Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:54:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4874_1.pdf: 1061022 bytes, checksum: d41e4b0eeab891b426168aa8dd930b4a (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / ß-D-Fructofuranosidase (Invertase, E.C. 3.2.1.26) de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, foi covalentemente imobilizada em suporte cerâmico, sintetizado a partir de cinzas de carvão mineral e pérolas de vidro (50-100μm), modificado com - aminopropiltrietilxisilano (APTS), seguido de glutaraldeído que atua como agente bifuncional, responsável pela ligação cruzada entre a enzima e o suporte inorgânico. Na imobilização foi utilizado APTS a 2% (v/v) em tolueno, que após seu processo de ativação promove uma união covalente do tipo alquilamina com o glutaraldeído a 2,5% (v/v) em tampão fosfato de sódio a 10mM pH 7,4 que por sua vez une-se, também de forma covalente, com a enzima via base de Schiff. Foi obtida uma estabilidade na atividade do derivado em aproximadamente de 76,31% em 6 reusos, com sacarose a 876,42 mM em tampão citrato de sódio a 100mM e pH 4,6 a 55°C num sistema de fluxo contínuo. Foram determinados os parâmetros cinéticos de Michaelis-Menten, Km e Vmáx no qual foram estimados, tanto para a enzima livre, 58,7 e 72,69 mM.min-1, respectivamente, quanto para a enzima imobilizada, 78,2 e 20,32mM.min-1. Foram observadas, também, diferenças entre os valores máximos de pH, 5,0 para a livre e 5,6 para imobilizada e de temperatura 55°C para livre e 65 °C para a imobilizada, assim como os seus valores de estabilidade, onde o derivado imobilizado apresentou uma estabilidade térmica até 60°C e pH até 5,2. Essa alta estabilidade operacional e disponibilidade de matéria-prima para a síntese do suporte determinam a viabilidade do uso do suporte cerâmico na construção de biorreatores em sistemas contínuos para a produção de glicose e frutose a partir da sacarose

CARNEIRO, E. A. Imobilização de lipase de Candida antarctica tipo B em Toyopearl. 82 f. 2007. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Química) – Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2007. / Submitted by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2016-03-23T11:42:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_eacarneiro.pdf: 2149712 bytes, checksum: e4976f34d95b6896d4b1f00f4a9d10dc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlene Sousa(mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2016-03-28T18:13:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_eacarneiro.pdf: 2149712 bytes, checksum: e4976f34d95b6896d4b1f00f4a9d10dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-28T18:13:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_eacarneiro.pdf: 2149712 bytes, checksum: e4976f34d95b6896d4b1f00f4a9d10dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-28 / The objective of this work was to study the immobilization of Candida antarctica type B lipase (CalB) by covalent bond using hydrophilic resin named Toyopearl as a support. The influence of activation agents (glycidol, glutaraldehyde and ethylenediamine) in the hydrolytic activity of the biocatalyst was investigated. The enzyme preparations were tested in the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB) and in an esterification reaction, butyl butyrate synthesis from butyric acid and butanol. The support was previously characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Xray diffraction (DRX) and Fourier transform infra red (FTIR). Superficial area and porosity were evaluated using BET method. Protein concentration and enzymatic activity in the supernatant were determined before and after immobilization process. Best results of hydrolytic activity were obtained using the enzyme immobilized in Toyopearl-Glyoxyl-EDA-Glutaraldehyde (Toyo-GEG), 894.17 ± 43.29 U/g of support, which is 1.56-fold higher than the hydrolytic activity of Novozym 435. The influence of different loadings of protein and the incubation time in the immobilization were also studied. The saturation of support was observed with a load of 40 mg/g of support with 2238.25 ± 27.33 U/g. A decrease in the hydrolytic activity of enzyme preparations was observed for long incubation times. However, thermal stability studies at 60° C, showed that this parameter was important for enzyme stabilization. Thermal stabilization by immobilization was achieved and the immobilized enzyme was more thermal stable than the soluble enzyme. The immobilized lipase prepared at incubation time of 72 hours was 694.59-fold more stable than soluble enzyme and 12.74 -fold than Novozym 435. In organic medium, cycles of synthesis of butyl butyrate was chosen to quantify operational stability. After the seventh cycle, Toyo-GEG retained around 76 % of the initial activity. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a imobilização da lipase de Candida antarctica tipo B (CalB) através de ligação covalente utilizando a resina hidrofílica Toyopearl como suporte. Avaliaram-se vários protocolos de ativação, utilizando como agentes ativantes: glicidol, glutaraldeído e etilenodiamina (EDA), e seu efeito na atividade hidrolítica do biocatalisador obtido. A atividade hidrolítica dos derivados foi avaliada pela hidrólise do butirato de para-nitrofenila (PNPB) e utilizou-se como reação de esterificação, a síntese do butirato de butila, empregando ácido butírico e butanol como substratos. O suporte foi previamente caracterizado pela obtenção de imagens por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difratogramas de raio-X (DRX) e espectros de infravermelho (FTIR). A área superficial e a porosidade do suporte foram avaliadas pelo método BET. Determinaram-se a concentração de proteína e a atividade enzimática do sobrenadante antes e após os processos de imobilização. O melhor resultado de atividade hidrolítica da enzima imobilizada foi de 894,17 ± 43,29 U/g de suporte, utilizando o suporte Toyopearl-Glioxil-EDA-Glutaraldeído (Toyo-GEG). Este valor de atividade foi 1,56 vezes maior que o obtido para o derivado comercial Novozym 435. A influência de diferentes concentrações de proteína foi avaliada e observou-se a saturação do suporte com uma concentração de 40 mg/g e 2238,25 ± 27,33U/g de atividade. A influência dos tempos de incubação na imobilização indicou que longos tempos de imobilização acarretam na diminuição da atividade hidrolítica dos biocatalisadores. Nos estudos de estabilidade térmica a 60° C, conseguiu-se um elevado grau de estabilização para o derivado, com estabilidade térmica superior a da enzima solúvel. Para o derivado obtido com 72 horas de imobilização o fator de estabilização em relação à enzima solúvel e ao derivado comercial, respectivamente, foi de 694,56 e 12,74. Quanto à estabilidade operacional, após o sétimo ciclo de síntese do butirato de butila, o derivado Toyo-GEG reteve em torno de 76 % de sua atividade inicial.

Le fondaparinux (Arixtra®), anticoagulant de la classe des pentasaccharides de synthèse, est le premier inhibiteur d'origine synthétique, spécifique et indirect du facteur Xa de la coagulation. Il résulte de la synthèse chimique de l'unité pentasaccharidique des héparines, capable de se lier à l'antithrombine, une protéine endogène, inhibitrice de la coagulation. Cependant, son utilisation reste limitée par son administration uniquement possible par voie parentérale.L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer une forme orale du fondaparinux en l'associant à un dérivé squalénique. Le squalène, terpénoïde naturel précurseur de la synthèse du cholestérol, possède une très bonne absorption orale (supérieure à 60 %). Dans ce contexte, deux stratégies d'association ont été développées: la première consistant à associer par liaison covalente le fondaparinux à un dérivé squalénique selon le concept de la « squalénisation » et la deuxième à associer par interactions non covalentes le fondaparinux à un dérivé squalénique cationique.Les travaux expérimentaux ont montré que la première stratégie était délicate à mettre en œuvre en raison d'une part de la difficulté à synthétiser un bioconjugué fondaparinux-squalène et d'autre part de la perte de l'activité anticoagulante du fondaparinux. En raison de ces obstacles, le concept de la « squalénisation » n'est pas adapté à ce type de molécule active. En revanche, la deuxième stratégie s'est montrée très prometteuse. Elle a consisté à formuler des nanoparticules par association non covalente du fondaparinux, chargé négativement, à un dérivé squalénique cationique. Cette approche a permis de mettre en évidence l’excellente capacité d'auto-assemblage en milieu aqueux de ces deux composés, liée à l’établissement de deux types d’interactions, électrostatiques et hydrophobes (entre les molécules de squalène). L'absorption orale du fondaparinux a été considérablement augmentée grâce à ce nouveau système nanoparticulaire. Cette