My interest in the process and effects of the witnessing act guides the purpose of this study. Here, I initiate a deeper understanding of the vicarious witnessing experience from the perspective of the witnessing participant. My central question is: How do individuals make sense of vicariously witnessing trauma through narrative, visual, and evidence-based representations of traumatic events in the concentration camps of Europe? Vicarious witnessing begins with abstract representations of the event. The evidence is witnessed firsthand, but the event itself is represented through various perspectives such as photographic or artistic images, survivor stories, or physical remnants. Witnessing the evidence evokes a potent embodied experience, so that a person can make the statement, "I have imagined what another has experienced, hence I believe I know." It is through the imagination that a witness forms a picture of the trauma. Undoubtedly, there is immense power in meeting another's experience in the realm of imagination. Compassionate action and social justice is based in this area of human empathy. To best achieve my purpose, I use a narrative method that involves two types of analysis, interpretive readings and narrative instances, as an approach to understand the participant's experience of vicarious witnessing. Participants in this study construct three types of narrative texts-written, spoken, and visual. Each textual perspective shapes the meaning that the participant attempts to express. As a first level of analysis, interpretive readings of the texts include general, specific, visual, and relational readings. Secondly, through exploring the interaction between various parts of these texts, and between the texts themselves, I explore three types of narrative instances--single-text, intratextual, and intertextual. Each analysis of a narrative instance is matched specifically to each participant, and I believe, is uniquely adequate for understanding the experience of vicarious witnessing. My inquiry outlines how individuals make sense of vicariously witnessing trauma, clarifies the meaning that participants make of the vicarious witnessing experience, shows the risks and coping involved in vicarious witnessing, and presents the kinds of social action that vicarious witnessing evokes. In the field of counselling psychology, the witnessing experience is an important aspect of trauma theory that has been left unexplored by psychologists. My research enlarges the social and theoretical conversation concerning the vicarious witnessing experience. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Inledning: Omedvetna processer är centralt i psykodynamiskt arbete. Idag innebär psykodynamisk terapi flera terapeutiska former, frågan är var det omedvetna tar plats i denna nya ordning? Övergripande syftet med denna undersökning är att beskriva hur psykoterapeuter använder sina teoretiska utgångspunkter om fenomenet det omedvetna i den kliniska praktiken. Frågeställningar: Hur arbetar terapeuterna med omedvetna processer? Vilka möjligheter och eller/svårigheter uppfattar man i arbetet med omedvetna processer? Metod: Fem psykoanalytiskt inriktade terapeuter intervjuades semi struktureratmed hjälp av en frågeguide. Bearbetning är utförd genom tematisk analys. Resultat: Samtliga terapeuter arbetar med det omedvetna som central utgångspunkt, det finns med som en arbetsmodell. Både patient och terapeut blir engagerade relationellt i ett arbete med omedvetna processer. Terapeuter arbetar olika beroende på patientens problematik och förmåga. Terapeuterna avänder även egna omedvetna förnimmelser i ett arbete med patientens omedvetna. Diskussion: Det är tydligt hur samtliga terapeuter alltid har med idén om det omedvetna in i sina arbeten, även om arbetet skiljer sig åt vad gäller patienttyper. Det omedvetna speglar sig relationellt. Enligt Milton, J (2001), handlar den psykoanalytiska modellen om att relationellt bli indragen som terapeut tillsammans med patienten i överföring och projektion. Metodval diskuteras. / Introduction: Unconscious processes are central to psychodynamic work. TodayPsychodynamic therapy involves several therapeutic forms, the question is where do the unconscious takes place in this new order? Overall purpose of thisstudy is to describe how psychotherapists use their theoreticalstarting points about the phenomenon of the unconscious in clinical practice. Questions: How do therapists work with unconscious processes? What opportunities and difficulties are perceived in the work with unconscious processes?Method: Five psychoanalytically oriented therapists are interviewed through semi-structured interviews and based on a question guide. Processing is performed through thematic analysis. Results: All therapists work with the unconscious as a central starting point, it is included as a working model. Both patient and therapist become involved relationally in a work with unconscious processes. Therapists work differently depending on the patient's problems and abilities. The therapists also use their own unconscious diminution in a work with the patient's unconscious. Discussion: It is clear how all therapists always carry the idea of the unconscious into their work, even if the work differs in terms of patient types. The unconscious is reflected relationally. According to Milton, J (2001), the psychoanalytic model is about being relationally involved as a therapist with the patient in transference and projection. Method choice is discussed.

