The legislative supremacy of Parliament, a dominant characteristic of the Westminster system of government, has for a long time been the basic norm of South African constitutional law. In line with the Westminster prototype, the South African judiciary did not have the power to review the substantive validity of legislation. The creation of a new order, based on a supreme Constitution which entrenches fundamental rights and gives the courts the power to review not on! y the procedural validity but also the substantive validity of legislation, has brought about a significant change. This thesis examines the role of the South African judiciary during the transition from a system of legislative supremacy to one of constitutional supremacy and judicial review. The thesis is based on the interim Constitution of 1993. The entrenchment of fundamental human rights in the Constitution implies a greater role for the judiciary. The judiciary has to apply and interpret the human rights provisions vigorously and fearlessly. The human rights provisions have to be applied and interpreted with a keen awareness that a system of constitutional supremacy differs materially from one of legislative supremacy. In a system of legislative supremacy the intention of the legislature is paramount; in a system of constitutional supremacy the Constitution is supreme and overrides all laws, including Acts of Parliament, which are in conflict with it The doctrine of legislative supremacy has in the past led to a literalist and mechanical application of law; this has had a negative impact on the constitutional role of the South African judiciary. The provisions of a Constitution, especially its human rights provisions, are framed in wide and open ended terms; these need to be elaborated before they can be applied; the nature of these provisions, their purpose and the larger objects of the Constitution are important. The interpretation of the provisions of a supreme Constitution is incompatible with a literalistic and mechanical approach. A purposive and liberal or generous approach is called for. A framework and approach to the interpretation and application of South Africa's Bill of Rights are suggested in the thesis. / Constitutional International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

The Zuma case - important as the first decision of the Constitutional Court - is primarily concerned with the constitutionality of section 217(l)(b)(ii) of the Criminal Procedure Act. In trying to fmd an answer to this question, the Constitutional Court also addressed other important issues. In this dissertation the Constitutional Court's decision on the constitutionality of section 217(1)(b)(ii) is examined, as well as important general principles laid down by the Court regarding incompetent referrals by the Supreme Court; constitutional interpretation; reverse onus provisions and the right to a fair trial; as well as the application of the general limitation clause. A closer look is taken at adherence to these principles in subsequent Constitutional Court decisions, and finally a conclusion is reached on the value of the Zuma case. / Law / LL.M. (Law)

This short dissertation deals with separation of powers and federalism in African constitutionalism through the South African case. It investigates the extent to which the new South Africa complies with these two principles. The separation of powers in the new South Africa gives rise to a sui generis parliamentary regime, which is borrowing both from the Westminster model and the presidential one. On the other hand, the principle of federalism has been taken into consideration seriously, but South Africa has not become a fully-fledged federation. The result is a well-matched marriage between semi-parliamentarism and quasifederalism, which is the South African contribution to constitutionalism and democracy required by the African Renaissance. The dissertation comes to the conclusion that all in all the new South Africa complies with the two constitutional principles under consideration. It is a constitutional state, one of the very few exceptions on a continent laboriously emerging from authoritarianism. / Law / Thesis (LL.M.)--University of South Africa, 1998. / LL. M. (Law)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar a admissibilidade do instituto da testemunha técnica, comumente utilizado no direito norte-americano, no procedimento especializado insculpido pela Lei 9.099, de 1995, como forma imediata de efetivação do direito fundamental do acesso à justiça, e, de maneira mediata, como concretização do princípio da proteção à dignidade humana. A Constituição Federal, de 1998, impõe a necessária observância ao princípio fundamental em comento, impondo um rol de direitos fundamentais que, em sua essência, visam assegurar a efetivação daquele mandamento. Dentre os mencionados direitos fundamentais, alguns se aplicam de forma direta às relações processuais. Surge, nesse sentido, o direito fundamental do acesso à justiça com o escopo de prover subsídios necessários à consecução de uma tutela jurisdicional adequada, útil e justa, por meio de um processo que, a partir de sua natureza instrumental, promova a realização de tal finalidade. A criação de procedimentos especializados verifica-se como manifestação do direito fundamental mencionado, e, sendo assim, a lei dos juizados especiais vem fortalecer o referido mandamento. Entretanto, em virtude do princípio da oralidade, a produção probatória nesse procedimento sofre determinadas restrições, o que torna impossível a realização de meios