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Objective: Empirical literature on the interpersonal reactions elicited by exposure to a depressed individual identified two basic reactions: depressed mood induction and rejection of the depressed person. Relatively not many empirical studies is devoted to the topic of therapists' own experiences when working with depressive clients, although working with depressive clients burdens therapists themselves significantly. This study explores how therapists experience psychotherapy sessions with a currently depressive client and presents a processual theoretical model of the researched phenomenon. Method: Individual and focus group interviews were conducted with 30 therapists of various theoretical orientations, yielding a set of 22 in-session event descriptions. The grounded theory method was used as a methodological framework for the analysis. Results: The therapists' experience was conceptualized as Experiential oscillation between gravitating towards a client's depressive experience and moving away from it. It's evolvement over the course of a session is depicted by a model of Depression Co-experiencing Trajectory with six phases: 1. Sharing depressive experience, 2. Turning to oneself, 3. Striving for symptom change, 4. Distancing from depressive experience, 5. Turning to a client, 6. Focusing on...

My aim was to explore the experiences of social workers working with unaccompanied refugee children when hearing traumatic narratives shared by the children. This is a qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews with three social workers with experience of working with these children in the social services in Sweden. The transcribed interviews have been interpreted with themes and the theoretical framework used is countertransference and vicarious trauma theory. The result shows that all the informants have been influenced by the traumatic narratives they have heard and their interaction with the client was affected by their personal experiences. The result also shows that a trustful relationship between the client and the social worker is fundamental for good communication, but also that more education and knowledge combined with support from the workplace and opportunities to exchange knowledge contribute to developing good and respectful interactions with clients.

Therapists’ reactions towards patients are important for the therapeutic process, and is influenced by therapist and patient characteristics. This study aimed to improve the understanding of therapists’ emotional reactions by investigating if patients’ attachment and ability to mentalize predicted therapist countertransference in psychotherapy. Multilevel modeling was used to analyse 87 therapy-dyads in psychotherapy. Patient attachment, measured pre-treatment using self-reports, and mentalization operationalized as Reflective functioning (RF) were hypothesized to predict therapist self-reported emotional experiences (conceptualized as countertransference) over the complete treatment and in different treatment phases. Results showed that lower patient RF predicted more negative therapist countertransference in complete treatment. In the middle and final phases of therapy, lower RF predicted more negative countertransference, and higher RF predicted more positive countertransference. Higher level of avoidant attachment in patients predicted more relaxed therapist countertransference in the final phase of treatment. Findings indicate that patients’ mentalizing ability is important to consider in psychotherapy, as it has informational value for the therapeutic process. / Terapeuters reaktioner gentemot patienter är en viktig del i den psykoterapeutiska processen, och påverkas av terapeuters och patienters personliga egenskaper. Den här studien syftade till att utvidga förståelsen för terapeuters känslomässiga reaktioner genom att undersöka om patienters anknytning och mentaliseringsförmåga predicerar terapeuters motöverföring i psykoterapi. Multilevel-modeling användes för att analysera 87 behandlingsdyader i psykoterapi. Patienters anknytning, mätt innan behandling genom självskattning, och mentalisering operationaliserat som reflektivt fungerande (RF) förväntades predicera terapeuters självskattade emotionella upplevelser (konceptualiserat som motöverföring) över hela behandlingsperioden och i olika behandlingsfaser. Resultaten visade att lägre RF hos patienter predicerade mer negativ motöverföring hos terapeuter över hela behandlingsperioden. I mitten- och slutfaserna av terapin predicerade lägre RF mer negativ motöverföring, och högre RF predicerade mer positiv motöverföring. Högre nivåer av undvikande anknytning hos patienter predicerade mer avslappnad motöverföring hos terapeuter i slutfasen. Fynden indikerar att patienters mentaliseringsförmåga är viktigt att beakta i psykoterapi, eftersom det har informativt värde för den terapeutiska processen.

