The protection of the emerging right of conscientious objection to military service is one of the most challenging questions in international human rights law. The primary objective of this doctoral thesis is to clearly identify the minimum international legal standards on the phenomenon of conscientious objection to military service as emerging from the jurisprudence of international human rights bodies. Furthermore, this study aims to explore and assess how the Member States of the Council of Europe are effectively implementing these standards within their domestic laws and practice. The implementation of legal standards on conscientious objection in the Council of Europe varies considerably between the 47 Member States of the organisation due to a rapidly transforming sociopolitical landscape that affects the speed in which legislative and procedural amendments take place. Some of the themes explored throughout this thesis include: the legal contours of the right to conscientious objection to military service, including the grounds legally accepted to justify a conscientious objection; procedural guarantees with regard to the application process to be granted conscientious objectors status; the provision of accurate information to members of the public affected by mandatory military service and the extension of these principles to professional members of the armed forces. The thesis is structured as a thematic presentation of applicable international human rights standards and State practice and explores common issues, best practices and future challenges between the Member States of the organisation. The study does not merely aspire to describe the present situation in the Council of Europe, but rather aims to contribute to academic know ledge by proposing the development of a more coherent framework of legal and procedural obligations, based on the need to review and adapt national legislation in accordance to indicators and benchmarks derived from the Council's standard-setting policies.

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Den här uppsatsen undersöker Landstinget i Värmlands personaltidning Intryck och dess betydelse för organisationskulturen. Huvudsyftet med studien är att titta närmare på hur de fem olika yrkesgrupperna läkare, sjuksköterskor, undersköterskor, sjukgymnaster och dietister framställs i tidningen. Uppsatsen tittar också på hur personal inom yrkesgrupperna själva anser att de representeras i tidningen, samt om tidningens syfte når fram till personalen.   Studien utgår från teorier om kommunikation, internkommunikation, organisationsteori och organisationskultur. Ett viktigt begrepp för uppsatsen är bland annat transmissionsmodellen som ger en grundläggande syn på hur kommunikation fungerar genom en personaltidning.        För att uppnå uppsatsens syfte har en fallstudie, genom två metoder, gjorts. Personaltidningen Intryck analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där tre frågor ställdes till texterna: Hur framställs yrkesrollerna i tidningen?, Fokuserar texterna på team eller individer? och Är kommunikationen tillgänglig för alla? Frågorna syftade till att få svar på uppsatsens övergripande frågeställning angående hur yrkesrollerna framställs. Den andra metoden var en enkätundersökning som riktades till urvals-yrkesgrupperna läkare, sjuksköterska, undersköterska, sjukgymnast och dietist. Undersökningen gjordes på Centralsjukhuset i Karlstad och på de tre utvalda vårdcentralerna Västerstrands vårdcentral, Vårdcentralen Gripen och Kronoparkens vårdcentral. Samtliga vårdcentraler är belägna i Karlstads kommun. Enkätundersökningen syftade till att svara på två av uppsatsens frågeställningar: huruvida personaltidningen upplevs bidra till gemenskap inom organisationen samt vilket av personaltidningens syften som når fram till personalen.   Av den kvalitativa undersökningen av personaltidningen framkom vissa skillnader mellan hur de olika yrkesrollerna framställdes och då främst mellan läkare och sjuksköterskor. Slutsatsen blev att läkare framställs som "hjältefigurer", medan sjuksköterskorna förminskas och framställs som osäkra personer utan pondus. Svarsfrekvensen i enkätundersökningen visar att personalen anser att tidningen till viss del bidrar till Landstinget i Värmlands organisationskultur, samt att "Informera personalen om vad som händer på arbetsplatsen" är det syfte som i högst utsträckning når fram till den tillfrågade personalen. / This essay investigates the organizational staff magazine of county council in Värmland. The purpose of the essay is to investigate the culture in the organization and how the professional groups, doctors, nurses, assistant nurses, physiotherapist and dietitian, are being represented in the magazine. The essay also investigates if the professional groups find themselves represented in the magazine and if the professional groups understand the intention of the magazine.   Communication, internal communication, organizational theory and organizational culture are the theories of this essay. The model of transmission is one, among other, important tenets in the essay.   To secure the purpose of the essay the investigation was made by using content analysis and a survey. The content analysis gave the answers to three questions asked to the text. The questions were: ”How do the magazine represent the professional groups?”, ”Do the magazine focus on team or individuals?” and ”Do the readers understand the diction in the magazine?”. These three questions were used to answer the major purpose of the essay: ”How the professional groups, doctors, nurses, assistant nurses, physiotherapists and dietitians, are being represented in the magazine”. The survey was dispensed to the professional groups at Centralsjukhuset in Karlstad (the hospital in Karlstad) and to three care centres in Karlstad: Västerstrand care centre, Gripen care centre and Kronoparken care centre. The survey was made to answer two of the major questions of the essay: ”Does the magazine contribute to the organizational culture” and ”The magazine has several purposes – which one is the readers most aware of?”.   The result of the essay shows big differense between how the magazine represents the professional groups. The content analysis shows among other things that the doctors are represented as heroes and the nurses as a lower-ranking professional group. The result of the survey shows that the magazine is helping to build an organizational culture at the county council. ”To give the staff important information about the workplace” was the most frequent answer given to the question about the main purpose of the magazine.

