During the long eighteenth century, married women in England were subject to the rules of coverture, which denied them a legal identity independent of their husbands and severely curtailed their acquisition, possession and disposition of property. There is a consensus among historians that married women circumvented the restrictions of coverture both in their daily lives and by use of the legal mechanism of the separate estate. This study reviews contemporary legal and social attitudes towards women’s property rights in marriage to examine the extent to which married women had economic agency under coverture. Through a review of reported cases, treatises on the law of property, and a contemporary fictional representation of pin-money, I assess the foundations justifying the law of coverture, and the challenges presented to coverture by the separate estate. I argue that there is a distinction between the theory and practice of the separate estate; the separate estate must be understood as a type of property set aside for a special purpose rather than a type of property separated from a husband’s control. More precisely, the existence of the separate estate generally, and pin-money in particular, did little to advance married women’s economic agency. / Graduate

The composite right to meaningful and informed participation in the criminal process comprises the right to information, the right to understand, the right to be prepared, the right to be present, the right to confrontation and the right to present one’s case. The sub-rights are not of an overarching nature such as the right to legal representation and the right of access to the law. The various rights are grouped together because they show some connection with the ability of the suspect or the accused to participate in the criminal proceedings as a legal subject, and not as an object of the proceedings as in primitive times. These rights ensure that the accused will not participate in the criminal process from an unfavourable position. The heading ‟meaningful and informed participation” is therefore a collective term for these rights. These sub-rights form part of the comprehensive right to a fair trial. The thesis examines aspects of the position of the accused in South Africa and in foreign jurisdictions such as the United States of America, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom and Islamic systems. International instruments such as the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and decisions of the United Nations Human Rights Committee are also considered. The thesis first considers the historical perspective of the accused in primitive times when he was regarded as an object of the criminal proceedings, to the present time when he is regarded as a subject of the proceedings. The study on foreign jurisdictions reveals that for the most part, our law is in line with the law of other countries. The study also demonstrates that the various rights are not absolute. In exceptional circumstances, some diminution of the accused’s rights is necessary to protect the interests of society. Nevertheless, the courts should act cautiously and not allow the exceptions to overtake the rule. The judiciary should strive to find a better balance between the constitutional rights of the accused and the interests of society. To this end, the judicial system must be objective yet vigilant. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D.

[pt] A tese apresentada propõe a investigação do problema da baixa presença de mulheres nos tribunais superiores brasileiros. A hipótese levantada é a de que a pequena diversidade de gênero nos altos postos do Judiciário brasileiro ocorre em detrimento do objetivo de imparcialidade sustentado por essa função estatal em sociedades democráticas. A metodologia adotada no desenvolvimento do trabalho pode ser dividida em três partes. Em um primeiro momento, é empreendida uma investigação dogmática das normas constitucionais, leis e regulamentos internos dos órgãos responsáveis pelo processo de seleção de magistrados no Brasil. Na segunda etapa, passou-se ao exame, inspirado na análise do discurso, de textos do processo de escolha dos magistrados para o Supremo Tribunal Federal. Ambos os métodos conduziram à verificação do problema da baixa presença de mulheres e dos constrangimentos de gênero existentes para se chegar até os tribunais superiores brasileiros. Permitiram, também, a compreensão da importância atual do gênero como critério de diferenciação social e, consequentemente, da validade desse parâmetro para a investigação proposta. Na terceira parte, empreendeu-se revisão teórico-bibliográfica interdisciplinar sobre o tema e, de forma mais ampla, sobre a desigual inclusão de grupos sociais subalternos às esferas de poder. A análise permitiu a identificação das contribuições já trazidas à discussão e das lacunas que permanecem sem ser apuradas, tornando útil o seu desenvolvimento no trabalho. O exame também conduziu à identificação de categorias analíticas válidas para a análise a ser empreendida, por informarem a necessidade de que os sujeitos ocupem iguais posições de poder na sociedade. Segue-se daí a proposição