probatórios que comprometam a razoável duração do procedimento estabelecida nos moldes da máxima da oralidade. Assim sendo, este trabalho tem por objeto demonstrar a admissibilidade do instituto da testemunha técnica no procedimento especializado da Lei 9.099, de 1995, em face da necessidade de efetivação do direito fundamental do acesso à justiça. Para a confecção dessa dissertação utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, abrangendo doutrina pátria e estrangeira, bem como a jurisprudência pátria. / The present work has the objective of demonstrating the admissibility of the institution of the technical witness, widely used by North American law, in the specialized procedure inscribed by Law 9.009, of 1995, as an immediate way of accomplishing the fundamental right of access to justice, and, in a mediate way, as the materialization of the principle of human dignity protection. The Federal Constitution, of 1988, imposes the necessary observance of the fundamental principle in comment, imposing a roll of fundamental rights which, in their essence, aim to assure the enforcement of that commandment. Among the fundamental rights we mentioned, some of them apply in a direct way to processual relations. In this sense, the fundamental right of access to justice emerges with the scope of providing the necessary resources to the attainment of an adequate jurisdictional guardianship, useful and just, by means of a process which, from its instrumental nature, promotes the accomplishment of that purpose. The creation of specialized procedures turns out as the manifestation of the mentioned fundamental right, and, thus, the law of special courts strengthens that commandment. However, in virtue of the orality principle, the evidential production in this procedure suffers certain restrictions, which make it impossible the accomplishment of proof that compromisse the reasonable duration of the procedure, established within the framework of the maxim of orality. Therefore, this work has as object the demonstration of the admissibility of the institution of the technical witness in the specialized procedure of Law 9.009, of 1995, in view of the need of accomplishing the fundamental right of access to justice. For the making of this dissertation we used bibliographical research, including national and foreign doctrines, as well as national jurisprudence.

Este trabalho objetiva analisar a forma como o principio da competência se encontra regulado direito arbitral brasileiro. Em um primeiro momento, examina-se a previsão normativa desse preceito. Em seguida, realiza-se uma pesquisa de jurisprudência para verificar se o posicionamento dos tribunais superiores e estaduais se encontra em consonância com a previsão do principio no piano normativo e teórico Optou-se por abordar este tema em virtude da escassez de trabalhos no pais que tratam do assunto, cujo estudo é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento da arbitragem. A regra da competência-competência confere eficácia e celeridade ao instituto, porquanto afasta a interposição de medidas antiarbitragem e de medidas procrastinatórias pela parte que não tem interesse na instauração do procedimento arbitrai. 0 principio da competência-competência, previsto 8, paragrafo único, da Lei n 9.307/96, confere aos árbitros a prerrogativa de apreciar, em primeiro lugar, eventuais questionamentos acerca da validade, existência e eficácia da convenção arbitrai, postergando o controle estatal ate o término da arbitragem. Este estudo, portanto, além de analisar o modelo de regulação desse principio no Brasil, busca examinar se o Judiciário tern interpretado este preceito, se de fato respeitam a prerrogativa do tribunal arbitral de analisar regularidade de seus poderes de forma antecedente, em relação ao Judiciário. As reflexões contidas no presente documento foram desenvolvidas a partir do estudo da Lei 9.037 de 23 de setembro de 1996 e de leis arbitrais de outros países, de doutrina nacional e estrangeira e da jurisprudência pátria. / This paper aims to analyze how the principle of competence is regulated Brazilian arbitration law. At first, it examines forecast rules of that precept. It then performs a search of case law to verify the position of the upper and state courts is in consistent with the prediction of the principle in the normative and theoretical piano We chose to address this issue because of the scarcity of jobs in the country dealing with the subject, whose study is of fundamental importance for the development of arbitration. The rule of competence-competence confers efficiency and speed to the institute, because departs bringing antiarbitragem measures and measures for procrastinatórias party who has no interest in establishing the arbitral procedure. 0 principle of competence-competence, predicted 8, sole paragraph, of Law No. 9.307/96, gives arbitrators the prerogative to determine, first, any questions about the validity, existence and effectiveness of the arbitration agreement, delaying state control until the completion of arbitration. This study, therefore, in addition to analyzing the model regulation of this principle in Brazil, seeks to examine whether the judiciary interpreted tern this rule, if indeed respect the prerogative of the arbitral tribunal to examine regularity of its powers of history, in relation to the judiciary. The reflections contained in this document were developed from the study of Law 9,037 of September 23, 1996 and the arbitration laws of other countries, the doctrine domestic and foreign case law and homeland.