nouvelle approche à base de squalène a ainsi montré son efficacité dans l'amélioration de l'administration orale du fondaparinux et pourrait représenter un système thérapeutique potentiel dans le traitement des maladies thromboemboliques. / Since its introduction in the market in 2002, fondaparinux (Arixtra®) is a drug of choice in the anticoagulant therapy. Its structure corresponds to the heparin pentasaccharide sequence that mediates its interaction with the natural plasma inhibitor of coagulation, antithrombin. However, like heparin, its application is limited due its unique administration by parenteral route. The aim of this project is to develop an efficient oral delivery system for fondaparinux by association with a squalene derivative. Squalene, a natural precursor of cholesterol in sterol biosynthesis, is well-known for its excellent oral absorption (i.e. more than 60 %). In this context, two strategies were investigated. The first consisted in achieving a covalent coupling between fondaparinux and a squalene derivative according to the concept of “squalenoylation”. The second was to associate fondaparinux to a cationic squalenoyl derivative by non-covalent association.Experimental work showed that the first strategy was delicate to implement due to the difficulty to synthesize a fondaparinux-squalene bioconjugate and, the loss of the anticoagulant properties of fondaparinux. Because of these obstacles, the concept of "squalenoylation" was not suitable for this type of active molecule. In contrast, the second strategy has been very promising. It consisted in the formulation of a nanoparticulate delivery system by ion-pairing of fondaparinux and a cationic squalenoyl derivative. This approach permitted to highlight the self-assembly of these two compounds in water as monodisperse nanoparticles thanks to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, the oral absorption of fondaparinux was significantly increased with this new nanoparticulate system. This new squalene-based approach has shown its effectiveness in improving the oral administration of fondaparinux and could be a potential delivery system in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases.

Le fondaparinux (Arixtra®), anticoagulant de la classe des pentasaccharides de synthèse, est le premier inhibiteur d'origine synthétique, spécifique et indirect du facteur Xa de la coagulation. Il résulte de la synthèse chimique de l'unité pentasaccharidique des héparines, capable de se lier à l'antithrombine, une protéine endogène, inhibitrice de la coagulation. Cependant, son utilisation reste limitée par son administration uniquement possible par voie parentérale.L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer une forme orale du fondaparinux en l'associant à un dérivé squalénique. Le squalène, terpénoïde naturel précurseur de la synthèse du cholestérol, possède une très bonne absorption orale (supérieure à 60 %). Dans ce contexte, deux stratégies d'association ont été développées: la première consistant à associer par liaison covalente le fondaparinux à un dérivé squalénique selon le concept de la " squalénisation " et la deuxième à associer par interactions non covalentes le fondaparinux à un dérivé squalénique cationique.Les travaux expérimentaux ont montré que la première stratégie était délicate à mettre en œuvre en raison d'une part de la difficulté à synthétiser un bioconjugué fondaparinux-squalène et d'autre part de la perte de l'activité anticoagulante du fondaparinux. En raison de ces obstacles, le concept de la " squalénisation " n'est pas adapté à ce type de molécule active. En revanche, la deuxième stratégie s'est montrée très prometteuse. Elle a consisté à formuler des nanoparticules par association non covalente du fondaparinux, chargé négativement, à un dérivé squalénique cationique. Cette approche a permis de mettre en évidence l'excellente capacité d'auto-assemblage en milieu aqueux de ces deux composés, liée à l'établissement de deux types d'interactions, électrostatiques et hydrophobes (entre les molécules de squalène). L'absorption orale du fondaparinux a été considérablement augmentée grâce à ce nouveau système nanoparticulaire. Cette nouvelle approche à base de squalène a ainsi montré son efficacité dans l'amélioration de l'administration orale du fondaparinux et pourrait représenter un système thérapeutique potentiel dans le traitement des maladies thromboemboliques.