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[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as contradições e possibilidades clínicas inauguradas pelo conceito de regressão. Partiremos das postulações freudianas, nas quais abordaremos a regressão em seu aspecto intrapsíquico, sendo associada aos processos oníricos e de formação sintomática, para depois seguirmos com autores que consideramos relacionais. Dentre eles, o primeiro a ser abordado é o húngaro Sándor Ferenczi, quem primeiro apresenta a regressão enquanto fenômeno clínico e destaca a importância dos processos internos do analista na relação terapêutica. Em sua esteira, seguiremos com Donald Winnicott e Michael Balint. Veremos nas contribuições dos dois autores uma descrição mais detalhada e assertiva sobre os estados regressivos. Em todos os três autores, na medida em que tratamos do fenômeno da regressão, estaremos cotejando também as ideias de contratransferência e as teorias acerca da constituição subjetiva. Em uma última parte do trabalho faremos uma aproximação da clínica contemporânea em uma tentativa de descrever como o conceito da regressão é um que exprime inovações importantes para se pensar a clínica hoje. Veremos como as discussões acerca do conceito ao longo da história da psicanálise contemplam aspectos essenciais para a clínica como o campo transferencial, o corpo e o manejo. / [en] The present work has as main objective investigate the contradictions as well as clinical possibilities initiated by the notion of regression. We ll start off from the freudian postulations, through which we ll approach the idea of regression in its intrapsychic aspect associating it with the process of dream and symptom formation. We ll then proceed with authors by us considered relational. Among them, the first to be addressed will be the Hungarian Sándor Ferenczi, who is the first to introduce the idea of regression as a clinical phenomena and to highlight the importance of the analyst s internal world in the therapeutic relationship. Following Ferenczi, we ll regard the works of Donald Winnicott e Michael Balint. Through their contributions we ll bring to light a more detailed and assertive description of the regressive states. However, in all threes authors, as we approach the phenomena of regression, we ll be also examining the idea of counter- transference and the theories regarding the constitution of subjectivity. In the last part of the work we ll propose an approximation to contemporary psychoanalysis in an attempt to describe how the concept of regression contains important innovations for clinical references today. We ll progress by presenting how the discussions about such phenomena through history of psychoanalysis contemplate pivotal clinical aspects such as transference, body and clinical handling.

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There are differences today amongst psychoanalysts regarding if psychoanalysis should limit itself to being exclusively a hermeneutic discipline or if psychoanalysis should find points of contact with neurobiology. The purpose of this essay is to touch upon the larger issue that creates the different points of view: Can psychoanalysis become enriched by finding points of contact with neurobiology, and should psychoanalysis be regarded as belonging to a broader scientific field than being exclusively a human science? The question at issue is: Can modern neurobiology contribute to a development of the psychoanalytic concepts; compulsion to repeat, transference/countertransference and talking cure? The method used is a literature study. The result shows that: Freud’s theories regarding traumatic compulsion to repeat can be linked with LeDoux’s theory of "emotional memory". Freud’s theory of the death instinct as an explanation to the compulsion to repeat can be replaced by a modern neurobiological theory of "emotional memory". The part of the countertransference that is an emotion transferred from the patient to the analyst can happen with the assistance of mirror neurons through "embodied simulation". This suggests that the phenomenon of the analyst being able to experience the patients emotion in himself does not have to imply that projection or intersubjective pressure have played a part in it. To be able to include this phenomenon in the concepts of transference and countertransference these need to be broadened or revised. It is possible to link and develop Freud’s theory of the talking cure with Deacon’s theory about symbolic communication. The results clinical implications are: Understanding of the traumatic compulsion to repeat as an expression of "emotional memory" demands work with this as an expression of memory processes. Understanding of the transference of emotion in transference/countertransference as possible through reflexive simulation processes, implies that projection or interpersonal pressure should not be preconceived in an emotion transference situation. It also implies that the emotional activation in the analyst should not by necessity be seen as an activation of the analyst’s internal objects together with emotions towards these. Deacon’s theory of symbolic communication implies that the talking cure should be used with awareness of its negative tendencies, visual thinking should not necessarily be considered non-symbolic and focus should be put on multiple ways of communication in the clinical situation.