The New Technologies of Information and Communication, especially the Internet, have significantly impacted the way in which the human being relates to everything that surrounds him. In the Information Society, there is a need to extend the concept of privacy, to cover situations in which data or personal information are made available on the global computer network without having an effective public interest. Thus, a doctrinal and jurisprudential current emerges, which is in line with the idea that the excess memory caused by the Internet's ample storage capacity has made human beings unable to detach themselves from the past, being persecuted, For the rest of his life, for his misunderstandings. It speaks of the possibility of applying the right to virtual forgetfulness, due to the protection of the dignity of the human person and the right to privacy, as the prerogative of the human being not to be eternally persecuted for acts or facts of the past that Have no legitimate public interest. The right to forgetfulness comes from the criminal field, and its application, in a civil sphere, especially in relation to the possibility of suppression or concealment of personal data or personal information of the Internet search engines, is what makes the subject new and relevant. Thus, the present research investigates how the Supreme Courts of Brazil and the Spanish Supreme Court are facing the issue in question. We sought to present meeting points between the criteria adopted for decision-making, establishing theoretical frameworks that allow the weighting between conflicting rights, namely, freedom of expression and protection of privacy. / As Novas Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação, em especial a Internet, têm impactado significativamente a maneira como o ser humano se relaciona com tudo aquilo que o cerca. Na Sociedade da Informação, surge a necessidade de ampliação do conceito de privacidade, para abarcar situações nas quais os dados ou as informações pessoais são disponibilizados na rede mundial de computadores sem que tenham efetivo interesse público. Surge, assim, uma corrente doutrinária e jurisprudencial que vai ao encontro da ideia de que o excesso de memória, provocado pela ampla capacidade de armazenamento da Internet, resta por fazer com que o ser humano fique impossibilitado de se desligar do passado, sendo perseguido, por toda a vida, por seus equívocos. Fala-se, assim, na possibilidade de aplicação do direito ao esquecimento virtual, decorrente da tutela da dignidade da pessoa humana e do direito à privacidade, como a prerrogativa que tem o ser humano de não ser perseguido eternamente por atos ou fatos do passado que não tenham legítimo interesse público. O direito ao esquecimento é oriundo do campo penal, sendo que sua aplicação, em âmbito cível, em especial em relação à possibilidade de supressão ou ocultamento de dados ou informações pessoais verdadeiras dos mecanismos de busca da Internet, é o que torna o tema novo e relevante. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa investiga como os Tribunais Superiores do Brasil e o Tribunal Supremo Espanhol vêm enfrentando o tema em questão. Buscou-se apresentar pontos de encontro entre os critérios adotados para a tomada de decisão, estabelecendo balizas teóricas que possibilitem a realização da ponderação entre os direitos em conflito, quais sejam, a liberdade de expressão e a tutela da privacidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T19:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Capa.pdf: 152918 bytes, checksum: 590f925f46ca5a66f0c225006df4ce6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work aims at identifying the competences of the secretaries of special civil courts from Santa Catarina State of and compare throughout the perspective of the New Public Service proposed by Denhardt and Denhardt (2003). The proposal of the New Public Service is based on elements of human behavior such as dignity, truth, a sense of belonging, concern for others, service, citizenship based on shared ideals and the public interest, which, in the Old Public Administration and the New Public Management models, are not taken into consideration. The special courts are concerned with this proposal because they are an answer to Brazilian judicial society in an attempt to promote a justice closer to citizens, guided by the oral criteria, simplicity, informality, procedural and time economy. The special civil courts have under its responsibility, civil causes of lower complexity, such as those which values does not exceed forty times the minimum salary, whereas the ones that doesn t exceed twenty times the minimum salary, can be conducted directly by the party without a lawyer. Conducting these courts are their secretaries, who are responsible for their administration, combining