The current study investigated preliminarily therapists’ countertransference (CT) behavior and alliance quality as a function of therapist self-insight, a central CT management factor. Eight therapist-trainees were rated by a clinical supervisor on their degree of self-insight and then assigned to a high or low self-insight group. The groups were compared on therapist CT behavior, from both therapist and supervisor perspectives, and on patient-perceived alliance quality. Effect size estimates suggested that high self-insight therapists displayed more CT behaviors than low self-insight therapists (with small to medium effects), and that patients of high self-insight therapists reported higher alliance scores (with a medium effect). These findings, albeit preliminary and requiring replication with a larger sample, support the notion that self-insight plays a role in therapists’ use of CT reactions in the service of effective therapeutic interventions.

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[pt] Esta pesquisa procura apresentar os elementos básicos para o diálogo entre a Psicanálise e a Teologia Pastoral. Tal diálogo foi visto por muito tempo como impossível de acontecer. Muitos pensadores, de ambas as áreas, defenderam a ideia que a psicanálise e fé eram antagônicas entre si. Contudo, a discussão é fundamental para tensionar os dois polos de modo a perceber que psicanálise e religião, ou melhor, psicanálise e teologia pastoral podem sim ser grandes aliadas. No presente trabalho serão investigados a proximidade de Freud com a religião, principalmente a partir do seu diálogo com o amigo, psicanalista e pastor protestante Oskar Pfister; e também os fenômenos da transferência e contratransferência, que são tão caras para psicanálise, sendo percebidas por Freud e outros psicanalistas como uns dos principais elementos que levam ao sucesso ou ao fracasso na clínica psicanalítica. Através de uma inter-relação entre as questões abordadas, a pesquisa buscará apontar como o aconselhamento pastoral pode se beneficiar do conhecimento sobre o fenômeno da transferência: primeiro para saber os limites do aconselhamento e a possível necessidade de direcionamento a um profissional adequado; segundo, com o entendimento sobre como se manifesta a transferência do aconselhado e a contratransferência do conselheiro, de modo a ter um ambiente conciliador entre a pessoa que sofre e o conselheiro que a acolhe. Um aconselhamento pastoral que leva em conta os aspectos transferenciais é, portanto, uma pastoral que se preocupa com o indivíduo por completo, não apenas observando o que é dito, mas também toda a história daquele que sofre. / [en] The aim of the research is to present the basic elements for the dialogue between Psychoanalysis and Pastoral Counseling. Such dialogue was long seen as impossible to happen. Many thinkers, of both fields, defended the idea that Psychoanalysis and faith were antagonistic to each other. However, the discussion is essential to tension the two poles in order to realize that psychoanalysis and religion, or rather, psychoanalysis and pastoral theology can indeed be great allies. In the present work, will be investigated the proximity of Freud with religion, mainly from his dialogue with his friend, the psychoanalyst and Protestant pastor Oskar Pfister; and also the phenomenon of transference and countertransference, which are so important to psychoanalysis, being perceived by Freud and other psychoanalysts as one of the main elements that lead to the success or failure in the psychoanalytic clinic. Through an interrelationship between the two issues addressed, the research will seek to point out how pastoral counseling can benefit from knowledge about the phenomenon of transference: first to know the limits of counseling and the possible need for direction to a suitable professional; second, with the understanding of how the transference of the counselee and the countertransference of the counselor are manifested, in order to have a conciliatory environment between the person who suffers and the counselor who welcomes him. Therefore, a Pastoral counseling that takes into account the transference aspects is a pastoral that cares about the individual completely, not only observing what is said, but also the whole story of the one who suffers.