do marco teórico da standpoint theory e a elaboração do argumento da tese. O argumento proposto é o de que a diversidade, em especial, a inclusão das mulheres no Judiciário é requisito para a imparcialidade judicial, instituto que será analisado a partir do direito processual. Em outras palavras, propõe-se que a imparcialidade judicial depende da diversidade do Poder Judiciário. O reconhecimento, ditado pela standpoint theory, da existência de perspectivas fundadas na posição social dos indivíduos e da necessidade de que elas, quando socialmente relevantes, sejam veiculadas para a construção de objetividades mais fortes vai, ao mesmo tempo, ao encontro dos postulados democráticos, porque amplia a participação e a inclusão social em sociedades plurais, e ao encontro da garantia de imparcialidade, porque favorece a construção plural do conhecimento. Apresento, ao final, o conceito de imparcialidade forte, que é a consequência da aplicação da standpoint theory a um Poder Judiciário democrático e que justifica a necessidade de políticas públicas para a composição paritária de gênero nos tribunais superiores brasileiros. / [en] The presented thesis investigates the problem of the under-representation of women in Brazilian superior courts. The hypothesis is that the absence of gender diversity damages judicial impartiality. The research methodology used has three stages. Firstly, a rigorous investigation of constitutional norms, laws and internal regulations of the judicial selection process of Brazil. Secondly, with inspiration on discourse analysis, an exam of texts on the selection process for electing Superior Court judges. Both methods verify the low presence of women and the gender constraints to reach Brazilian superior courts. The methodologies also demonstrate the current importance of gender as a social differentiation criterion and hence, the current importance of this parameter for the proposed research. The third stage is an interdisciplinary theoretical review on the subject and, more broadly, on the unequal representation of subaltern social groups in positions of power. The analysis identify the contributions already brought to discussion and the gaps that remained, validating the work development. The review also discerns analytical categories valid for the analysis, demonstrating the need for subjects to occupy equal positions in society. The proposed argument is that diversity, in particular women s inclusion in the Judiciary, is prerequisite for judicial impartiality, in the light of procedural law. In other words, the argument is that judicial impartiality depends on the diversity of the Judiciary. The recognition of standpoints based on the social position of individuals and the need for them, when socially relevant, to be conveyed to build stronger objectivities meet democratic postulates. This expands participation and social inclusion in plural societies and it is essential to assure judicial impartiality and the favoring of the plural construction of knowledge. Conclusions present the concept of strong impartiality, which is the result of the application of standpoint theory to a democratic Judiciary and justifies equal gender representation in public policies in Brazilian superior courts.

Submitted by Diones Gomes da Rocha (dionesgr222@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-05T16:58:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Diones_2017_depositada.pdf: 1462916 bytes, checksum: 685176a8e555b895c246b885b1572e4d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-09-05T18:17:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Diones_2017_depositada.pdf: 1462916 bytes, checksum: 685176a8e555b895c246b885b1572e4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T13:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Diones_2017_depositada.pdf: 1462916 bytes, checksum: 685176a8e555b895c246b885b1572e4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / For many critics, democracy is a utopian enterprise. More moderate observers, on their turn, propose enhancements for the democratic models of contemporary societies. One of these proposals is to increase citizen insertion in the public sphere, so citizens may participate in State decisions and control the actions of public representatives. The literature has also shown that the process of elections is not enough to guarantee that political representatives will act in the best interest of their constituencies. To attain this aim, it would be necessary to reduce both the information asymmetries between State and society, and the distance between representatives and constituencies. Bearing this context in mind, the relevance of the Courts of Accounts must be highlighted, since they are autonomous and independent institutions that can become important instruments for enhancing the control that society must or should exert over its political representatives. But are these Courts prepared to play this leadership role, considering that they would need to be permeable to society while providing mechanisms to help and facilitate the exercise of social accountability over the public administration? Based on this premise, the