the responsibilities of managing the physical structure and its personnel, they care about the parties and lawyers, as well as the procedural rites. The research was conducted through qualitative methods characterized as exploratory exposed by a case study, where the focused interview was employed to collect the primary data and a documental review for the complementary data. For the analysis of the interviews it was employed the technique of content analysis. The results indicate that the competences identified in the courts secretaries seems to be according to the New Public Service s proposal. Although the very administration of justice is still based on precepts than those claimed by New Public Service. This perception is based on the fact that according to the survey, the Public Administration model currently employed by judicial courts in Santa Catarina State are based only on the principles of Old Public Administration and New Public Management. This model uses intensively the bureaucracy and only consider as an indicator of quality productivity measured by statistical data / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os saberes dos secretários de cartórios dos juizados especiais cíveis do Estado de Santa Catarina e compará-las frente à perspectiva do Novo Serviço Público proposto por Denhardt e Denhardt (2003). A proposta do Novo Serviço Público é baseada em elementos do comportamento humano como dignidade, verdade, sentimento de pertencer, preocupação com os outros, servir, cidadania baseada em ideais compartilhados e o interesse público, os quais, na Velha Administração Pública e no Novo Negócio Público, não são considerados. Os juizados especiais, em parte, se alinham com esta proposta por serem uma resposta do judiciário brasileiro à sociedade na tentativa de promover uma justiça mais cidadã, orientando-se pelos critérios da oralidade, simplicidade, informalidade, economia processual e celeridade. Os juizados especiais cíveis possuem sob sua responsabilidade, causas de menor complexidade cível, como aquelas cujos valores não excedam quarenta vezes o salário mínimo, sendo que destas, as que não ultrapassarem vinte salários mínimos, podem ser conduzidas diretamente pela parte, sem a necessidade da constituição de advogado. Frente a estes juizados, estão os secretários de cartório, responsáveis pela administração dos cartórios, conciliando as responsabilidades de gerir a estrutura física e de pessoal do cartório, o atendimento as partes e advogados, e os ritos processuais. A pesquisa fez o uso do método qualitativo, sendo caracterizada como exploratória, cujo procedimento adotado foi o estudo de caso, com o emprego da entrevista focada para coleta dos dados primários e da pesquisa documental para os dados secundários. Para análise das entrevistas realizadas com os secretários de cartório foi empregada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os saberes identificados nos secretários de cartórios parecem estar alinhados à proposta do Novo Serviço Público. Toda via a própria administração do judiciário ainda se encontra baseada em preceitos que não aqueles apregoados pelo Novo Serviço Público. Esta percepção está pautada no fato de que de acordo com a pesquisa realizada, o modelo percebido de administração pública atualmente empregado pelo judiciário catarinense, está baseado tão somente nos princípios da Velha Administração Pública e do Novo Negócio Público. Este modelo faz uso intensivo da burocracia e considera somente como indicador de qualidade, a produtividade espelhada por dados estatísticos

Après avoir procédé à un état des lieux de la poursuite des crimes internationaux et de l'exercice de l'opportunité des poursuites du procureur tant au niveau national qu'international, il s'agira de mettre en exergue les faiblesses procédurales encadrant l'action du Procureur lors de la phase préliminaire du procès pénal et les inconvénients générés par sa politique pénale de poursuite au sein des TPI ad hoc. En effet, ces défectuosités participent à l'apparence de partialité du Procureur international et de la crise de légitimité dont souffrent les TPI ad hoc accusés d'être à l'origine d'une justice des vainqueurs. La faible place accordée aux victimes, sans doute favorisée par un système de common law réfractaire à toute implication de la victime dans le processus pénal, participe à cette perception de partialité générée par une politique de poursuite peu représentative des conflits en cours. Néanmoins, l'influence progressive du droit romano-germanique dans la procédure pénale de la CPI a introduit quelques améliorations toutefois insuffisantes pour pallier à la crise de confiance héritée des TPI. La décision du Procureur international de ne pas poursuivre (ou inaction) n'étant soumise à aucun contrôle ou à un contrôle balbutiant et face