A questão que originou esta pesquisa surgiu da clínica, campo de investigação e reduto de trabalho do psicanalista. Ao observar a mudança de constelações psíquicas que vêm se apresentando no consultório, e constatar os limites que a técnica clássica impõe à escuta psicanalítica, fez-se necessário conhecer outras teorias e técnicas que possibilitassem a ampliação da sensibilidade clínica, buscando, via contratransferência, uma forma de escutar os conteúdos psíquicos de pacientes com falha no processo de simbolização. O trabalho de investigação visou então desenvolver e sustentar a tese de que a perlaboração da contratransferência pode ser um importante recurso que coloca à disposição do trabalho analítico o material necessário para realizar construções em análise de representações-coisa. Os argumentos são construídos em três etapas: aproximação dos conceitos de contratransferência e de perlaboração, sustentando a primeira proposição da tese de perlaboração da contratransferência; apresentação dos aportes teóricos relativos ao conceito de contratransferência, desenvolvidos por autores pós-freudianos, e descrição do trabalho psicanalítico, lançando luz na metapsicologia do analista, composta, precisamente, dos processos psíquicos envolvidos na perlaboração da contratransferência, quais sejam, empatia, identificação projetiva em sua forma comunicativa e rêverie. Entendemos que esses três conceitos operando juntos permitem sustentar a dimensão estética da contratransferência, que, via trabalho do analista, disponibiliza material para realizar a figurabilidade necessária às simbolizações primárias. Trata-se do último passo da tese, que é sustentar a proposição dequea perlaboração da contratransferência é uma etapa sinequa non das construções em análise. O modelo de trabalho que propomos como paradigma deste modo de psicanalisar é o da Gradiva, que encontra na sua própria alucinação a forma de rememoração e perlaboração das cadeias representacionais interrompidas no psiquismo de Hanold. Os argumentos foram desenvolvidos a partir dos seguintes historiais clínicos de autores consagrados na psicanálise: o Homem dos Lobos, a análise de Margareth Little com Winnicott, o caso de análise mútua de Elizabeth Severn e por fim, o caso Didier da psicanalista Julia Kristeva. O percurso nos levou a contribuir com o campo científico a partir de três pontos: compreender como o psicanalista realiza este trabalho; alçar a contratransferência a uma dimensão estética, que visa dar forma e sentido quando há falhas nesses aspectos no analisando, e, sobretudo, recuperar o conceito de alucinação como processo de rememoração, sendo esta compreendida como a matriz da criação simbólica / The question that originated this research arose from the clinic, field of investigation and heartland of work of the psychoanalyst. When observing the change in psychic constellations that are appearing in the practice, and verifying the limits that the classical technique imposes to the psychoanalytical´s listening, it became necessary to know other theories and techniques that would allow the amplification of the clinical sensitivity, seeking, via countertransference, a way of listening to the psychic contents of patients with failure in the process of symbolization.The research work aimed at developing and sustaining the thesis that the perlaboration of the countertransference can be an important resource that makes available to the analytical work the material necessary to perform constructions in analysis of thing representations. The arguments are constructed in three stages: approximation of the concepts of countertransference and perlaboration, underpinning the first proposition of the thesis of perlaboration of countertransference; presentation of the theoretical contributions on the concept of countertransference, developed by post-Freudian authors, and description of psychoanalytic work, throwing light on the analyst\'s metapsychology, precisely composed by the psychic processes involved in the perlaboration of countertransference, namely, empathy, projective identification in its communicative and rêverie forms.We understand that these three concepts working together allow us to underpin the aesthetic dimension of countertransference, which, through the work of the analyst, provides material to achieve the necessary figurability of primary symbolizations. This is the last step of the thesis, which is to underpin the proposition that the perlaboration of the countertransference is a sine qua non stage of the constructions in the analysis. The work model that we propose as a paradigm for this way of psychoanalysis is Gradiva\'s, who finds in its own hallucination the form of recalling and perlaboration of the representational chains interrupted in the psychism of Hanold. The arguments were developed from the following clinical histories of well-known authors in psychoanalysis: the Man of the Wolves, the analysis of Margareth Little with Winnicott, the case of mutual analysis of Elizabeth Severn and, finally, Didier case of the psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva.The course led us to contribute with the scientific field since three points: to comprehend how the psychoanalyst achieves this work; to elevate countertransference to an aesthetic dimension, which aims to give form and meaning when there are flaws in these aspects in the analysand, and, above all, to recover the concept of hallucination as a process of recalling, which is understood as the matrix of symbolic creation