aim of this work is to assess the permeability of Brazilian Courts of Accounts to the society, and whether these courts are working to facilitate the exercise of social accountability over the public administration. This descriptive research was developed in two stages. The first stage was a review of the theoretical literature on the theme, to build a framework for assessing the permeability of the Courts of Accounts to the society and their potential for enabling social control. This stage was followed by exercises of Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) that produced perceptual maps of similarities and dissimilarities among the Courts of Account based on the explored factors and indicators. Finally, a round of interviews was carried out with Councilors from the three Courts of Accounts found to be the most similar, and also from the three most dissimilar ones. The results generally show that Brazilian Courts of Accounts are still poorly permeable to society and count on few mechanisms to help and facilitate citizen control. They also show that the means of social participation are still limited, and are basically represented by the Office of the Ombudsman, the Transparency Web Portal and the Citizen Assistance Service. Yet, this study has identified a strong influence of the Fiscal Responsibility Law (LRF) and the Access to Information Law (LAI) at the Courts of Accounts. Although gradually, these elements can lead to future changes in terms of an increasingly prominent role of the Courts of Accounts as strong allies in the process of enhancing vertical accountability. / Para muchos críticos la democracia es sólo una utopía. Otros, no tan duros en su crítica, proponen mejoras en el modelo democrático actual de las sociedades contemporáneas. Entre ellas, una mayor participación del ciudadano en la esfera pública con el fin de tomar parte en las decisiones del estado, así como controlar las acciones de sus representantes. La teoría también ha demostrado que el proceso electoral no es suficiente para asegurar que el representante actúe en el mejor interés de los representados. Por ello, se necesitan de otros instrumentos que puedan contribuir a la reducción de la asimetría informativa entre el Estado y la sociedad, o de la distancia representante-representado. En este contexto, los Tribunales de Cuentas ganan relieve, pues tienen autonomía e independencia y se pueden convertir en instrumentos importantes para la mejora del control que la sociedad debe o debería ejercer sobre sus representantes. Sin embargo, estos Tribunales estarán preparados para tal protagonismo ya que deben ser permeables a la sociedad y, al mismo tiempo, deben proporcionar mecanismos para auxiliar o facilitar el ejercicio del control social sobre la administración pública. Partiendo de esta premisa, este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la permeabilidad de los Tribunales de Cuentas brasileños a la sociedad, así como si estos Tribunales actúan para facilitar el ejercicio del control social sobre la administración pública. Se trata, por lo tanto, de una investigación descriptiva que se desarrolló en dos fases. La primera, eminentemente teórica, se recurrió a la teoría para la construcción de referencial que permitiese evaluar la permeabilidad de los TC a la sociedad y su potencial posibilidad de auxiliar el control social. A continuación, se utilizó la técnica estadística de Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) para crear mapas perceptuales de similitudes/disimilitudes de los TCs a partir de los factores e indicadores planteados. Finalmente, se realizó encuestas con los Consejeros de los tres TCs considerados más similares y de los tres más disimilares. Los resultados revelaron que, en general, los TCs son todavía poco permeables a la sociedad y poseen pocos mecanismos para auxiliar o facilitar el control ciudadano. Se observó, aún, la limitación de medios para la participación social, reducidos, fundamentalmente, a la Oidoría, al Portal de la Transparencia y al Servicio de Atendimiento al Ciudadano. Se identificó, sin embargo, la fuerte influencia de la LRF y la LAI en los TCs. Esto puede significar cambios futuros, aunque incrementales, en la dirección de la actuación de los TCs como fuertes aliados al perfeccionamiento de la accountability vertical. / Para muitos críticos a democracia é apenas uma utopia. Outros, mais amenos em suas críticas, propõem aperfeiçoamentos no modelo democrático vigente nas sociedades contemporâneas. Dentre esses, maior inserção do cidadão na esfera pública a fim de que possa tomar parte nas decisões estatais, bem como controlar as ações de seus representantes. A literatura também tem demonstrado que o processo eleitoral não é suficiente para garantir que o representante atue no melhor interesse do representado. Para tanto, seriam necessários outros instrumentos que pudessem contribuir para a redução da assimetria informacional entre Estado-Sociedade, ou da distância representante-representado. Nesse contexto, os Tribunais de Contas ganham relevo, pois gozam de autonomia e independência e podem se converter em instrumentos importantes para o aperfeiçoamento do controle que a sociedade deve ou deveria exercer sobre os seus representantes. Entretanto, estariam esses Tribunais preparados para tal protagonismos, vez que precisariam ser permeáveis à sociedade e, ao mesmo, tempo proporcionar mecanismos para auxiliar ou facilitar o exercício do controle social sobre a administração pública. Com base nessa premissa, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a permeabilidade dos Tribunais de Contas brasileiros à sociedade, bem como se esses tribunais atuam de forma a facilitar o exercício do controle social sobre a administração pública. