This master thesis examines the representation of climate justice discourses at the by various parties at the COP26 in Glasgow, 2021 and how these are manifested in the subsequent policy outcome, the Glasgow Pact. To coherently categorize the wide interpretations of climate justice, this study adopts a theoretical framework proposed by Schapper (2018), where climate justice is differentiated through international, intra-societal and intergenerational dimensions. Through the lens of critical discourse analysis, statements made at the higher-level segment of the event are analyzed according to their storylines to identify which climate justice discourses are exercised by varying actors. The sample consists of 17 statements of various countries categorized by different coalitions. In comparison, the findings indicate that the Glasgow Pact recognizes most discourses in some form, but that it sides with developed nations on account of knowledge claims, non-binding policy language and an absence of any discourse on historical responsibility or the right to use fossil fuels. Consequently, the mismatch of what is said and done reveals power imbalances at the negotiations, and therefore threaten the credibility of the COP as a fair and inclusive arena for climate negotiations.

Visual images produce a version of the world, films do so by several images per minute. Films have power to choose who and what is represented and how. This can lead to misrepresentations and the reenforcing of stereotypes. From the outside, Sweden as a country is usually associated with health, safety and equality. However within Sweden another image is produced regarding its peripheral areas. A rural area which is seen mainly as an opposite of the urban city.    This study aims to use a multimodal critical discourse analysis to explore de reproduction of the Swedish in two selected horror films. The study also explores the concept of place importance in relation to the films stories and setting. The films are produced outside of Sweden but uses Swedish peripheries as its setting and Swedish culture as means of telling a story. The results found that although the films differ in their use and reconstruction of the peripheral of Sweden some similarities were found. Nordic mythology, sects and human sacrifices are just a small part of the mutual display of Sweden between the two horror films.

Orientalism was a term developed by post-colonial theorist Edward Said to describe the ways in which Europeans, or the West, portrayed the Orient as inferior, uncivilized, and wholly anti-Western. Netflix Inc., the world’s largest subscription-based streaming service, which as of 2018, expanded its streaming venue to over 190 countries globally, is the wellspring of knowledge for many people. Through the multimodal critical discourse analysis of 6 Netflix films and television programmes (Stateless, Gods of Egypt, Messiah, Al Hayba, Sand Castle, and Fauda) the study examines the extent to which the streaming giant is culpable in the reproduction of Orientalist discourses of power, i.e., discourses which facilitate the construction of the stereotyped Other. The results have shown that Netflix strengthens, through the dissemination and distribution of symbols and messages to the general population, the domination and authority over society and its political, economic, cultural, and ideological domains. Using Norman Fairclough’s approach to critical discourse analysis combined with a social semiotic perspective, this study endeavours to design a comprehensive methodological and theoretical framework which can be utilized by future researchers to analyse and critique particular power dynamics within society by exposing the dominant ideological world-view distortions which reinforce oppressive structures and institutional practices.

Aim and research questions: This study investigates how the corona pandemic COVID-19 has been noticed and presented in the news reporting of a Danish newspaper and a Swedish newspaper in their digital news feed. The study is based on the following questions: ● What discursive themes can be identified in Danish and Swedish news reporting on COVID-19 in 2020? ● What are linguistic features used in the headline of the articles in Danish and Swedishnews media? ● How can the Danish and Swedish media reports on COVID-19 be explained by discourse analysis and theoretical framework? Method and material: The study has used a qualitative method with a critical discourse analysis that uses Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional analysis model to analyze a total of 48 articles from Aftonbladet and Kristeligt Dagblad. Main result: The study results show an overview of how news media reporting from Aftonbladet and Kristeligt Dagblad shapes the COVID-19 pandemic with four discursive themes: infection, information, restriction, and immunity. They shaped the discourses onCOVID-19 through a critical perspective in relation to the actions of politicians and authorities and their handling. Linguistic features are used to construct our society during the pandemic to capture readers' attention through the headlines. These have been in the form of metaphorical and charged words that reflect either negative or positive emotional reactions. It also highlights that the media has an influence on how things look; they can consciously or unconsciously make us feel a certain way. As a result, people perceive things differently and can sometimes misunderstand information.

