nÃo hà / O setor de indÃstria cerÃmico à considerado poluidor devido ao uso de lenha como combustÃvel, causando emissÃo de gÃs carbÃnico (CO2) ao meio ambiente. Este trabalho, com enfoque na Teoria EconÃmica e na Metodologia do Carbono Social (MCS), teve como objetivo discutir as externalidades negativas associadas ao setor de indÃstria cerÃmico, bem como expor o Ãxito em reduzi-las obtido por uma empresa localizada na regiÃo Cariri do CearÃ. Por meio de um estudo de caso foram analisados os efeitos ambientais negativos da produÃÃo gerados por este setor, alÃm de apresentar os resultados positivos alcanÃados pela empresa. Estes foram alcanÃados na Ãrea financeira, pela venda de crÃdito de carbono, e tambÃm na Ãrea ambiental devido Ãs emissÃes de carbono que foram evitadas. Houve tambÃm melhoria no ambiente interno da empresa, que reaproveitou resÃduos que facilitam as queimas nos fornos, como restos de podas de Ãrvore, pà de serraria e bagaÃo de cana, resultando em economia no consumo de energia. Conclui-se que o estudo de caso, com enfoque na teoria econÃmica e na MCS, propicia estÃmulo financeiro para que as empresas passem a utilizar prÃticas ambientalmente corretas, alÃm de permitir mudanÃas no processo produtivo que contribuem para a reduÃÃo de custos da empresa, aumenta o bem estar dos funcionÃrios e beneficia a comunidade envolvida no projeto. / The ceramic industry sector is considered polluter because of the use of wood as fuel, causing emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment. This study, focusing on Economic Theory and the Social Carbon Methodology (SCM), was to discuss the negative externalities associated with the ceramic industry sector, as well as exposing the success in reducing them obtained by a company located in the region of Cariri CearÃ. Through a case study we analyzed the negative environmental effects of the production generated by this sector, besides presenting the positive results achieved by the company. These were made in the financial area, the sale of carbon credits, and also in the environmental area, owing to carbon emissions that were avoided. There was also improvement in the internal environment of the company, which reutilized residues that facilitate burning in ovens, like remains of tree prunings, powder mill and sugarcane bagasse, resulting in savings in energy consumption. We conclude that the case study, focusing on economic theory and MCS, provides financial incentive for companies to begin using environmentally sound practices, and allows changes in production processes that contribute to reducing the company's cost increases the welfare of employees and benefits the community involved in the project.

Este trabalho é uma análise da política comercial externa de 1995 a 1998, caracterizada, entre outros fatores, pela política comercial estratégica e o caso da Embraer. São abordadas nessa análise algumas questões como a taxa de câmbio, a institucionalidade do comércio exterior do período, os financiamentos às exportações e o apoio governamental à Embraer. Para tanto, foi utilizada a teoria do comércio exterior estratégico, que defende o uso de incentivos para o desenvolvimento de determinadas indústrias nascentes nas quais o país possui interesses estratégicos. O principal argumento desse trabalho afirma que, apesar de a taxa de câmbio valorizada ter repercutido de forma negativa no desempenho do comércio exterior do país, o governo adotou outras iniciativas e esforços para estimular as exportações brasileiras, das quais podemos citar: a remontagem do sistema institucional do comércio exterior, a retomada e revitalização dos mecanismos de financiamento como o BNDES-Exim e o Proex, o apoio às micro e pequenas empresas e o apoio à EMBRAER, configurando assim uma política comercial estratégica. / This work is a review about the brazilian foreign commercial policy from 1995 to 1998, which is characterized, among other things, by a strategic commercial policy and the Embraer case. Some issues are developed through the study, such as exchange rate, institutional matters, financial credits to the exports and the government support to Embraer. The theory used here is the strategic commercial policy, which discusses the protection to some special new industries considered strategic to the country. The main argument in this work states that, although the exchange rate caused some serious harmful effects to the foreign trade results, government adopted other actions to estimulate the exports development, such as the rebuilding of the institutional system of foreign trade, the strengthened of financial credits mechanisms, support to small companies and the support to Embraer, reflecting, this way, the strategic commercial policy.

The content of this thesis is a detailed analysis of individual types of tax allowances provided to individuals - residents, focusing on selected states of the European Union. Tax allowances are considered deductions, allowances, credits and tax band with a zero tax rate. The author explains the differences between these types of tax allowances, analyzes the types of tax allowances granted in selected states of the European Union and examines the tax yield of the basic types of tax allowances of the taxpayer with an average gross wage.

This diploma thesis deals in detail with the matter of amendments to documentary credits. The amendments are analysed in terms of their causes, subjects that may initiate their execution, and their process itself. Also analysis of respective articles of interpretation rules UCP 600 relating to credit's amendments is included. Prior to the above mentioned analysis of amendments there is a part regarding the term of documentary credit, its process, regulation and contemporary position in international trade. In the connection with credit amendments the attention is given to the techniques of their execution, namely through the SWIFT system. The subject of the last part of the thesis is the quantitative analysis of credit amendments on the example of the analysis of real transactions which are assessed from various points of view. Statistical analyses are carried out aiming at considering of the existence of the relation between the region of the credit applicant and the number of credit amendments and between the credit amount and the number of amendments.

This diploma thesis deals with the short-term methods of export financing and with credit risk management of the exporter. The part of this work desribes the trade credits, bank credits and factoring as a common instruments of international trade financing. The last part of this work try to bring together the impacts of financial crisis on trade credit availability and export credit insurance.

