The matter of the Horečky project is complex called Art in Horečky,which is complex strategy how to get the people interested in arts to the area. Project designs gallery, house for artist, artistic path in nature...

The subject of this thesis was a structural design of a timber structure of a mountain hotel in Králíky. The object was a three storey building in a shape of letter U. The project was made in two different variations. The first one consisted of timber frame system with walls securing spacial stability. Computational model was created as a spacial bar 3D model in SCIA Engineer 19.1. The internal forces were calculated using the linear static analysis. The loadbearing structure was designed according to ultimate and serviceability limit states in SCIA Engineer 19.1. The thesis includes joints and anchorage design according to valid standards. Glue laminated timber was chosen as a material for the loadbearing structure while solid timber was chosen for wall structures. The second variation was made out of cross laminated panels. Wall panels were calculated by hand calculation whereas floor and roof panels were calculated using Agrop Nova Element software. Spatial model was made in SCIA Engineer 19.1 software to design joints and for global deformation check as well. The thesis includes engineering report, structural design report as well as drawings.

L-trä har på kort tid blivit en vanligare byggmetod. Detta har medfört att det underlag som finns för projektering inom området inte är lika väl utvecklade som andra stomsystem. De lösningar som finns inom KL-trä, är idag ofta projektbaserade och är inte är helt genomtänkta ur alla aspekter. Från hur en prefabricerad betongstomme projekteras fram kan vissa principer tillämpas till KL-trä, men då detta är en annan typ av stomme blir vissa lösningar mer specifika mot KL-trä.  Syftet med vår studie är att ta fram en balkonglösning som är fuktsäker och utveckla en standardiserad lösning som går att tillämpa praktiskt. Den ska även uppfylla de krav som regelverken ställer för en balkong. I rapporten används kvalitativa metoder som metodik. Litteraturstudier har använts för att ge en analys av det arbete som finns inom området idag. Datainsamling utfördes med Tom Noremo, som ligger till grund för intervjuer. Intervjuer utfördes med 11 sakkunniga med olika erfarenheter inom byggbranschen. Studien avgränsas till utanpåliggande balkonger infästa med dragstag. Även fasadsystemen avgränsas till Rockwools REDair alternativt PAROC:s ZERO. Den detalj som tas fram är enbart för bostadshus och ska klara av de tillgänglighetskrav som en balkong ska uppfylla. Inga beräkningar för bärförmåga har utförts och redovisad lösning utgår ifrån en befintlig lösning.  Från litteraturstudierna och intervjuerna har en detalj för en balkong i KL-trä projekterats fram. Lösningen har liknande infästning som den detalj rapporten utgår ifrån. Resultatet blev att stålramen med UPE-profil som ligger runt om KL-skivan ska bytas ut mot en L-profil och infästning av dragstag ska sitta i sidorna. Balkonger i KL-trä ska ha hålkäl likt de som en prefabricerad betongbalkong har och ska dras hela vägen till framkant. Balkongerna ska utföras med en tralluppbyggnad som gör det enkelt att klara av tillgänglighetskraven och ger en mer fuktsäker konstruktion. Det tätskikt som monteras måste klara av den mekaniska åverkan som kommer från trallen, närmast dörrtröskel ska brädor bytas ut mot gallerdurk. För de balkonger som är extra utsatta för nederbörd kan en sockeluppbyggnad utföras. Slutsatsen blev att det krävs omfattande åtgärder för att en balkong i KL-trä ska bli lika hållbar som en betongbalkong. Materialval och arbetsutförande har en stor inverkan på slutresultatet. Studien har resulterat i ett gediget projekteringsunderlag för utformning av balkonger. / CLT is becoming a more popular building method. Therefore, the design documentation for CLT is not as developed as other frame systems. The solutions that exist today are only project-based and not always as well thought out as compared to how prefabricated concrete systems is designed. Some principles can be applied to CLT but since this is a different type of material the solutions need to become more specific to CLT.  The purpose with our study is to develop a standardized balcony detail in CLT which is moisture-proof and can be applied in practice. It must also meet the requirements and regulations for a balcony set by the authorities.  The report uses qualitative methods as a methodology to analyse the work that exist today for a balcony in CLT. We used literature studies and conducted 11 interviews with experts obtained from Kåver & Mellin. The study is limited to wall-mounted balconies attached with tension rods. The facade systems are limited to Rockwool´s RED air or PAROC zero. The detail in the report is only for apartment buildings and will meet the requirements set for a balcony. No calculations for load bearing capacity have been conducted where the solution is based on an existing solution.  As a result, from the literature studies and interviews, a balcony detail in CLT has been projected. The detail uses similar attachments as the detail the report is based on. The result from the methodology was that the steel frame that is applied around the CLT-panel must be replaced with a L shaped steel frame. The attachments for the tension rods must be placed on the sides of the balcony. Balconies in CLT must have the same triangle formed element as prefabricated concrete balconies has and be drawn all the way to the front edge of the CLT-panel. The balconies need to be made with duckboard which makes it easier to meet the requirements of accessibility and provides a more moisture-proof construction. The waterproof layer needs to be able to withstand the load bearing coming from duckboard. The boards closest to the threshold can be replaced with a floor grate. The balconies that is extra exposed to bad weather can have an extra outer wall construction. The conclusion is that a balcony in CLT need extensive measures for it to become as durable as concrete balconies. Material selection and the work performance have the biggest impact on the result. The study has resulted in a solid design documentation for a balcony in CLT and an alternative solution has been produced which is moisture-proof and can be applied in practice.