This is a novel attempt to produce a rigorous mathematical model of a complex system. The complex system under study is the relationship between therapists and their clients. The success of psychotherapy depends on the nature of the relationship between a therapist and a client. We use dynamical systems theory to model the dynamics of the emotional interaction between a therapist and client. We determine how the therapeutic endpoint and the dynamics of getting there depend on the parameters of the model. ... We describe the emotional state of both the therapist and client with coupled, first order, nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE's). The rate of change of the emotional state of the therapist and client is proportional to their previous state, their uninfluenced state when alone, and an influence function which depends on the state of the other person. We formulated influence functions based on the research literature on psychotherapy and the therapeutic alliance. We then determined the critical points from the intersection of the nullclines and used a numerical ODE solver (Matlab ODE113) to compute the trajectories from different initial conditions. ... The results validate this prototypical approach to psychotherapy ; we have shown that human interaction (in the context of psychotherapy) can be quantified and modeled using differential equations. / by Michael Douglas Norman. / Vita. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

O presente estudo visa investigar a supervisão psicanalítica da ludoterapia de crianças que sofreram trauma e abandono, a partir da contribuição dos processos de transferência e contratransferência. Faz um estudo das relações transferenciais e contratransferenciais percebidas de forma mais destacada nas supervisões, utilizando como principal embasamento teórico, a literatura baseada na psicanálise inglesa, principalmente as concepções Kleinianas e pós-Kleinianas, partindo do pensamento de Freud, cujas formulações originaram e serviram de ponto de partida para os desenvolvimentos da teoria e da técnica psicanalítica. Ao discutir o trauma, o abandono, a ludoterapia e a supervisão psicanalítica, nesses contextos, utiliza-se, também, de elaborações teóricas de autores, como Anne Alvarez e contemporâneos, os quais tiveram grande interlocução com as teorias de Melanie Klein, e também conhecimentos provenientes de estudos e pesquisas de outras áreas que são compatíveis com esta orientação. Como material clínico, faz uso de transcrições de sessões de supervisão nas quais estão incluídas as transcrições de sessões feitas pelos psicoterapeutas para a supervisão. Para a análise do material, adota a postura investigativa própria da situação de supervisão psicanalítica sobre o que acontece nas relações paciente/supervisionando e supervisionando/supervisor. Conclui que o trauma e o abandono provocam perturbações e desorganizações psíquicas nas crianças que os sofrem, que são percebidas e vivenciadas de forma específica na sua relação com seu psicoterapeuta e na situação de supervisão. As dificuldades apresentadas na ludoterapia de crianças traumatizadas e abandonadas na instituição - as angústias mobilizadas pela realidade física e emocional delas, a transmissão dos sentimentos negativos do trauma e do abandono e convites à atuação e ao abandono do lugar de psicólogo e supervisor fazem parte da avalanche de sentimentos perturbadores, transferenciais e contratransferenciais, que envolvem psicólogos e supervisores no trabalho clínico com as crianças traumatizadas. / This study investigates the psychoanalytical supervision of the play therapy with children of have suffered trauma and abandonment, taking into account the transference and the countertransference processes in the supervision of these psychotherapeutic processes, in the view of the English psychoanalysis, in special of Melanie Klein and her followers. The discussion of the concepts of trauma and abandonment, and of the psychoanalytical supervision of play therapy in these contexts, considered also several authors who have great affinity with Kleins ideas, such as Anne Alvarez, as well as researches in other fields that were compatible with the same theoretical approach. The clinical material analysed was based in the transcriptions of the play therapy sessions with the children, brought by their psychotherapists to supervision. For this analysis it was adopted an investigative approach compatible with the psychoanalytical supervision, focussing in the relationship patient/psychotherapist, and in the relationship psychotherapist/supervisor. The investigation concluded that trauma and abandonment can cause psychological disorders in the children that were exposed to them, and these experiences have also specific influences in the child/psychotherapist relationship as well as in the psychotherapists supervision. The difficulties presented in the play therapy of traumatized and abandoned children living in a public institution, as well as the anguishes that their physical and emotional reality mobilized in their environment and in the psychotherapist, the transmission of the negative feelings related to their traumatic experiences and, the constant challenges to have acting-outs and to leave the role of psychotherapist and of supervisor, are all important elements in the transference and countertransference of the emotional disorder, that psychotherapist and supervisor have to face in their clinical work.