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva que foi desenvolvida em duas fases. A primeira, eminentemente teórica, se recorreu à literatura para a construção de referencial que permitisse avaliar a permeabilidade dos TCs à sociedade e a sua potencial possibilidade de auxiliar o controle social. Em seguida, foi utilizada a técnica estatística Multidimentional Scaling (MDS) para criar mapas perceptuais de similaridade/dissimilaridades dos TCs a partir dos fatores/indicadores levantados. Por fim, realizou-se entrevistas com Conselheiros dos três TCs considerados mais similares e três considerados mais dissimilares. Os resultados, de maneira geral, evidenciaram que os TCs ainda são pouco permeáveis à sociedade e possuem poucos mecanismos para auxiliar ou facilitar o controle cidadão. Constatou-se, ainda, limitação de meios para participação social, reduzindo-se, basicamente, à Ouvidoria, ao Portal da Transparência e ao Serviço de Atendimento ao Cidadão. Identificou-se, porém, a forte influência da LRF e da LAI nos TCs. Isso pode significar mudanças futuras, mesmo incrementais, na direção da atuação dos TCs como fortes aliados ao aprimoramento da accountability vertical.

Submitted by Pedro Mizukami (pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2010-03-09T18:09:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - RICARDO FIOREZE.pdf: 808730 bytes, checksum: 3d079f5f9c9d57d2b2c75cf2d478e9c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pedro Mizukami(pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2010-03-09T18:14:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - RICARDO FIOREZE.pdf: 808730 bytes, checksum: 3d079f5f9c9d57d2b2c75cf2d478e9c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-03-09T18:14:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - RICARDO FIOREZE.pdf: 808730 bytes, checksum: 3d079f5f9c9d57d2b2c75cf2d478e9c4 (MD5) / This work analyzes the management of the development of the judicial processes before Labor Courts as an instrument capable of assisting in achieving the effectiveness of the jurisdictional activity and the reasonable duration of the process. The objective is to show how the management fits in the attributions inherent to the function of a judge and the necessity of its adoption in the conduct of the process development. It also identifies moments and acts of the process development when the adoption of management techniques can produce better results and suggest practices that lead to optimizing the available resources and procedural legislation, and to maximizing and, whenever possible, suppressing acts, and to eliminating 'dead stages'. In order to reach such purposes, fundamental theoretical aspects related to the management of organizations and, specifically, to the juridical management at Labor Courts are firstly approached. Secondly, the possibility of managing the (judicial) process itself is stated, aiming at increasing the usefulness of its result, emphasizing the repercussions that this idea causes on the duties inherent to a judge. At last, the proposals of practical application of process management at Labor Courts are expounded, comprising several moments and acts of the process development and its corresponding control. / Por meio deste trabalho, analisa-se a gestão da tramitação dos processos judiciais perante Varas do Trabalho como instrumento capaz de auxiliar no alcance da efetividade da atividade jurisdicional e da razoável duração do processo. Busca-se demonstrar o enquadramento da gestão entre as atribuições inerentes à função do juiz e a necessidade de sua adoção na condução da tramitação processual. Procura-se identificar momentos e atos da tramitação processual em que a adoção de técnicas de gestão pode produzir melhores resultados e sugerir práticas que conduzam à otimização dos recursos e legislação processual disponíveis, à maximização e, quando possível, supressão de atos, e à eliminação de 'etapas mortas'. Para atingir tais propósitos, abordam-se, inicialmente, aspectos teóricos fundamentais relacionados à gestão das organizações e, de modo particular, à gestão judiciária em Varas do Trabalho. Num segundo momento, afirma-se a possibilidade de gestão do próprio processo (judicial), visando à redução do tempo de sua tramitação e à ampliação da utilidade do seu resultado, salientando-se as repercussões que essa ideia provoca sobre os deveres afetos ao juiz. Por fim, expõem-se propostas de aplicação prática de gestão processual em Varas do Trabalho, abrangentes de vários momentos e atos da tramitação processual e do seu correspondente controle.