The effectiveness of using commercial polyethylene flashing and stainless-steel mesh in CLT wall systems as the termite barriers were evaluated in a short-term field test. American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) E21's visual ratings ranged from 10 to 9 in the specimens showing little damage when no physical barriers were used. Termites were able to crawl beyond the physical barriers in few specimens showing the necessity of further research on height and installation method of physical barriers. On the second part, the effect of decay caused due to Postia placenta, a brown-rot fungus, on the structural performance of hold-down brackets connected to CLT walls was evaluated using monotonic and cyclic loadings. An increase in moisture content reduced the strength of the connection system but increased the initial stiffness. Decay caused delamination of CLT laminate perpendicular to the grain, a different failure pattern, compared to the wet control and dry control specimens.

Interest in the use of mass timber in building and construction is growing worldwide, this is due to the structural integrity and reduced environmental footprint of timber-based structures. Concerns associated with the biological and environmental degradation of mass timber necessitate the development of adequate protection strategies to ensure the durability of these products. Preservative treatment is a proven technique that increases the durability and performance of wood in-service and can also be applied to large-sized timber panels such as cross-laminated timber (CLT). Therefore, this study focused on investigating the feasibility of treating prefabricated 3- and 5-layer CLT panels with Copper-azole type C (CA-C) and micronized copper azole (MCA) preservatives. Further, we studied the effects of panel layup and thickness on the preservative impregnation in CLT. Based on the experimental results, we found adequate preservative penetration and retention in the treated 3- and 5-layer CLT panels, particularly in CA-C treated panels. Also, the lengthwise layup shows better treatment results in both CA-C and MCA-treated panels. In addition to the preservative-treatment of CLT panels, this dissertation covers the development of lignin-reinforced polyurethane adhesive (PUR) for bonding glue-laminated timber (Glulam). Herein, the glulam were fabricated and bonded using lignin-reinforced PUR at different wt% (1, 2, and 3) and tested for shear strength, wood failure and delamination. The lignin-treated PUR samples showed improved adhesion properties via high shear strength and reduced delamination compared to the control specimens. Thus, the lignin-reinforced PUR adhesive shows great potential as a bio-based and environment-friendly wood adhesive for producing glulam used in structural applications.

This project investigated the correlation between measured impact sound insulation and perceived walking sound annoyance in schools. The correlation was tested by performing standardized impact sound insulation measurements for different floor structures and comparing the measurement results with subjective perception of recorded walking for the same floor structures. Subjective perception of walking sound was evaluated by performing listening tests based on the recorded walking sounds. Five structures were tested, four different CLT structures and one concrete structure. The objective was to determine the significance of the frequencies below 100 Hz for perceived walking sound annoyance and to investigate whether the inclusion of frequencies below 100 Hz in the evaluation of impact sound insulation would improv the correlation between measured and perceived impact sound. The results from the listening tests showed that the rated walking sound annoyance for the structures did not correlate to the structures’ measured impact sound insulation. For example, the structure with the worst impact sound insulation was not rated the worst from the listening tests. Improvements to the correlation between measured and perceived impact sound were seen when the impact sound insulation was evaluated from 25 Hz, but the correlation was still not fully satisfactory.