This thesis aims to conduct an in-depth study of the activism surrounding the #DeleteFacebook hashtag by applying Critical Discourse Analysis. By theorizing framing, digital colonialism, power relations, and antagonism, this thesis examines the qualitative analysis of 1.987 Tweets posted on Twitter between 20 February and 4 March 2021. This study identifies the key thematic content of these Tweets and then conducts an in-depth critical analysis. These questions will be addressed in the research: “What are the principle discourse typologies and their intertextual interpretation of hashtag activism #DeleteFacebook?”, “What were the key themes that emerged during the #DeleteFacebook hashtag movement?” and “How can we interpret the online engagement with #DeleteFacebook as hashtag activism?”. This thesis presents an analysis of #DeleteFacebook related Tweets through coding and then reveals an intertextual analysis of it, including the social context. Also, this study provides a thorough review of the related literature concerning the costs of connection, social movements, hashtag activism, and collective identity. Finally, it concludes with a discussion reflecting on the role of digital colonialism and the power of Facebook.

Media is responsible to operate as a room for democratic and interacting discussions in our society. Furthermore, media is a significant part of the overall social context in which citizens are included. Despite increased equality in society, the media still represents women and men unequal which has an impact on the norms and values that prevail in society. Women are still underrepresented in Swedish media content and women’s perspectives and experiences are either marginalized or lacking. This thus confirms and reproduces a society and power structure in which men are superior to women. Further entrepreneurship is critical as it contributes with economic growth and social development and therefore of value for society and politics.  The aim of this study is to examine how women’s entrepreneurship is represented in Framgångspodden and how this podcast discursively constructs gender. The research questions build upon previous studies that show how female entrepreneurs are represented and portrayed differently than male entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the representation of women’s entrepreneurship is gender stereotypical where masculine and feminine characteristics are contrasted. Previous studies also show how the entrepreneurship field is severe to unequal power relations and how female entrepreneurs are diminished.    Through a thematic and critical discourse analysis this study examines how 13 Swedish female entrepreneurs are represented in Framgångspodden. The conclusion of this qualitative study validates previous studies and shows how gender stereotypes exist in a Swedish entrepreneurial context and that the discourse is dominated by a distinct order of power. Framgångspodden defends the masculine entrepreneurship discourse and reproduces the image of how a female entrepreneur should behave or be, by describing her with feminine qualities or placing her in a narrow spectrum of masculine stereotypes. This study confirms that the women's entrepreneurship discourse in Sweden is characterized by masculinity and female entrepreneurs are represented based on their gender roles.

Four years after the Swedish MeToo-movement, ten women who publicly accused men of sexual violence have been convicted of the crime defamation. Framed as realizing questions of truth, sexual violence and the roles victim and perpetrator, the convictions have caused an extensive and polarized debate in Swedish news media. Based on a data-sample of newspaper articles from four of the major daily newspapers in Sweden, this study uses feminist critical discourse analysis to study the news media coverage of these defamation cases with the aim of investigating if patriarchal structures are reproduced in Swedish news media discourse on defamation in the wake of MeToo. The results show that patriarchal structures are in fact being reproduced – in three main ways. First of all, patriarchal structures are reproduced through the construction of truth as a subjective, internal and individual reality that gives men as a group an interpretative prerogative and privilege in making truth-claims, compared to women. Secondly, patriarchal structures are reproduced through the construction of sexual violence as a subjective experience rather than a fact. Men’s sexual violence towards women is depoliticized and de-gendered, rendering the gendered asymmetry of the violence invisible. Thirdly, patriarchal structures are reproduced through assigned roles of victim and perpetrator. Women who testify about rape are constructed as perpetrators of defamation rather than as victims of rape, while men are constructed as victims of defamation rather than as perpetrators of rape. The credibility of women who testify about rape is questioned as well as their legitimacy as victims of sexual violence. To conclude, the study shows that the news media discourse on defamation in the wake of MeToo reproduce patriarchal structures as it contributes to a systematic privileging of men as a group, and to a systematic disadvantaging of women as a group. / Fyra år efter den svenska MeToo-rörelsen har tio kvinnor som offentligt anklagade män för sexuellt våld blivit dömda för brottet förtal. Förtalsdomarna har fått omfattande medialt utrymme i svensk nyhetsmedia och har väckt en polariserad debatt. Domarna har i nyhetsrapporteringen framställts realisera frågor om sanning och sexuellt våld, samt frågor om vem som egentligen är offer och förövare i fallen. Baserat på ett material av nyhetsartiklar från fyra av de största rikstäckande tidningarna i Sverige studerar denna studie nyhetsrapporteringen om dessa förtalsdomar i syfte att undersöka om patriarkala strukturer reproduceras i den mediala diskursen om förtal i kölvattnet av MeToo. Resultaten visar att patriarkala strukturer reproduceras på tre olika sätt. För det första genom att sanning konstrueras diskursivt som en subjektiv och inre individuell verklighet, vilket ger män som grupp ett tolkningsföreträde och privilegium i att leverera sannings-utsagor jämfört med kvinnor. För det andra så reproduceras patriarkala strukturer genom att sexuellt våld konstrueras diskursivt som en subjektiv upplevelse snarare än en sanning. Mäns sexuella våld mot kvinnor avpolitiseras och avkönas vilket gör att den könsasymmetriska aspekten av våldet osynliggörs. För det tredje så reproduceras patriarkala strukturer genom hur rollerna offer och förövare tillskrivs. Kvinnor som vittnar om våldtäkt framställs som förövare av förtal snarare än som våldtäktsoffer, medan män konstrueras som offer för förtal snarare än som våldtäktsmän och förövare. Trovärdigheten hos kvinnor som vittnar om våldtäkt ifrågasätts liksom deras legitimitet som offer för sexuellt våld. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att mediediskursen om förtal reproducerar patriarkala strukturer genom att den bidrar till ett systematiskt gynnande av män som grupp och missgynnande av kvinnor som grupp.