Submitted by NATASHA BORALI (boralinatasha@gmail.com) on 2018-03-26T20:07:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final Nat Borali.pdf: 1818874 bytes, checksum: 0f9832947ccdbb37b0d5afa969ba57d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2018-03-27T18:08:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final Nat Borali.pdf: 1818874 bytes, checksum: 0f9832947ccdbb37b0d5afa969ba57d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-03-28T13:03:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final Nat Borali.pdf: 1818874 bytes, checksum: 0f9832947ccdbb37b0d5afa969ba57d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-28T13:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final Nat Borali.pdf: 1818874 bytes, checksum: 0f9832947ccdbb37b0d5afa969ba57d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo analisar se houve padronização da capacidade estatal dos tribunais de contas no Brasil, como tem sido proposta e promovida pelas instituições nacionais e internacionais visando à chamada modernização desses órgãos. A análise é feita em sua dimensão técnica administrativa associada à situação dos recursos humanos e recursos de informação, levando em conta aqueles desenvolvidos a partir dos estímulos criados pela Constituição Federal de 1988, Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, Lei de Acesso a Informação. Foram também examinados alguns indicadores que apontam para a capacitação via dimensão político-relacional dos membros dos Tribunais de Contas na medida em que eles se tornam órgãos mais empoderados dentro do aparato administrativo brasileiro. A partir de uma análise documental, buscou-se informações sobre a situação dos recursos humanos em 20 Tribunais de Contas Estaduais do país. Conclui-se que os órgãos analisados não apresentam o mesmo padrão de recursos humanos, sendo que os tribunais de contas do Espírito Santo, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais e Santa Catarina são os mais bem capacitados em recursos e os Amapá, Maranhão, Mato Groso do Sul e Tocantins, apresentam menor capacidade de recursos humanos. Constatou-se que houve desenvolvimento de recursos tecnológicos via PROMOEX também de maneira não equalizada em todos os Tribunais, e que por meio desse programa houve desenvolvimento da dimensão político-relacional de capacidade estatal. E, por fim, que as Escolas de Contas podem ser analisadas como mecanismo de retroalimentação da capacidade estatal de forma dual, ou seja, elas potencializam a dimensão técnico-administrativa, via cursos de formação e capacitação, com uma temática continua sobre sistemas de informação e softwares, recursos humanos e informacionais, e, também, a dimensão político-relacional, pois desenvolvem formas de interações da burocracia com os agentes do sistema político-representativo, como dirigentes dos governos subnacionais – governadores e prefeitos, e a operação de formas de participação social via controle social. / The current work or objective analyzes the sponsorship of the capacity of the state two Brazilian courts, in its technical technical dimension associated with two human resources and information resources, taking into account those developed from two stimuli created by the Federal Constitution of 1988, Fiscal Responsibility Law, Law of Access to Information and by works of national and international institutions aiming at the so-called modernization of the organs. They also examined some indicators that point to a relational political capacity of the members of the Audit Courts, as measured by the fact that they were more capable bodies in the Brazilian administrative apparatus. From a documentary analysis, I looked for information about the situation of two human resources in 20 State Courts of State Accounts. It is concluded that the analyzed organs do not present the same pattern of human resources and information resources, and the courts of accounts of Espírito Santo, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais and Santa Catarina are the best resource-qualified and the Amapá, Maranhão, Mato Grosso do Sul and Tocantins, present less capacity of resources. Technological resources were also developed through PROMOEX in an unequal way in all Courts, and through this program the political-relational dimension of state capacity was developed. And, finally, that the Schools of Accounts should be analyzed as a mechanism of feedback of the state capacity in a dual way, that is, they enhance the technicaladministrative dimension, through training courses and training, with a continuous thematic on information systems and software, human and information resources, as well as the political-relational dimension, as they develop forms of interaction between bureaucracy and agents of the representative political system, such as the leaders of subnational governments - governors and mayors, and the operation of forms of participation through social control.