Canadian federalism has experienced pressure for change in recent years. By the end of the twentieth century, collaboration became the catch word and federations throughout the world, including Canada, witnessed an emergent movement toward collaborative governance, collaborative public service delivery, collaborative management and collaborative approaches to addressing social and economic issues. But even if the number of collaborative arrangements has grown since the 1990s, the understanding of the design, management and performance of collaborative arrangements in the Canadian federation remains weak. Accordingly, this dissertation argues that, in order to understand and open the black box of intergovernmental collaboration, it is necessary to put collaboration in a historical context and explore the roles of elites and political institutions in shaping intergovernmental collaborative practices. The role of the former provides the necessary complement of agency, while that of the latter represents a perspective that gives theoretical importance to political institutions. The integration of the two theoretical schools, elite theory and historical institutionalism, into one approach constitutes an attractive solution and offers the tools necessary to explore the complex processes of intergovernmental collaboration. The theoretical framework constructed in this dissertation is then applied to analyze whether the Agreement on Internal Trade, the Social Union Framework Agreement and the Council of the Federation can be considered in reality as examples of collaborative federalism.

This research study deals mainly with the educator professionalisation in the post democratic South Africa, paying attention to the role of a professional council in promoting educator professionalism. The status and image of teaching in this country seem to have been viewed From the racial and cultural differences of communities previously. The democratic dispensation brought an end to this unfair racial and cultural discrimination in the education system through the establishment of a non-racial professional council for educators (i.e. SACE). The research aims are to determine: - The characteristics of a professions and those needed for educator professionalism; and - the role of the a professional council in promoting educator professionalisation. In order to attain the above-mentioned research aims, a literature review and an empirical investigation were undertaken. The literature study was used to clarify concepts such as occupation, semi-profession, profession, professionalisation and professional status. Secondly, characteristics or common features associated with traditional models of professions (ie. accounting, law and medicine) were discussed from a theoretical point of view. Lastly, the literature study highlighted the establishment of professional councils for educators in other parts of the world, including South Africa. The different forms of legislation and policy documents applicable in education were discussed. In order to determine the extent to which teaching adheres to or fulfils the characteristics associated with a profession, teaching was tested against these characteristics. The history of the establishment of SACE was briefly discussed and the objectives or role of this organisation in educator professionalisation concluded this chapter. The empirical research was conducted by using the questionnaire as a measuring instrument. The advantages and disadvantages of the questionnaire as measuring instrument were highlighted. The target population comprises of 239 educators from a total population of 2070 educators in Lejweleputswa and Northern Free State Education Districts -Free State Province. The data collected in the investigation was processed through the SAS computer package to establish frequencies and percentages of responses mean scores ranking, t-test procedures and the effect sizes. The results were then presented tables, analysed and interpreted in accordance with the literature study. The literature study revealed that like all other occupations, teaching aspires to attain recognition and status as a profession. It was also revealed that teaching partially satisfy characteristics associated with professions. The empirical study revealed that the employment of un- or under qualified educators is still prevalent in South African schools. In the last chapter, Chapter 5, conclusions from the literature review and empirical investigation were drawn. The recommendations with regard to the role of SACE in educator professionalisation were provided. Finally based on the research, future research studies in SACE and educator professionalism were recommended. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