Införandet av byggnadsstadgan 1874 medförde ett förbud mot byggande av flerbostadshus i trä om högre än två våningar på grund av omfattande bränder. Detta hämmande utvecklingen av trä då de större företagen byggde flervåningshus högre än två våningar vilket ledde till byggande av annat material än trä. I dagsläget är byggnadsmaterialet betong det dominerande materialet inom byggbranschen, speciellt inom byggandet av flerbostadshus. De senaste 15 åren har andelen byggda flerbostadshus med en stomme av betong varierat mellan 80 och 91 procent. Byggnad- och fastighetsbranschen står idag för cirka 21 % av Sveriges totala utsläpp av växthusgaser, en totalsiffra på cirka 21 miljoner ton koldioxidekvivalenter. Under de senaste åren har både företag och privatpersoner i både Sverige och länder runt om i världen fått upp ögonen för de miljöproblem som världen står inför och har blivit mer miljömedvetna och letar oavbrutet efter lösningar på hur samhället kan minska koldioxidutsläppen. Resultaten i detta examensarbete för de tillhandahållna projekten som detta arbete utgått från är att byggnaden konstruerad i korslimmat trä är det material som är att föredra ur ett miljö- och kostnadsperspektiv. Dock har detta arbete enbart avhandlat bärande inner- och ytterväggar samt bjälklag. / With the introduction of the 1874 building code, a prohibation against multi-storey apartment buildings built in wood was implemented, mainly because of the widespread fires throughout the years. Since most of the bigger companies built their apartment complexes in levels higher than two, it meant they had to build in construction material other than wood - thus hampering woods’ development in the field of construction. As of today, concrete is still the dominating material within construction industry, especielly when it comes to building apartment complexes. Theamount of partment buildings built with its framework consisting mostly of concrete has varied between 80 to 91 percent the past 15 years. The building industry and real estate industry represent approximately 21 % of Swedens greenhouse gas emissions, a total figure of about 21-million-ton carbon dioxide equivalents. In recent years, people and companies in Sweden and countries around the globe have become more aware of the environmental issues and its consequences that we’ll soon face and are therefore working on finding solutions on how society can reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The results presented in this thesis, which represents the projects that were provided, shows that the building built with its framing in CLT is the more sustainable material from an environmental perspective and more profitable economically. It should however be mentioned that calculations were only done for the load-bearing inner and outer walls and the floor joist.

In order to maintain a sustainable construction industry, it is important to consider sustainability aspects in buildings. Material selection and optimizations are a fundamental part of this process. The purpose of this degree project is to contrast cross laminated timber slabs with prefabricated concrete slabs based on cost, carbon dioxide emissions, number of supports and the attitude of the construction industry. This is to see if one of the slabs can be considered more advantageous than the other and if it can be optimized. In order to achieve the aim and purpose of the study, a literature review, theoretical calculations and interviews with actors in the construction industry have been carried out. The study has resulted in a comparative analysis that shows that cross laminated timber slabs have a significantly lower carbon dioxide emission than prefabricated concrete slabs, but are less economically profitable. The result further shows that continuity can optimize both slabs through thinner thicknesses and thus be cost- and environmental-saving. The actors, in turn, have a tendency to prefer the materials that they are used to and feel safe working with, as there are risks involved in trying something newer. However, the actors show a great openness towards cross laminated timber and feel that its development will increase in connection with the knowledge about the material being established. The most central thing is to apply the right material in the right place. / För att upprätthålla en hållbar byggindustri är det viktigt att beakta hållbarhetsaspekter i byggnationer. Materialval och optimeringar är en grundläggande del av denna process. Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att ställa KL-träbjälklag mot prefabricerade betongbjälklag med utgångspunkt i kostnad, koldioxidutsläpp, antal upplag och byggbranschens inställning. Detta för att se om något av bjälklagen kan anses vara mer fördelaktigt än det andra och om det går att optimeras. För att uppnå studiens mål och syfte har en litteraturöversikt, teoretiska beräkningar och intervjuer med aktörer inom byggbranschen genomförts.  Studien har utmynnat i en jämförande analys som visar att KL-träbjälklag har ett betydligt mindre koldioxidutsläpp än prefabricerade betongbjälklag, men blir mindre ekonomiskt lönsamt. Resultatet visar ytterligare att kontinuitet kan optimera båda bjälklagen genom tunnare tjocklekar och på så vis vara kostnads- och miljöbesparande. Aktörerna i sin tur har en benägenhet att preferera de material som de är vana och trygga att arbeta med då det medför risker att bepröva något nyare. Aktörerna visar dock en stor öppenhet mot KL-trä och upplever att dess utveckling kommer att öka i samband med att kunskapen kring materialet etableras. Det mest centrala är att man tillämpar rätt material på rätt plats.