Este trabajo de investigación se enfoca en encontrar la relación existente entre la acción de política de desdolarización del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú y el ratio de dolarización de los créditos hipotecarios en el mercado financiero peruano como mecanismo de Política Monetaria. Para ello, se estima mediante metodologías de cointegración empíricas como regresiones lineales y modelos de corrección de errores, con la finalidad de demostrar la existencia de una relación entre la política implementada por el BCRP y el ratio de dolarización de créditos hipotecarios. Los resultados encontrados para el período entre Julio del 2010 a Diciembre del 2019 demuestran que existe una relación negativa de la política frente al ratio de dolarización de los créditos hipotecarios; es decir, el programa de desdolarización del BCRP si tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la dolarización de los créditos hipotecarios en el periodo asignado. Además se evidencia que existe una relación sostenida de equilibrio de largo plazo entre las variables de estudio. / This research focuses on finding the relationship between the de-dollarization policy action of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru and the dollarization of mortgage loans in the Peruvian financial market like mechanism of Monetary politics. For this, it is estimated using empirical cointegration methodologies such as linear regressions and error correction models, in order to demonstrate the existence of a relationship between the policy implemented by the BCRP and the ratio of dollarization of mortgage loans. The results found for the period between July 2010 to December 2019 show that there is a negative relationship between the policy and the dollarization ratio of the mortgage loans; in other words, the BCRP's de-dollarization program did have a significant effect on the dollarization of mortgage loans in the assigned period. Also, it is evident that there is a sustained long-term equilibrium relationship between the used variables. / Trabajo de investigación

The master’s thesis deals with the analysis of the present state, the finding of the contingent deficiencies and the presentation of the improvement suggestions including the concrete measures in granting mortgage credits by Raiffeisenbank, Inc. with a view to advance the competitive strength of the company in the field of mortgage banking. The evaluation and the improvement suggestions are conducted in several component units: in the fields of technical parameters, credit procedure and sales promotions. A partial aim of the thesis concerns the introduction of a new product for the extension of the current supply.

En el presente estudio se identificó los factores que influyen en el incumplimiento de pago en el sistema financiero (bancos) por uso inadecuado de las tarjetas de crédito de los consumidores de la provincia de Lima. Se empleó un enfoque mixto. Al ser cualitativo, se aplicó la técnica de recopilación de información realizando entrevistas semiestructuradas a expertos del sistema financiero. Para el enfoque cuantitativo, se empleó un diseño no experimental-transversal-correlacional, porque se recolectaron datos y se analizó e interpretó la relación entre ellos en un determinado momento, aplicando cuestionarios a un público objetivo. Se utilizó una muestra de 385 personas de una población de 1’518,897 entre hombres y mujeres mayores de 18 años, que contaban al menos con una tarjeta de crédito con saldo deudor en la provincia de Lima. Se optó por un alcance correlacional para identificar el comportamiento de una variable en relación con otras. En este caso, se analizaron las variables que influyen en el incumplimiento de pago. Concluida la investigación, la hipótesis general fue aceptada obteniendo una correlación positiva con nivel débil, identificando que las variables que influyen en mayor proporción en el incumplimiento de pago fueron: el uso frecuente que le dan a las tarjetas, seguido de la existencia de malos asesores crediticios. Por lo tanto, se recomienda a los usuarios tener un mejor control de sus gastos, a los bancos a mejorar la capacitación de sus asesores crediticios y a las entidades reguladoras bancarias brindar un soporte de educación financiera a los usuarios. / In this study we identified the factors that influence payment default in the financial system (banks) due to improper use of consumer credit cards in the province of Lima. A mixed approach was employed. Being qualitative, the information gathering technique was applied by conducting semi-structured interviews with experts of the financial system. For the quantitative approach, a non-experimental-transversal-correlational design was used, because data was collected and the relationship between them analyzed and interpreted at a certain moment, applying questionnaires to a target audience. A sample of 385 people from a population of 1'518,897 was used among men and women over 18 years of age, who had at least one credit card with a debit balance in the province of Lima. A correlational scope was chosen to identify the behavior of one variable in relation to others. In this case, the main variables that influence payment default were analyzed. Once the research was concluded, the general hypothesis was accepted, obtaining a positive correlation with a weak level, identifying that the variables that most influence payment default were: the frequent use they give to the cards, followed by the existence of bad advisors credit. Therefore, it is recommended that users have better control of their expenses, that banks improve the training of their credit advisors and that banking regulators provide financial education support to users. / Tesis

In current time we experience deeper and deeper indebtedness of Czech households and their deterioration into insolvency on one side, on the other side among Czech population was identified a very low rate of financial literacy in the last few years. As a result of these two findings a hypothesis was created that behind the high indebtedness stands the low financial literacy of population and that it is possible to fight indebtedness by increasing financial literacy. The thesis main target is to analyze approach of Czech Republic to financial literacy, particularly as to a tool of prevention of indebtedness of households. Simultaneously its target is to reveal relation between financial literacy and indebtedness. According to these reasons the thesis is based on several theoretical outcomes - the theory of prevention of risky behavior, the theory of financial education as a prevention from hazard and from the theory of implementation as a part of public policy cycle. Examined problem is defined using analysis of indebtedness of Czech households, determines the occasions and results of this risky behavior; and through delimitation issue of financial literacy. Thesis provides a synthesis of knowledge as options and limits of financial literacy in the fight with increasing indebtedness. Empirical part...

No description available.