Nesta dissertação estudamos sistemas de spins em redes de baixa dimensionalidade e em temperatura nula, analisando suas transições de fases quânticas. Mais precisamente, estu- damos as propriedades do estado fundamental e as possíveis transições de fase do modelo de Heisenberg quântico antiferromagnético de spin-1/2, com interações entre os primeiros e segundos vizinhos, em diversas redes, e em particular na rede triangular, que é o foco de nosso estudo. Para a obtenção do estado fundamental aproximado, usamos um método variacional em que a rede é particionada num conjunto de plaquetas de sítios. O estado fundamental é escrito como um produto tensorial dos estados das plaquetas. Para a rede triangular, escolhemos um triângulo como uma plaqueta. Quatro fases foram encontra- das: a fase antiferromagnética de Néel, a colinear, a fase de Néel modificada e aquela que denominamos de ligação covalente ressonante. Obtivemos as energias e as magnetizações de subrede em função da razão entre as interações de primeiros e segundos vizinhos. En- tre as fases de Néel e a colinear, podemos observar a fase de ligação covalente ressonante caracterizada como um singleto quanto ao spin de cada plaqueta. / In this thesis we study spin systems in low-dimensional lattices at zero temperature, analyzing their quantum phase transitions. More precisely, we study the properties of the ground state and the possible phase transitions in the antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 quan- tum Heisenberg model with interaction between the first and second neighbors, in several lattices, and in particular in the triangular lattice, which is the focus of our study. To obtain the approximate ground state, we use a variational method in which the lattice is partitioned into a set of plates of sites. The ground state is written as a tensor product of the states of plates. For the triangular lattice, we choose a triangle as a plate. Four phases were found: the antiferromagnetic Néel phase, the collinear, the modified Néel phase and that we call resonating valence bond. We obtained the energy and the magnetization as a function of the ratio of the interactions between the first and second neighbor sites. Between the Néel and collinear phases, we can observe the spin resonating valence bond phase, characterized as a singlet with respect to the spin of each plate.

Nesta dissertação estudamos sistemas de spins em redes de baixa dimensionalidade e em temperatura nula, analisando suas transições de fases quânticas. Mais precisamente, estu- damos as propriedades do estado fundamental e as possíveis transições de fase do modelo de Heisenberg quântico antiferromagnético de spin-1/2, com interações entre os primeiros e segundos vizinhos, em diversas redes, e em particular na rede triangular, que é o foco de nosso estudo. Para a obtenção do estado fundamental aproximado, usamos um método variacional em que a rede é particionada num conjunto de plaquetas de sítios. O estado fundamental é escrito como um produto tensorial dos estados das plaquetas. Para a rede triangular, escolhemos um triângulo como uma plaqueta. Quatro fases foram encontra- das: a fase antiferromagnética de Néel, a colinear, a fase de Néel modificada e aquela que denominamos de ligação covalente ressonante. Obtivemos as energias e as magnetizações de subrede em função da razão entre as interações de primeiros e segundos vizinhos. En- tre as fases de Néel e a colinear, podemos observar a fase de ligação covalente ressonante caracterizada como um singleto quanto ao spin de cada plaqueta. / In this thesis we study spin systems in low-dimensional lattices at zero temperature, analyzing their quantum phase transitions. More precisely, we study the properties of the ground state and the possible phase transitions in the antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 quan- tum Heisenberg model with interaction between the first and second neighbors, in several lattices, and in particular in the triangular lattice, which is the focus of our study. To obtain the approximate ground state, we use a variational method in which the lattice is partitioned into a set of plates of sites. The ground state is written as a tensor product of the states of plates. For the triangular lattice, we choose a triangle as a plate. Four phases were found: the antiferromagnetic Néel phase, the collinear, the modified Néel phase and that we call resonating valence bond. We obtained the energy and the magnetization as a function of the ratio of the interactions between the first and second neighbor sites. Between the Néel and collinear phases, we can observe the spin resonating valence bond phase, characterized as a singlet with respect to the spin of each plate.