Inledning: Det finns få forskningsreferenser när det gäller psykoterapeuters känslomässiga och kroppsliga reaktioner i patientarbete. Denna tematiska forskningsanalys utgår från psykoterapeuter som arbetar med personer som lider av trauma, då tidigare studier visar på kraftfulla kroppsliga och känslomässiga reaktioner i arbetet med denna målgrupp. Syftet med studien är att belysa hur psykoterapeuter beskriver sina upplevelser, negativa såväl som positiva, och hur de hanterar dem. Frågeställningar: Hur beskriver psykodynamiskt inriktade psykoterapeuter sina kroppsliga och känslomässiga reaktioner i arbetet med traumatiserade patienter? Hur hanterar de sina egna reaktioner? Metod: Fem legitimerade psykoterapeuter med psykodynamisk utbildning i Sverige och som arbetar med patienter med trauma har intervjuats. Till studien valdes en kvalitativ forskningsansats som bearbetades utifrån en tematisk analysmetod. Resultat: Psykoterapeuterna beskriver svårigheterna att möta det ofattbara våldet i patienternas berättelser, hur de skyddar sig, hur de bär hoppet, hur de kan stå ut och hur de kan använda sina reaktioner i terapin. Här lyfts också konsekvenser för dem och behovet av återhämtning. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuteras utifrån de teoretiska begreppen motöverföring, projektiv identifikation, härbärgering och trauma. Terapeuternas reaktioner bekräftar tidigare forskning av kroppsliga och känslomässiga reaktioner och diskuteras utifrån den omfattande påverkan reaktionerna har på terapeuterna yrkesmässigt och för privatliv. / Introduction: There are few research references on psychotherapists physical and emotional reactions in the patient work. This thematic analysis is based on psychotherapists who work with people suffering from trauma, as previous studies indicate powerful physical and emotional reactions in the work with this target group. The purpose of the study is to illustrate how psychotherapists describe their experiences, both negative and positive, and how they handle them. Questions: How do psychodynamic psychotherapists describe theirphysical and emotional reactions in the work with traumatized patients? How do they handle their own reactions? Method: Five licensed psychotherapists with psychodynamic training in Sweden working with patients with trauma were interviewed. This qualitative researchapproach was processed with a thematic analysis. Results: Psychotherapists describe difficulties facing the unimaginable violence in the patients' stories, how to protect themselves, how they carry hope, how they can cope with it and how they can use their reactions in therapy sessions. It also highlights the consequences regarding themselves and the need for recovery. Discussion: The result is discussed from the theoretical concepts of countertransference, projective identification, containment and trauma. The psychotherapists´ reactions confirm earlier research of physical and emotional reactions, and isbeing discussed out of the wide impact the reactions have on psychotherapists´ professional and personal life.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:37:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Serrao Franco.pdf: 601094 bytes, checksum: 8e7117d75bf2537a07611cfdd63f4f07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper is based on the concept of countertransference. We realized an investigation of the concept of countertransference parting from clinical experiences and dialogs with psychoanalititical authors. We verified that countertransference contains three facets that can help, or even difficult and maybe impair psychoanalytical treatment. The fist form of countertransference investigated was its form as resistance to the analyst. This first form of the phenomena in this study may impede the listening of the analyst although facilitate his theorical elaborations. Secondly, countertransference can present itself as a primitive form of communication, non verbal in essence capable of helping the analyst formulate his interpretations. Last but not least we verified that countertransference is also part of the analyst personality, something before the patients transference and capable installing the process of transference / Este trabalho trata do conceito de contratransferência. Realizamos uma investigação do conceito de contratransferência a partir de experiências clínicas e do diálogo com autores da Psicanálise. Verificamos que a contratransferência possui três facetas que podem auxiliar, dificultar ou mesmo impedir o tratamento psicanalítico. A primeira forma de contratransferência investigada foi a que se mostra como resistência do analista. Esta primeira forma do fenômeno em questão se apresentar pode tanto impedir a escuta do analista quanto favorecer a sua elaboração teórica. Em segundo lugar, a contratransferência pode se apresentar como uma forma de comunicação primitiva e não verbal capaz de auxiliar o analista na formulação de interpretações ou dificultar a escuta. Por fim, verificamos que a contratransferência é, também, parte da personalidade do analista, anterior mesmo à transferência do paciente e capaz de favorecer a instauração da transferência