The use of classical music as a tool of propaganda in Britain during the War can be seen to have been an effective deployment both of the German masters and of a new spirit of England in the furtherance of British values and its point of view. Several distinctions were made between various forms of propaganda and institutions of government played complementary roles during the War. Propaganda took on various guises, including the need to boost morale on the Home Front in live performances. At the outset of the War, orchestras were under threat, with the experience of the London Philharmonic exemplifying the difficulties involved in maintaining a professional standard of performance. The activities of bodies such as the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts played a role in encouraging music, as did the British Council’s Music Advisory Committee, which co-operated with the BBC and the government, activities including the commissioning of new music. The BBC’s policies towards music broadcasting were arrived at in reaction to public demand rather than from an ideological basis and were developed through the increasing monitoring of German broadcasts and a growing understanding of what was required for both home and overseas transmission. Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony became an important part of the Victory campaign and there was even an attempt at reviving the Handel Cult of the Nineteenth Century. German music was also used in feature film but pre-eminent composers such as William Walton and Ralph Vaughan Williams contributed to the War effort by writing film music too. The outstanding example is Vaughan Williams’ music for Powell and Pressburger’s Ministry of Information sponsored 49th Parallel, in which the relationship between music and politics is made in a reference to Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain. Vaughan Williams’ non-film output included the greatest British orchestral work to have come out of the War, his Fifth Symphony; a work that encapsulated all the values that the institutions of public life sought to promote.

The principal investigator (PI) for this study analyzed mean scores on the National Counselor Examination (NCE) of students from CACREP accredited and non- CACREP accredited programs. Data was provided by the National Board of Certified Counselors, Inc., for a total of ten examination administrations across six years. The fourteen variables examined in the study consisted of the eight common-core knowledge domains identified in CACREP standards, the five counselor work behavior areas identified by NBCC via periodic job analysis of counseling practice, and one overall or total score on the NCE. NCE mean scores of students from CACREP accredited programs were higher than NCE mean scores of students from non-CACREP accredited programs on all variables across all ten NCE administrations. Data seem to indicate that students from CACREP accredited programs perform significantly better on the NCE than students from non-CACREP accredited programs, in all fourteen variables. Sample size was large, totaling 9707, so the PI calculated effect sizes using Cohen's d for each variable to aid interpretation of statistical significance. Five variables had large effect sizes of .70 or higher. The higher effect size statistics were associated with the counselor work behavior areas, with the highest effect size (.85) associated with the overall, or total, score on the NCE. Statistically significant results in the counselor work behavior areas, in the presence of large effect size statistics, may represent reasonably good support for CACREP accredited programs' superiority in developing overall counselor clinical skills and knowledge beyond simply content knowledge. Additionally, the large effect size of the Total Score variable might be interpreted to indicate that student knowledge gained from CACREP accredited programs is superior to student knowledge gained from non-CACREP accredited programs.

This study was designed to measure the effectiveness of accreditation standards (specifically, CACREP Standards for counselor education programs) on the development of counseling skills. A measure of counseling skill (The Counselor Rating Form-Short Version) was used to measure the counseling skills of counselor trainees from various masters programs. These students were enrolled in a doctoral program in counselor education and were taking their first semester practicum. A T-Test of Independent Means revealed that the student counselors from CACREP accredited masters programs scored significantly higher on the CRF-S than did students from non CACREP accredited programs. These students generally had higher levels of counseling skill as judged by this measure. Given the convenience of the sample and its size, results must be analyzed carefully. These results do, however, seem to suggest the necessity of further study. There are several conclusions that may be reasonably drawn from these results. The emphasis that the CACREP Standards place on the supervised experience may account for the difference in skill levels between the two groups. Prior research and student self-report support this theory. The fact that these requirements are daunting to unaccredited programs suggests a gap in experiential learning between the two groups.