En Science des colloïdes, il est fondamental de contrôler les interactions entre les particules et leur environnement pour obtenir les propriétés souhaitées. Dans ce travail de thèse, pour former des systèmes innovants, nous avons utilisé la chimie covalente réversible à l'interface particule/polymère dans deux domaines différents : les composites vitrimères et la nanocatalyse. Dans les composites, les liens réversibles permettent d'améliorer les propriétés mécaniques tout en limitant l'impact des charges sur les propriétés vitrimères des matériaux. Deux matrices vitrimères reposant sur des réactions d'échange de nature différente, la transestérification et la transimination, ont été étudiées. L'avantage du lien imine est d'être également dissociable dans certaines conditions douces, ce qui facilite le recyclage des matériaux. La réversibilité du lien imine peut aussi être exploitée pour contrôler la dispersion/agrégation de particules en solvant. Lorsqu'elles sont liées, les chaines polymères se déploient en bon solvant et confèrent aux particules une stabilisation stérique, stabilisation qui disparait lorsqu'elles sont détachées : les particules s'agrègent et peuvent être récupérées facilement. Ce concept a été développé sur un système catalytique composé de nanoparticules de palladium supportées sur des particules de silice. Les chaines greffées améliorent non seulement la dispersion des nanocatalyseurs et les taux de conversion du système catalytique, mais aussi stabilisent les nanoparticules de palladium à la surface de la silice, limitant leur lessivage et leur agrégation. L'efficacité catalytique du système est ainsi conservée sur plusieurs cycles. / The control of the interactions between particles and their environment is essential when dealing with colloids in order to reach desired properties. In this study, reversible covalent bonds were used as interfacial interactions in two systems: vitrimer composite materials and nanocatalysis in solution. The aim of this work was to develop materials which present original properties thanks to interfacial dynamic bonds. In composites, the introduction of dynamic covalent bonds between a vitrimer matrix and the fillers enables to improve mechanical properties while preserving vitrimer properties. Two vitrimer matrices based on two different exchange reactions, transesterification or transimination, have been studied. Imine bonds are reversible bonds that can dissociate in presence of water. We demonstrate that polyimine vitrimers can be reshaped and recycled under mild conditions. The reversibility of the imine bond can also be used to control the stability of a colloidal dispersion. Indeed, grafting of polymers on particles surface through reversible covalent bonds give them steric stabilization in good solvent of the chains. Dissocation of these bonds triggers detachment of the polymer chains and induces particle aggregation. This concept was applied to a catalytic system composed of palladium nanoparticles adsorbed onto silica particles. Polymer chains not only improve the dispersion of the whole catalytic system but also limit the leaching and aggregation of the palladium nanoparticles. As a consequence, the catalytic efficiency of the particles can be preserved over several cycles.

Dans l'optique de préparer des vitrimères à partir des thermoplastiques communément utilisés, tels le PMMA et le PS, des réactions d'échange dynamiques reposant les liens imine et esters boroniques ont été étudiées. Des paramètres importants comme la constante de dissociation de certaines molécules, la constante de vitesse et l'énergie d'activation ont été mesurées. Des monomères porteurs de liaisons échangeables ont été synthétisés et polymérisés. Des vitrimères, avec des liaisons C-C dans la chaine principale, ont été créés par différentes stratégies (PMMA et PS). Ces matériaux sont réticulés et insolubles avec un plateau caoutchouteux mais également façonnables et recyclables par moulage par compression ou par injection. Ces vitrimères peuvent relaxer les contraintes et couler à une température supérieure à celle de leur transition vitreuse. Des viscosités de 105-107 Pa.s ont été estimées pour les vitrimères PMMA reposant sur la chimie des esters boroniques. Des tests de traction montrent que leurs propriétés mécaniques de ces matériaux ne subissent pas de baisse significative après plusieurs cycles de recyclage par moulage par injection. Même après plusieurs cycles de moulage, les vitrimères basés sur la chimie des esters boroniques peuvent être complètement dé-réticulés, signe de leur stabilité à haute température lors du moulage. Ces vitrimères ont une résistance supérieure dans les conditions "d'environmental stress cracking" comme des réseaux polymères conventionnels. / With the aim to generate vitrimers from commonly used thermoplastics with carbon-carbon based backbones, such as PMMA and PS, dynamic covalent exchange reactions relying on Schiff’s bases