O presente estudo consiste na investigação psicanalítica das configurações assumidas pelo campo contratransferencial que se estabelece no atendimento psicológico, psicanaliticamente orientado, de pacientes soropositivos para o HIV. Quatro adolescentes, soropositivos em decorrência de transmissão vertical, foram psicanaliticamente assistidos por meio de diferentes enquadres clínicos, que incluíram sessões de psicoterapia individual, oficinas psicoterapêuticas e atividades extramuros, segundo a demanda. Esse complexo acontecer clínico deu origem à elaboração de quatro narrativas transferenciais, que foram psicanaliticamente revisitadas, na busca de criação/encontro de campos contratransferenciais. O quadro geral permite afirmar que, para além de ressonâncias contratransferenciais associadas a peculiaridades relativas ao adolescer e às vicissitudes das histórias individuais, é possível detectar a vigência de um campo contratransferencial nitidamente caracterizado pela compaixão. Tal configuração suscita reflexões teórico-clínicas que apontam que tanto as questões ontológicas relativas à precariedade, limitação e finitude, como as decorrentes das condições concretas de vida, tais como o adoecimento, a experiência da dor, o severo tratamento, a orfandade e a exclusão social, devem ser profundamente levadas em conta no cuidado a esses pacientes / This study aims to show the psychoanalytical investigation of the settings assumed by the countertransference field, which is established in psychological sessions, psychoanalytically oriented, in patients infected with HIV. Four teenagers, positives for HIV by vertical transmission, were psychoanalytically assisted by different clinical setting, which included individual psychotherapy sessions, psychotherapeutic workshops and outdoors activities, according to demand. This complex clinical case originates the development of four transference narratives, which were psychoanalytically revisited, in search of the creation/gathering of countertransference fields. The overall clinical picture allows us to state that, beyond the countertransference resonances associated to peculiarities related to adolescence and to the vicissitude of individual stories, is possible to detect the presence of a countertransference field clearly characterized by compassion. This configuration suscitate theoretical-clinical reflections that point out that the ontological issues caused by precariousness, limitation and finitude, as the current real life conditions, such as illness, experience of pain, severe treatment, the orphanhood and the social exclusion, must be thoroughly considered in the care of these patients

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:40:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Natalie de Jesus Santana Bedoya.pdf: 629363 bytes, checksum: aa66743f55a082a44f1014a3ae43535c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-01 / In post-modernity, the psychoanalytical practice has been facing the challenge of dealing with changes in subjectivity and new psychopathological disorders. In this scenario, it comes the Borderline patient, bringing up challenges and opportunities in psychoanalysis that are gaining more relevance in the clinical and scientific discussions of the country, requiring analysts dedication to reflect on how to handle this sort of patiens within the clinical practice. Given this reality and in search for a more clinically effective approach, the objective of this survey was to deepen the current insights on the Borderline Personality disorder, with the intention of undertanding specific aspects of transference and countertransference demand that are experienced in the psychoanalysis process. This work was accomplished through a qualitative approach based on the clinical method of psychoanalysis, following the theoretical framework of Donald Winnicott. Having reflected on how to manage a borderline case, this survey outlines specific issues concerning transference and countertransference. It was observed that the problem lies at the confluence of the existential suffering of the patient and the countertransferencial suffering of the analyst, that requires professional sensitivity so as to ensure an appropriate approach aligned with the patient needs, indeed considering its own limits. In sum, the analysis process should be oriented to provide the patient a more integrated self / Na pós-modernidade, a clínica psicanalítica vem se deparando com o desafio de lidar com mudanças na subjetividade e novas formações psicopatológicas. Neste cenário, está o paciente borderline, cujos desafios e possibilidades no atendimento vêm ganhando cada vez mais espaço nos meios clínicos e científicos do país e exigindo dos analistas tempo para refletir sobre como manejá-los clinicamente. Diante desta realidade e em busca de uma clínica mais efetiva, o objetivo deste trabalho foi aprofundar o estudo acerca do Transtorno de Personalidade Borderline, para compreender aspectos específicos da demanda transferencial e da contratransferência experimentados nesse atendimento. Tratou-se de um trabalho de abordagem qualitativa, baseado no método clínico da psicanálise, seguindo o referencial teórico winnicottiano. Ao refletir sobre o manejo do borderline, foram sublinhadas demandas específicas assentadas nas questões da transferência e da contratransferência. Observou-se que a problemática reside na confluência do sofrimento existencial deste paciente com o sofrimento contratransferencial do analista, exigindo do profissional sensibilidade para a realização de um manejo ajustado às necessidades de cada paciente, considerando também seus próprios limites. Desta forma, a análise funcionaria como um caminho para a construção de um self mais integrado