<p>As the risk increases in a society, the promise of security also increases. The promises of security needed in a risk society can relate to the increasing use and importance of audit. The municipal audit is sensitive to the current discussion in the society and because it focuses largely on risk means that the municipal auditor will be influenced of this and tries to find and fix the external and internal risk to which business can be exposed.</p><p>The purpose of the paper is according to a critical approach explore and describe the relationship between municipal audit and risk.</p><p>We have chose to pursue this thesis by conducting semi-structured interviews with six municipal auditors from Arboga, Karlskoga and Kumla, a professional counselor and an internal auditor with a good knowledge of risk. Because a critical approach was used the thesis work began with a literature review in order to increase the knowledge in the field. We concluded that the risk focus in municipal auditing has increased over time, and risk analysis is a tool that is widely used to identify the risks which a municipality may be exposed to.</p>

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur genus- och maktrelationer avbildas samt reproduceras genom bilder från The Big Fours års- och hållbarhetsrapporter. Tidigare forskning har klarlagt behovet att på ett adekvat sätt särskilja mellan kön och genus inom kritisk redovisningsforskning. Således grundas studien i en rad feministiska teorier och kritisk organisationsteori, såväl som tidigare forskning där genus står i fokus. Dessa teorier tillämpas vid en kvantitativ innehållsanalys och efterföljande slutledning. Detta för att identifiera dolda processer inom organisationerna som inverkar på hur hierarkier utformas inom dessa.  Resultaten påvisar att det existerar ett könande inom organisationerna som är till mannens fördel. Dock är generaliserbarheten av studiens empiri begränsad utifrån resultatet av den logistiska regressionen. Symboler för ett starkt ledarskap förknippas med maskulinitet och mannen avbildas oftare som stående inom urvalet, vilket studien härleder till uttryck för rådande och önskade hierarkier. Därtill påvisar empirin att aktivitet till högre grad avbildas som ett manligt attribut vilket studien förklarar som ett uttryck för ett rådande informationsövertag. Det återfinns dock frekvenser som gör gällande att kvinnan ges utrymme att komma till tals och således att dennes perspektiv tas tillvara på. Detta då kvinnan till en högre grad avbildas som seriös i sällskap av män än ensam. Genusrelationer identifieras men processerna är genomgående subtila. Sociala koder och normativa påtryckningar kan dock påpekas. / The purpose of this study is to examine how gender and power dynamics are depicted and reproduced through images from The Big Four’s Swedish branches, in their annual and sustainability reports. Previous research clarifies the need for a separation between sex and gender within critical accounting research in order to expand the current empirical reach. Hence this study utilizes several feminist perspectives as well as critical organizational theory combined with previous research where gender has been at the center. The study’s content analysis and deduction, along with its conclusion, is built upon these theories to identify hidden processes that constitute real-life gender based hierarchies within said organizations.  Furthermore the results of this study points to a continued gendering within these organizations that favour the male sex. However the generalizability of the empirical findings are limited due to the outcome of the logistic regression. Symbols of strong leadership are continuously associated with a sense of masculinity and the male is more often depicted as standing up, symbolizing being higher up in the organizational hierarchy. Empirical evidence is laid forth stating that a higher frequency of being active is tied to being male and furthermore a masculine attribute. Although, measured frequencies show that the woman is granted the opportunity of having her perspective listened to and through that her epistemic privilege utilized as she’s, to a relatively high degree, represented as serious when accompanied by men. Gender relations are identified as parts of subtle processes that are sometimes even to be labelled as ambiguous.