and boronic esters were investigated. Two different approaches, i.e. crosslinking in solution or in extrusion, were used. These materials are processable via extrusion, compression and injection molding like their thermoplastic counterparts. The crosslinked nature of these systems was confirmed by solubility tests and DMA. Rheological measurements revealed the vitrimers ability to flow and viscosities between 105-107 Pa.s for boronic ester based PMMA vitrimers were measured. Consecutive tensile testing/reprocessing sequences proved the full recyclability of these vitrimers, and selective cleavage of the vitrimer networks followed by precise chemical analyses showed the thermal and chemical stabilities of vitrimers relying on boronic ester bonds. The stress cracking resistance of these vitrimers was significantly higher than that of parent thermoplastics, as can be expected for crosslinked systems.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a imobilizaÃÃo da lipase de Candida antarctica tipo B (CalB) atravÃs de ligaÃÃo covalente utilizando a resina hidrofÃlica Toyopearl como suporte. Avaliaram-se vÃrios protocolos de ativaÃÃo, utilizando como agentes ativantes: glicidol, glutaraldeÃdo e etilenodiamina (EDA), e seu efeito na atividade hidrolÃtica do biocatalisador obtido. A atividade hidrolÃtica dos derivados foi avaliada pela hidrÃlise do butirato de para-nitrofenila (PNPB) e utilizou-se como reaÃÃo de esterificaÃÃo, a sÃntese do butirato de butila, empregando Ãcido butÃrico e butanol como substratos. O suporte foi previamente caracterizado pela obtenÃÃo de imagens por microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura (MEV), difratogramas de raio-X (DRX) e espectros de infravermelho (FTIR). A Ãrea superficial e a porosidade do suporte foram avaliadas pelo mÃtodo BET. Determinaram-se a concentraÃÃo de proteÃna e a atividade enzimÃtica do sobrenadante antes e apÃs os processos de imobilizaÃÃo. O melhor resultado de atividade hidrolÃtica da enzima imobilizada foi de 894,17  43,29 U/g de suporte, utilizando o suporte Toyopearl-Glioxil-EDA-GlutaraldeÃdo (Toyo-GEG). Este valor de atividade foi 1,56 vezes maior que o obtido para o derivado comercial Novozym 435. A influÃncia de diferentes concentraÃÃes de proteÃna foi avaliada e observou-se a saturaÃÃo do suporte com uma concentraÃÃo de 40 mg/g e 2238,25  27,33U/g de atividade. A influÃncia dos tempos de incubaÃÃo na imobilizaÃÃo indicou que longos tempos de imobilizaÃÃo acarretam na diminuiÃÃo da atividade hidrolÃtica dos biocatalisadores. Nos estudos de estabilidade tÃrmica a 60 C, conseguiu-se um elevado grau de estabilizaÃÃo para o derivado, com estabilidade tÃrmica superior a da enzima solÃvel. Para o derivado obtido com 72 horas de imobilizaÃÃo o fator de estabilizaÃÃo em relaÃÃo à enzima solÃvel e ao derivado comercial, respectivamente, foi de 694,56 e 12,74. Quanto à estabilidade operacional, apÃs o sÃtimo ciclo de sÃntese do butirato de butila, o derivado Toyo-GEG reteve em torno de 76 % de sua atividade inicial. / The objective of this work was to study the immobilization of Candida antarctica type B lipase (CalB) by covalent bond using hydrophilic resin named Toyopearl as a support. The influence of activation agents (glycidol, glutaraldehyde and ethylenediamine) in the hydrolytic activity of the biocatalyst was investigated. The enzyme preparations were tested in the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB) and in an esterification reaction, butyl butyrate synthesis from butyric acid and butanol. The support was previously characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Xray diffraction (DRX) and Fourier transform infra red (FTIR). Superficial area and porosity were evaluated using BET method. Protein concentration and enzymatic activity in the supernatant were determined before and after immobilization process. Best results of hydrolytic activity were obtained using the enzyme immobilized in Toyopearl-Glyoxyl-EDA-Glutaraldehyde (Toyo-GEG), 894.17  43.29 U/g of support, which is 1.56-fold higher than the hydrolytic activity of Novozym 435. The influence of different loadings of protein and the incubation time in the immobilization were also studied. The saturation of support was observed with a load of 40 mg/g of support with 2238.25  27.33 U/g. A decrease in the hydrolytic activity of enzyme preparations was observed for long incubation times. However, thermal stability studies at 60 C, showed that this parameter was important for enzyme stabilization. Thermal stabilization by immobilization was achieved and the immobilized enzyme was more thermal stable than the soluble enzyme. The immobilized lipase prepared at incubation time of 72 hours was 694.59-fold more stable than soluble enzyme and 12.74 -fold than Novozym 435. In organic medium, cycles of synthesis of butyl butyrate was chosen to quantify operational stability. After the seventh cycle, Toyo-GEG retained around 76 % of the initial activity.