aux dérives constatées, la mise en place d'outils de contrôle et / ou contrepoids pourrait-elle permettre aux juridictions pénales internationales de lutter avec efficacité contre l'impunité et s'affranchir d'une emprise politique évidente: Des éléments de réponse pourront être soutenus dans une analyse actuelle et prospective de la Cour pénale internationale, et dans la nécessité d'une présence toujours plus assumée au sein des juridictions pénales internationales d'un droit romano-germanique dont le rôle processuel des victimes et ses représentants dans le déclenchement des poursuites contribuera à éclairer la conception de la stratégie de poursuite du Procureur international. / We will first assess the present state of the prosecution of international crimes, as well as that of the use made by prosecutors of the principle of opportunity, both on the international levels. This will allow us to underline the procedural weaknesses constraining the action of the Prosecutor, during the preliminary phase of the trial, as well as the drawbacks created in the work of ICC by the prosecution policy of the International Prosecutor. True enough, these imperfections play a major part in giving him the appearance of partiality, and contribute to the legitimacy crisis plaguing the ad hoc ICTs, which are often accused of bringing about a victor's justice. This appearance of partiality, also often created by the fact that the present prosecution policy ill-represents the on-going conflicts, is further strengthened by the small place which is given to the victims in front of the International Courts. This is because the international court system is first and foremost based on common law, which does not favour the intervention of the victims in the legal proceedings.Nevertheless it is possible to note that the growing influence of continental law on the criminal proceedings at the ICC has permitted the introduction of improvements, however insufficient they may be to end the crisis of confidence inherited from the ICTs. Thus, we can ask ourselves whether the lack or stammering of controls, set upon the positive or negative prosecution decision of the International Prosecutor, should not be remedied with a greater degree of checks and balances, therefore allowing the international criminal courts to work with greater efficency against impunity whilst, at the same time, setting themselves free from an obvious political hold. Answers can be found in a prospective analysis of the present workings of the ICC. This analysis will demonstrate the need for the ICC to draw a greater inspiration from continental law, in particular with regards to the role played by the victims and contribute to throw light on how the International Prosecutor builds his strategy.

O Brasil tem visto um forte processo de judicialização de sua vida pública. Hoje, a Justiça exerce um papel político importante no país, mas é marcada pela ineficiência na solução de disputas e cobrança de créditos. Críticas à expansão desse papel político são, pois, abundantes. Diz-se que (i) geraria instabilidade institucional e um ambiente hostil ao desenvolvimento (crítica institucional); (ii) produziria resultados ilegítimos (preferências judiciais substituiriam decisões majoritárias - crítica de legitimidade) e (iii) resultaria em ações inefetivas, pois o aparato das cortes não é adequado a resolver conflitos policêntricos e prospectivos (crítica instrumental). Este trabalho analisa o processo brasileiro de judicialização e os argumentos centrais da crítica instrumental. Sugere que ela refere-se a um modelo de direito e justiça que está em transformação. No modelo emergente, a justiça distributiva é reintroduzida na dinâmica legal e a administração de interesses sobrepuja, aos poucos, a tutela de direitos. Essas mudanças, mais a judicialização, levam a alterações importantes no processo judicial. Reconhecendo os problemas daí decorrentes, a tese sugere um caráter virtuoso desse novo contencioso de direito público emergente. Ele parece forjar um mecanismo de reforço de participação política que pode avançar a democracia e melhorar condições de igualdade política. / From democratization in the mid 80? on, Brazilian public life has been forced into an increasingly intense process of judicialization. Lack of confidence in representative institutions, a very open-texted charter of social and economic rights, an important political use of the Judiciary by the oppositions, and other related factors seem to be implicated in this. Brazilian justice holds today a considerable political power, but that is just part of a story. It is also astonishingly inefficient as a services provider, and fails to respond to most of its dispute-solving and credit-enforcement functions. Criticism about the expansion of the political role of the Judiciary