Submitted by Melisssa Tuxen Wisnik (melissa.wisnik@br.pwc.com) on 2018-06-26T22:46:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PrincipaisAssuntosAuditoria_SegmentoPaises(FINAL).pdf: 3490450 bytes, checksum: 2f2181d0c5802eb6d15f6b983013bf63 (MD5) / Rejected by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br), reason: Boa Tarde Melissa, Falta apenas arrumar o nome da escola: FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS , não tem acento no "U". Por favor, faço o acerto e submeta novamente na biblioteca digital. Atenciosamente, Simone on 2018-06-28T16:04:04Z (GMT) / Submitted by Melisssa Tuxen Wisnik (melissa.wisnik@br.pwc.com) on 2018-06-29T18:01:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PrincipaisAssuntosAuditoria_SegmentoPaises(FINAL).pdf: 3490359 bytes, checksum: bb703007c1cb4ef3cd92e8e2b2ebc3c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-29T19:30:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PrincipaisAssuntosAuditoria_SegmentoPaises(FINAL).pdf: 3490359 bytes, checksum: bb703007c1cb4ef3cd92e8e2b2ebc3c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-06-29T19:45:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PrincipaisAssuntosAuditoria_SegmentoPaises(FINAL).pdf: 3490359 bytes, checksum: bb703007c1cb4ef3cd92e8e2b2ebc3c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-29T19:45:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PrincipaisAssuntosAuditoria_SegmentoPaises(FINAL).pdf: 3490359 bytes, checksum: bb703007c1cb4ef3cd92e8e2b2ebc3c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06 / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal verificar se há relação entre a natureza dos Principais Assuntos de Auditoria apresentados nos relatórios dos auditores independentes e os respectivos setores de atuação das companhias. Justifica-se este trabalho com a proposta de avaliar a natureza dos Principais Assuntos de Auditoria definidos pelos auditores independentes como os assuntos mais significativos no contexto da emissão de sua opinião frente às novas normas internacionais de auditoria, para empresas que atuem em um mesmo segmento. Esta pesquisa é realizada exclusivamente de forma documental, pela leitura dos relatórios de auditoria de 2016 das dez maiores empresas, segundo sua posição no market capitalization, dos setores bancário, de seguros e de varejo do Brasil, Reino Unido e Hong Kong. Além da pesquisa documental, este trabalho também é composto por revisão da literatura e normativos que regulamentam a emissão do relatório de auditoria, os quais fundamentam e contextualizam o papel do auditor independente e o conteúdo do relatório de auditoria. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os Principais Assuntos de Auditoria incluídos nos relatórios de auditoria externa de empresas do mesmo segmento de atuação tendem a ser semelhantes entre si, embora também sejam influenciados pelo mercado em que a empresa atua e por fatores específicos à empresa. / This research has as main objective to verify the existence of a relationship between the nature of the Key Audit Matters presented in the independent auditors' reports and the respective segments of the companies. This objective of this project is to evaluate if the nature of the Key Audit Matters defined by the independent auditors as the most significant matters in the context of issuance of their opinion, regarding the new international auditing standards, applies for companies operating in the same segment. This research is prepared exclusively in a documentary way, by reviewing the 2016 audit reports of the ten largest companies, according to its market capitalization, of banking, insurance and retail sectors in Brazil, the United Kingdom and Hong Kong. In addition to documentary research, this work is also composed of a review of the literature and standards that regulate the issuance of the audit report, which form the basis and context for the independent auditor's role and the content of the audit report. The results indicate that the main audit subjects included in external audit reports of companies in the same segment tend to be similar, although they are also influenced by the environment in which they operate and by factors specific to each company.

Die Forschungsarbeit untersucht aus einer interdisziplinären Perspektive den individuellen „Umgang“ mit kalkulativen Praktiken und der kalkulativen Praxis in ausgewählten deutschen Konzernen der Metall- und Elektroindustrie. Zur Beschreibung, dessen, was unter „Umgang“ zu verstehen ist, wird zunächst der am Subjekt orientierte Handlungsbegriff „Kalkulationsarbeit“ theoretisch konzeptualisiert und anschließend auf Basis qualitativer Daten empirisch konkretisiert. Die Arbeit vollzieht damit einen Perspektivwechsel. Denn bisher standen im Forschungsfeld einerseits die mit Controlling in Zusammenhang stehenden Mechanismen sowie deren Formung zu einem subjektivierenden und disziplinierenden Regime und andererseits die Durchsetzung der Mechanismen sowie die Folgen für die Handelnden im Fokus. Über eine subjektnahe und explorative Herangehensweise werden die Mechanismen hier jedoch explizit aus dem Blickwinkel der Handelnden rekonstruiert. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, wie die Handelnden auf Basis einer zunächst affirmativen Haltung die Mechanismen individuell interpretieren, kritisieren und auch brechen können.:1. Einleitung und Problemstellung 2. Theoretische Rahmung 3. Empirische Untersuchung 4. Zusammenführung der empirischen Ergebnisse und Diskussion 5. Ausblick / The research project investigates from an interdisciplinary perspective the individual ' way of dealing ' with calculative practices and the calculative practice in selected German corporations in the metal and electrical industry. In order to describe what is meant by 'dealing', the concept of 'calculative work', which is oriented towards the subject, is first conceptualized theoretically and then concretized empirically on the basis of qualitative data. The work thus undergoes a change of perspective. This is because the research field has so far focused, on the one hand, on the mechanisms associated with controlling and their shaping into a subjectivizing and disciplining regime and, on the other hand, on the enforcement of the mechanisms and the consequences for the subjects. By means of a subject-oriented and explorative approach, however, the mechanisms are explicitly reconstructed from the perspective of the subjects. It is shown how the subjects can individually interpret, criticize, and even break the mechanisms on the basis of an initially affirmative attitude.:1. Einleitung und Problemstellung 2. Theoretische Rahmung 3. Empirische Untersuchung 4. Zusammenführung der empirischen Ergebnisse und Diskussion 5. Ausblick