Les dispositifs bioélectrochimiques utilisent souvent le co-facteur NADH (nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide) comme biomolécule impliquée dans les réactions d’oxydo-réduction avec des enzymes de grand intérêt biochimique, comme par exemple les glucose oxydases ou les déshydrogénases. Il est nécessaire d’utiliser de nouveaux matériaux d’électrode afin de diminuer les sur-potentiels nécessaires au transfert d’électrons avec le système NADH/NAD+ et éviter l’adsorption des produits de la réaction à la surface de l’électrode (biofouling). Les nanotubes de carbone (NTCs) constituent un matériau conducteur de grande aire spécifique qui semble prometteur pour modifier ainsi la surface des électrodes. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à développer de nouvelles méthodes de greffage covalent de groupements fonctionnels électro-actifs vis-à-vis du système NADH/NAD+ en contrôlant les différentes étapes du procédé avec un protocole particulièrement poussé d’analyses physico-chimiques impliquant les spectroscopies de diffusion Raman, d’absorption infrarouge, de photo-électrons X, les microscopies électroniques à transmission, l’ellipsométrie spectroscopique et les analyses thermogravimétriques et de volumétrie d’adsorption. Nous avons développé un procédé reposant sur une première étape d’oxydation des NTCs par assistance micro-ondes dans des milieux acides dilués. Ceci permet de transformer les défauts existant à la paroi des nanotubes (atomes de carbone en hybridation sp3) pour les convertir en fonction acides carboxyliques, qui serviront dans les étapes ultérieures du procédé au greffage covalent des groupements électro-actifs. Ainsi l’intégrité structurale des NTCs, et donc leurs excellentes propriétés électroniques et mécaniques, sont préservées. Le succès de cette approche est pleinement démontré dans ce travail aussi bien en utilisant des nanotubes monoparois purifiés que des nanotubes multiparois. Un net effet électrocatalytique est obtenu avec les groupes fonctionnels dérivés du ferrocène. On montre également le rôle crucial de la nature du bras espaceur reliant les groupes électro-actifs à la paroi des NTCs. Ce travail a permis de mettre au point une méthode générale de greffage covalent des NTCs et son contrôle étape par étape. On montre enfin en perspective de ce travail qu’il est possible de greffer directement la molécule de NAD+ à la surface des NTCs. / Bioelectrochemical devices often use the NADH co-factor (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) as a biomolecule involved in oxidation-reduction reactions with enzymes of high biochemical interest, such as glucose oxidases or dehydrogenases. It is necessary to use new electrode materials to reduce the over-potentials required for electron transfer with the NADH/NAD+ system and avoid adsorption of the reaction products to the electrode surface (biofouling). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a conductive material with a large specific surface area that seems promising for modifying the surface of electrodes. This thesis work consisted in developing new methods for covalent grafting of electro-active functional groups with respect to the NADH/NAD+ system by controlling the various stages of the process with a particularly advanced physico-chemical analysis protocol involving Raman scattering spectroscopy, infrared absorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry and thermogravimetric and volumetric adsorption analyses. We have developed a process based on a first step of oxidation of the CNTs by microwave assistance in diluted acid media. This makes it possible to transform existing defects in the wall of the nanotubes (carbon atoms in sp3 hybridization) into carboxylic acid functions, which will be used in the subsequent steps of the process for covalent grafting of electro-active groups. Thus, the structural integrity of the CNTs, and therefore their excellent electronic and mechanical properties, are preserved. The success of this approach is fully demonstrated in this work both by using purified single-walled nanotubes and multi-walled nanotubes. A clear electrocatalytic effect is obtained with the functional groups derived from ferrocene. The crucial role of the nature of the spacer arm connecting the electro-active units to the wall of the CNTs is also shown. This work made it possible to develop a general method for covalent grafting of CNTs and its step-by-step control. Finally, we show in perspective of this work that it is possible to directly graft the NAD+ molecule onto the surface of the CNTs.