Le comité d’entreprise, institution représentative du personnel chargée d’assurer « une expression collective des salariés » dans l’entreprise a une mission sociale et culturelle d’une part, économique et professionnelle d’autre part. En matière économique ses attributions ont été marquées par de profonds changements depuis sa création en 1945. A l’origine, le comité était doté d’une mission de coopération avec l’employeur, abandonnée en 1982 au profit d’une mission de contrôle de la décision patronale. Le législateur et le juge ont conféré à ce contrôle des moyens toujours plus importants, ceux-ci restant cependant sans conséquence sur la décision finale. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer la nature de ce contrôle atypique coexistant avec l’autre forme de participation des salariés qu’est la représentation syndicale. Une autre évolution, plus diffuse, se perçoit dans les attributions économiques du comité d’entreprise depuis le début du XXIème siècle : celle d’un possible retour à l’idée de coopération, initié par le droit de l’Union européenne qui se réfère à cette notion pour définir la relation entre représentants des travailleurs et direction. Le deuxième objectif de cette étude est d’identifier les éléments de notre droit caractérisant cette évolution. Celle-ci semble emprunter deux voies distinctes : d’une part, un accroissement du dialogue entre l’employeur et le comité quand ce dernier devient acteur de la négociation collective ; d’autre part, une négociation sur les attributions économiques, qui aboutit à l’inclusion du comité dans un processus global de concertation tout en permettant son association plus en amont de la décision patronale. / A Works Council is a company institution designed to express the workers ’collective wishes. Its mission is social and cultural as well as professional and economic. Its economic roles have been marked by some major changes since its introduction in 1945.Originally the Council was entrusted with a mission of cooperation with the management which gave way to monitoring the management’s decisions in 1982. Though new laws and court decisions have contributed to giving the Council an increasing importance in that respect, it has no sway over final decisions.The first objective of this research is to determine the exact nature of this atypical function in relation with another form of workers ’participation: the Workers ’Union. Another more subtle evolution can be perceived in the Council’s economic roles since the beginning of the 21st century: by referring to the notion of cooperation the European Union law has made it possible to restore the Council’s mission to define the relations between the workers’ representatives and the management.The second objective of this work is to identify the elements in our present French Labour Regulations characterizing this evolution, which appears to be twofold. On the one hand the dialogue between the management and the Council is enhanced when the latter takes an active part in joint negotiations. On the other hand negotiating on the Council’s economic roles has led to its involvement in the global process of consultations with the possibility of being associated earlier with the management’s final decisions.

In 2015, South Africa withdrew from the International Criminal Court asserting United Nation’s Security Council bias in referring only African cases (Strydom October 15, 2015; Duggard 2013) and the United Kingdom reiterated a pledge to withdraw from the European Court of Human Rights, asserting that the court impinges on British sovereignty (Watt 2015). Both are examples of extraterritorial courts which are an important part of regional and global jurisprudence. To contribute to our understanding of the relationship between states and extraterritorial courts, I examine arguably the first and best example of an extraterritorial court, namely the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC). Drawing on 50 British Commonwealth states, this dissertation explores the factors influencing the decision to accede to an extraterritorial court and why some states subsequently opt to sever ties. I build on Dahl’s theory (1957) that the nation’s highest court interacts with the governing coalition and, for the most part, serves as an ally and uphold its policies. I argue that that governing coalition wants the final appellate court that they most expect to be an ally and extend this expectation to extraterritorial courts. As a result, the governing coalition looks at the court more critically. States may change or abolish the jurisdiction of the court if it undermines or seems likely to undermine state policy. Examining this phenomenon across the British Commonwealth provides comparative insights into how governing coalitions may view extraterritorial courts.