produtos no mercado brasileiro, a partir de março de 2012 – conforme publicado pelo Instituto Nacional de Metrologia (INMETRO) – foi instituída a certificação compulsória dos implantes mamários e em seguida definidos os ensaios através dos quais os implantes mamários devem ter sua conformidade avaliada, sendo esses ensaios mecânicos e químicos. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de equipamentos e metodologia para avaliação da conformidade de dois ensaios mecânicos em implantes mamários: ensaio de fadiga e ensaio de resistência ao impacto. Duas normas foram utilizadas para o processo de acreditação: ISO 14607 – Non - active surgical implants – Mammary implants – Particular Requirements, e ABNT NBR ISO 14607 – Implantes cirúrgicos não ativos – Implantes mamários – Requisitos particulares. Os equipamentos utilizados foram desenvolvidos e construídos ao longo do desenvolvimento deste estudo e os testes foram realizados em implantes mamários da marca PIP obtidos junto a ANVISA. A primeira etapa consistiu em organizar os documentos necessários para acreditação junto ao INMETRO e, após, ensaios os ensaios foram realizados. Ao todo trinta e cinco implantes foram ensaiados – 31 na primeira parte do trabalho e 04 na segunda – e analisados em lupa para verificação de defeitos causados pelos testes como: fraturas, cortes, alteração de forma, entre outros. Os equipamentos e metodologia desenvolvida atendem os requisitos de ambas as normas e permitem avaliação de conformidade de próteses mamárias comercializadas no país, no que diz respeito ao ensaio de fadiga e resistência ao impacto. / Due an international alert issued by French authorities in 2010 regarding high rupture rate of breast implants related to Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP), the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency has suspended the importation, distribution, commercialization and use of these implants into Brazil. In order to maintain the quality of these products in Brazilian market, on March 2012 – according published by National Institute of Metrology – it has been decided for compulsory certification of breast implants and then defined the tests through which these products have to be submitted for its conformity assessment, being these mechanical and chemical tests. This dissertation evaluates the development and methodology for conformity assessment of two mechanical tests on breast implants: fatigue and impact resistance test. The process was based on two standards: ISO 14607 and ABNT NBR ISO – Non - active surgical implants – Mammary implants – Particular Requirements. The equipment used was developed in the laboratory during the realization of this study and the tests were performed on implants produced by PIP provided by National Sanitary Surveillance Agency. It started with the organization of the documents to be sent to National Institute of Metrology, in order to ask the accreditation and then tests were performed. Thirty five implants were tested – 31 on first part of the work and 04 on the second one – and then analyzed to detect any anomaly that could be considered a defect such as: rupture, cuts, shape alteration, etc. The equipment and methodology has met the requirements from both standards and enable conformity assessment of breast implants commercialized in Brazil, regarding to fatigue and impact resistance tests.