Language rights in South Africa are entrenched in the Constitution of South Africa (Chapter 1, Section 6, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996). However, the concomitant infrastructure and organisational realities make this policy difficult to implement, especially in law courts (Kaschula and Ralarala 2004). Creating effective communicative environments has historically been constrained by lack of effective training of legal practitioners and by the lack of capacity for building translation structures. With the advancement of technology, potential solutions are becoming more apparent and it is incumbent upon the academic community to embark on a rigorous investigation into possible solutions and how these Information Communication Technology (ICT) solutions could be applied to the execution of justice in South African law courts. This article aims to open the discourse of possible solutions, via assessments of computer based translation solutions, ICT context simulations and other potential opportunities. The authors hope to initiate the interest of other language and legal practitioners to explore how the new technological capabilities could be harnessed to support the entrenchment of language rights in our law courts.

The world has seen gradual evolution of regional human rights arrangements. The adoption by the UN General Assembly of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10, 1948, was followed by the creation of numerous regional instruments that address concerns of particular importance in the regional context. Three world regions, Africa, the Americas and Europe, have established their respective regional instruments together with the supervisory mechanism, such as commissions and courts. The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, with its emphasis on group rights and individual duties challenges the Western liberal account of rights, as expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The cultural differences brought to the fore not only the tension between individual and group rights but also the question as to whether of the universalism of human rights is possible. The study advocates for a moderate universalism of human rights, which can only be achieved through a dialogue among different cultural approaches to the notion of human rights. This study examines the content and substance of human rights norms of the African system with a view to recommending the possible strategies for their reform. Its central thesis is, the system is rather weak and therefore needs to be reformed. Toward this end, the study analyses the provisions of the African Charter. Thereafter, it explores its weaknesses and proposes strategies for their reform. The African human rights mechanisms face a number of common and particular challenges. Prospectively, Africa is going through a tremendous and interesting phase. These challenges are not insurmountable. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

Globally, the justice system has set up courts to respond to complaints of a criminal and civil nature. Courts also respond to complaints which require swift relief by way of shortened procedures, in the form of motion proceedings. In all these complaints, courts have to respond in a manner that leaves litigants with a feeling of satisfaction that justice has been done. To the end of ensuring that there is legal certainty, justice systems in all jurisdictions have established a hierarchy of courts, with lower courts being bound by the decisions of higher courts in their jurisdiction. There has been no problem in the application of this principle called stare decisis, or judicial precedent, in disputes of law. However, in disputes of constitutional interpretation, courts have demonstrated a marked shift from observing the rule of judicial precedent. The disregard for this rule manifests itself particularly in the adjudication of cases surrounded by controversy. It is argued herein that constitutional interpretation is no different from legal interpretation, in that the rule of judicial precedent which characterises court decisions in legal disputes, should characterise court decisions in constitutional interpretation disputes. The Constitutional Court of South Africa itself, though it is the highest arbiter in constitutional matters, is bound by its own previous decisions, unless its previous decisions have become manifestly wrong. Three constitutional rights are analysed. The right to life in its three manifestations, namely, the right to life of the unborn child, the right to life of the convicted criminal not to be hanged, and the right of the terminally ill to continue living by receiving medical care at state expense. The other two rights are the right to privacy, and the right to culture. The right to privacy is the right that has been claimed in political controversies. In isolated instances, specifically mentioned herein, the Constitutional Assembly and the drafters of the Constitution have also contributed to the resultant inconsistency in constitutional interpretation. This is especially so with regard to the right to practise one‘s culture. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

The history of the criminal justice system in South Africa, in the last decade is a history dominated by the desire for change and transformation. It will be remembered that we are talking of a system which, in the past, formed part of the State apparatus of a minority government which included racist elements and highly restrictive legal regime in dealing with communities, crime and criminals. The criminal justice system is constituted by four core departments, namely: the South African Police Services; Department of Justice, Correctional Services and Welfare. The argument is whether the volunteers from the community should be involved at all in the fight against crime or not. Some people feel that a system· of justice should be controlled by professionals, who are accountable for their decisions, namely: the Police, Justice, and Correctional Services. However, the research revealed that a system which excludes the community from participating, will render itself ineffective and open to abuse. This topic should be further researched within each department in the criminal justice system in order to explore possibilities of attracting volunteers in the transformation of their respective departments. / Penology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)