in this context is profuse. First, it is said to generate institutional instability, which in turn would bring out a hostile environment for economic growth. Second, it is said to be illegitimate, as far as politicized judges may often replace majoritarian decisions by their own. Third, it is said that litigation involving political issues and social reform tend to be erratic and ineffective, because the institutional designs of both courts and their processes are not adequate to regulate polycentric and prospective conflicts. This work puts Brazilian judicialization into context, and analyses the main arguments of the institutional capacity critique (which is called in here the instrumental critique). The author suggests that the instrumental critique refers to a certain model of law and justice that has been changing (both globally and in Brazil) since the end of the last century. In the emergent model, distributive justice is reintroduced into the dynamics of law, and the administration of diffuse interests slowly replaces the adjudication of individual rights as the paradigmatic activity of the Judiciary. Those changes in both law and justice, along with judicialization, are argued to have lead to other important changes in the design of the judicial process in Brazil. Despite the many problems related to those changes, the ending notes of this work point to a possible virtuous character of the new Brazilian public law litigation. As stated herein, this litigation seems to be creating a participation-reinforcing device that in the long run may foster democracy and political equality.

This dissertation has as general objective to analyze the speeches and debates of the Bahian deputies in the General Courts of Lisbon (1821-1822) and the General Constituent Assembly of Rio de Janeiro (1823), in order to understand the process of political participation of the political leaders of the constitutional experiences. Its specific objectives are: to analyze the debates of the Bahia deputation; to discuss the construction of the speeches of the Bahian deputies about the relevance of the province for the construction of the State; understand the proposals of formation of the political pact by the Bahian deputies. The justification for this study lies in the relevance of the situation of armed conflict in Bahia to the events that unfolded in the process of Brazilian Independence, and the formation of the constitution was a fundamental condition for the foundation of the State, where war in Bahia was also relevant fact to the same process. Among the analyzed sources, are the diaries of the Courts and Assembly, periodicals, correspondence, minutes and reports. The methodology used was inspired by Renewed Political History and Social History of Concepts, which seek to discuss political processes based on concepts, discourses, institutional redefinitions and projects put in dispute by the subjects that act in the public spheres of power, constituting political cultures. However, the work does not lose sight of the analysis of events, institutions and trajectories of political subjects, so that it is possible that the discourses investigated are understood. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar os discursos e debates dos deputados baianos nas Cortes Gerais de Lisboa (1821-1822) e na Assembleia Geral Constituinte do Rio de Janeiro (1823), com vistas a entender o processo de participação política das lideranças políticas da província nessas experiências constitucionais. Tendo como objetivos específicos: analisar os debates da deputação baiana; discutir a construção dos discursos dos deputados baianos em torno da relevância da província para a construção do Estado; entender as propostas de formação do pacto político por parte dos deputados baianos. A justificativa para o presente estudo se encontra na relevância que a situação de conflito armado na Bahia teve para os acontecimentos que desenrolaram no processo de Independência do Brasil, sendo que a formação da constituição era condição fundamental para a fundação do Estado, onde a guerra na Bahia também era fato relevante para o mesmo processo. Dentre as fontes analisadas, encontram-se os diários das Cortes e da Assembleia, periódicos, correspondências, atas e relatórios. A metodologia empregada foi inspirada na História Política Renovada e na História Social dos Conceitos, que buscam discutir os processos políticos a partir dos conceitos, discursos, redefinições institucionais e projetos colocados em disputa pelos sujeitos que atuam nas esferas públicas de poder, constituindo culturas políticas. Entretanto, o trabalho não perde de vista a análise sobre acontecimentos, instituições e trajetórias de sujeitos políticos, para que assim, seja possível que os discursos investigados sejam compreendidos. / São Cristóvão, SE