The choice of frame system is one of the first and most important steps in the design process. The decision is based on many key factors, including construction time, cost, and carbon footprint. There are studies that describe the different factors for various structural systems, but none that gather four of the most common systems in the same study. This study, conducted in collaboration with Skanska, analyzes a prefabricated CLT (Cross-Laminated Timber) structure, a prefabricated concrete structure, a hybrid structure combining CLT and concrete, and a combination structure with steel columns and a flat concrete base, in terms of time, cost, and CO2 footprint. Calculations and life cycle analyses have been performed on the four different frame systems, showing that the hybrid CLT and concrete structure performed the best overall in the three categories. The combination structure with steel columns and a flat concrete base followed, then the prefabricated concrete structure, and lastly the prefabricated CLT structure. Interviews with Skanska employees revealed that their knowledge and experience somewhat aligned with the results of the calculations and life cycle analyses, but the attitude towards continuing to work with the relatively new CLT structure was positive. / Valet av stomsystem är ett av de första och viktigaste stegen under projekteringsprocessen. Valet grundar sig på många viktiga faktorer, bland annat hur lång tid de tar att bygga, hur mycket det kostar och hur stort CO2-avtryck det har. Det finns studier som beskriver de olika faktorerna för olika stomsystem, men ingen som samlar fyra av de vanligaste stomsystemen i samma studie. Denna studie, i samarbete med Skanska, analyserar en prefabricerad KL-trästomme, en prefabricerad betongstomme, en hybridstomme i KL-trä och betong samt en kombinationsstomme med stålpelare och plattbärlag med avseende på just tid, kostnad och CO2-avtryck. Kalkyler och livscykelanalyser har gjorts på de fyra olika stomsystemen, vilket visar att hybridstommen i KL-trä och betong var den stomme som i sammantaget presterar bäst i de tre kategorierna. Kombinationsstommen med stålpelare och plattbärlag kom därefter, följ av den prefabricerade betongstommen och sist den prefabricerade KL-trästommen. Intervjuer med medarbetare på Skanska visade att den kunskap och erfarenhet som de besatt i viss mån stämde överens med de resultat som kalkyler och livscykelanalyser visade, men att inställningen till att fortsätta jobba med den relativt nya stommen i KL-trä är god.

<p dir="ltr">In response to the growing significance of wood as a sustainable resource and the challenges within the wood products industry, there is a pressing need for innovation and collaboration across sectors. This study underscores the importance of mapping the wood products industry to gain a comprehensive understanding of material flows, which is essential for educational and research endeavors. The findings aim to uncover new economic opportunities and advocate for sustainable resource management. To address the complexities of the wood products industry, we developed a Generic Map, including a version tailored for the U.S. hardwood sector. Moreover, Dive-in Chain Maps were introduced to elaborate on the main production chains: Sawmill (I), Veneer Mill (II), Reconstituted Wood Manufacturing (III), and Pulp and Paper Mill (IV).</p><p dir="ltr">The study suggests four strategies to augment the value of hardwood through production, design, material modification, and by-products management. We showcased some strategies through two case studies.</p><p dir="ltr">The first focuses on Cross-laminated Timber (CLT), demonstrating value addition to hardwood. We conducted a literature review on the availability of raw materials in the US region and evaluated their performance across various stages of laboratory testing. This was followed by evaluating the feasibility and environmental effects of utilizing yellow poplar for CLT production. Additionally, we compared the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) outcomes of yellow poplar CLT with those of traditional softwood CLT. This comparison aims to provide further insights for developing future by-product management or end-of-life strategies.</p><p dir="ltr">The second case study examines thermal modification, proposing an innovative method for efficient thermal treatment and employing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to analyze the correlation between temperature, duration, and color change. We also compared the physical and mechanical properties of surface thermally treated samples to those of traditionally treated ones, discussing how different thermal treatments affect material properties.</p><p dir="ltr">Our findings illuminate the path for effective material flow and utilization, unveiling avenues for innovation and the creation of high-value products. Furthermore, the study provides strategies for waste minimization and informed end-of-life decision-making, thereby enhancing circularity and sustainability in the wood products industry.</p>