Social Leaders in Colombia in their efforts to defend their territories and communities have been victims for years of threats, violence, and assassinations by some of the power structures present in the country. After the signing of the peace process Between the FARC and the government of Colombia in 2016, the situation has worsened. Social Leaders are catalysts for sustainable development and guaranteeing their protection is fundamental to the country's sustainable development goals. To analyze the situation the methodology applied was a critical discourse analysis, in which the thesis pursed was to understand the government's position and why this social wrong persists. With this aim, the thesis critically analyzed the texts of the government's development plan, tweets of the main channels of the national government, and the congressmen of the ruling party. The analysis indicated that the ideologies of the ruling party make it difficult to find solutions to wicked problems. In addition, the ideology of the governing party presented a combination of neoliberal, neo-conservative, and “caudillismo” discourses that make it difficult to see Social Leadersas potential solutions to problems and stigmatize them. Thus, increasing the risk of Social Leaders being attacked, threatened, or assassinated. The discussion indicates that the path to change requires a change in the polarized vision that the country has had in its history. It is discussed that change can be pursued through pluriverse. The pluriverse is required for the construction of a country that puts in the dialog different ontologies. The analysis proposed components of ontological politics as an option for the transition from the actual model to this pluriverse.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the Swedish public broadcaster SVT depicted domestic measures taken by the government and other authorities as a result of the covid-19 pandemic with attention to their double role as public service. Public service media have a unique role in both acting in favour of the authorities when providing crucial information to the citizens and acting in favour of the public when investigating the work made by the authorities. Building on framing theory and a theoretical framework consisting of public service concepts and governmental crisis communication, critical discourse analysis will interpret how SVT domestically reported about the covid-19 pandemic, with attention to the roles they assumed. The results showed that SVT took on three different roles: the educational role, the informative role and the journalistic role. This duality opens up normative questions regarding how SVT’s articles should be interpreted by the readers, what SVT aims with their news reporting and how transparent they are with their readers. The study does not criticise SVT having different roles in their news reporting. Instead, their guiding principles show that it is necessary to take on contrasting duties towards both the government and the citizens. However, they do not fully follow these principles, which can be seen in their scarce journalistic role despite it being an important part of their public service report.

Cancel culture has been described by some as a form of online activism. It has also been argued as activism with both negative and positive effects. For the positive side, cancel culture has worked to emphasize the representation and voice of women during the #MeToo movement against sexual harassment at workplaces. On the other hand, cancel culture has a reputation for being "activism-for-bad" when it silences the voice of people that may contribute to the area of communication for development and social change. For example, it is said to have stifled academic freedom and restricted open debates in cultural institutions. The aim of this thesis is to examine how cancel culture determines whose representation and voice is heard, and has it evolved from being a tool of activism to one that is said to threaten democratic participation? The thesis analyses six online articles that appears as the top results on Google Search during a specific timeline between the period of 2015 - 2021. These timelines were determined from Google Trends® by looking at when the term 'cancel culture' were trending highest on the internet. Applying methodological framework based on the theories of Critical Discourse Analysis, this thesis sets out to analyse words and terms used in these online articles that contributed to the discourse on cancel culture and analyses its relations to representation and voice.