Cultural heritage tourism is the fasted growing segment of the tourism industry, because there is a trend toward an increased specialization among tourists. This is evident in the rise in the volume of tourists who seek adventure, culture, history, archaeology and interaction with local people. Specially, tourists who come to visit Malacca State are interesting in cultural heritage sites have increased recently and are expected to continue. This study attempts to investigate the relationship between cultural heritage destination attributes and tourist satisfaction, and to identify the relationship between cultural heritage destination attributes and tourist satisfaction in terms of selected tourists¡¦ demographic characteristics and travel behavior characteristics. In this study, expectancy-disconfirmation theory was used to provide a conceptual framework. The theory holds that consumers first form expectations of products or service performance prior to purchasing or use. Subsequently, purchasing and use convey to the consumer beliefs about the actual or perceived performance of the product(s) or service(s). Then the consumer will compare the perceived performance to prior expectation. Consumer satisfaction is seen as the outcome of this comparison. The study area for this study was Malacca State, Malaysia. Malacca State is a historical city centre which has been listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008. Malacca has adopted as its slogan, ¡§Visiting Malacca Means Visiting Malaysia¡¨, because Malacca have developed over 500 years of trading and cultural exchanged between east and west in the straits of Malacca. Besides that, Malacca also demonstrates the early stages of history originating in the 15th century Malay Sultanate, Portuguese, and Dutch periods beginning in the represents the British era from the end of the 18th century. Furthermore, in year 2009, total of 8.9 million tourists has visited Malacca. It increased about 1.7 million tourists flowing in compared year 2008. The data of this study were collected from the on-site survey method. The sample population for this study was composed of tourists, who visited Malacca State in May, 2010. The survey was conducted at two sites in the cultural heritage sites of Malacca State. Out of 150 questionnaires, 115 were usable. Therefore, the data from 115 respondents were analyzed in this study. A few of appropriate statistical analyses such as frequencies, descriptive, factor analysis, linear regressions analysis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used according to respective objectives and descriptors. The factor analysis was conducted to create correlated variable composited from the original 23 attributes. Using factor analysis, 23 analysis attributes resulted to three dimensions: General Tour Attraction, Culture and Heritage Attraction, and Differentiate and Amenity Attraction. These three factors then were related with overall satisfaction. The linear regression analysis revealed that was relationship between cultural heritage destination attributes and tourists¡¦ overall satisfaction. ANOVA showed that there was significant difference between derived factor in relation to gender, age, education, country of origin, household income, past experience to cultural heritage sites, length of stay, and information selected, such as internet, newspaper, holiday exhibition, brochure or travel magazine or guidebook, and local or town trail among the demographic and behavior characteristics. The lastly, ANCOVA showed that origin of country, household income per year, and decision time of the control variables controlled the relationship between the overall satisfaction of tourists and derived factors. According to the results of this study, origin of country and household income controlled the relationship between the overall satisfaction of tourists and derived Factor 3 (Differentiate and Amenity Attraction) and time planning showed significant in relationship between the overall satisfaction of tourist of tourists and derived Factor 2 (Cultural and Heritage Attraction). Based on the results several recommendations can be made to improve and increase tourists¡¦ satisfaction of the cultural heritage tourism in Malacca State, such as comprehending what tourists seek at cultural heritage attractions will help tourism marketers better understand their customers. Through this study, planners or marketers can identify which attributes satisfy the tourist who visit cultural heritage destinations will help tourism planners develop appropriate strategies to attract their customers and serve them effectively. Besides that, it allow planners or marketers knowing who the satisfied tourists are may help reduce marketing costs and maintain cultural heritage destinations¡¦ sustainability.

This study revolves around cultural heritage as a resource for tourism and within a placemaking. The chosen purpose is to study how an individual municipality relates to its specific cultural heritage and to investigate how cultural heritage can be used as a tourism resource and within a place-making. Hässleholm municipality is the subject of the study and the cultural heritage is the history about the guerrilla fighters and outlaws called snapphanar. The questions at issue are: How is the history of snapphanarna in Hässleholm municipality valued as a cultural heritage and as a tourism resource? How can Hässleholm municipality use its cultural heritage as a tourism resource and in a place-making? The theoretical understanding is mainly based on Jonas Grundberg's material on cultural heritage tourism and Lotta Braunerhielm's study on cultural heritage in place-making. A case study has been conducted using semi-structured interviews, unstructured interviews and observations. Interviews have been conducted with the responsible destination developer from the municipality, the castle manager at Hovdala Slott, the responsible at “Tourism in Skåne”, and ten locals. The results show that there is a discrepancy in how local residents value the cultural heritage of snapphanar versus how municipal responsible value them. Among other things, locals want the Snapphane heritage to bring more to life in the municipality and be used in tourism, something that is now not present. Furthermore, it is clear that the municipality does not see Hovdala Castle for all its values. The study provides tools for how Hässleholm municipality can use the cultural heritage of the history about Snappahanarna, together with Hovdala Slott, to create a more locally based tourism and as a way for a place making. / Denna studie kretsar kring kulturarv som en resurs för turism och inom ett platsskapande. Det valda syftet är att studera hur en enskild kommun förhåller sig till sitt specifika kulturarv samt att undersöka hur kulturarvet kan användas som en turismresurs och inom ett platsskapande. Hässleholms kommun är föremålet för studien och kulturarvet är snapphanehistorien. Frågeställningarna är: Hur värderas snapphanehistorien i Hässleholms kommun som ett kulturarv och som en turismresurs? Hur kan Hässleholms kommun använda sitt kulturarv som en turismresurs och inom ett platsskapande? Den teoretiska förståelsen utgår främst från Jonas Grundbergs material om kulturarvsturism och Lotta Braunerhielms studie om kulturarv inom platsskapande. En fallstudie har utförts med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer, ostrukturerade intervjuer samt observationer. Intervjuer har gjorts med ansvarig destinationsutvecklare från kommunen, slottschefen på Hovdala Slott, ansvarig på Tourism in Skåne samt tio lokalinvånare. Resultaten visar att det finns en diskrepans i hur kommuninvånarna värderar kulturarvet snapphanar kontra kommunansvariga. Lokalinvånarna vill bland annat att snapphanearvet ska levandegöras mer i kommunen och användas inom turism, något som nu inte är gällande. Vidare framgår att kommunen inte ser Hovdala Slott för alla dess värden. Studien ger verktyg till hur Hässleholms kommun kan använda sig av kulturarvet snapphanehistorien tillsammans med Hovdala Slott för att skapa en mer lokalt förankrad turism och som en väg för ett nytt platsskapande.

Virserums möbelindustrimuseum är ett arbetslivsmuseum som representerar möbelindustrin i Virserum med omnejd. Det är en ideell förening som driver museet och det föreliggande arbetet undersöker hur föreningen förmedlar det materiella och immateriella kulturarvet. Jag har tagit utgångspunkt i möbelserien som kallas Äpplet för att avgränsa mina studier i hur förmedlingsprocessen ser ut. Syftet är att synliggöra en allmänt känd möbel som tidigt på 1900-talet fanns i många svenska hem som sedan har glömts bort. En diskursanalys tillämpas för att genom utsagor ta reda på vilken betydelse Äpplet har på museet. Utställningen, hemsidan och ett urval i arkivet analyseras genom ett perspektiv som belyser aktivering av kulturarv samt arbetet i dokumentering och förvaltning av arvet som finns i museets samling. Forskningen resulterade i att Äpplets funktion på museet är liten, likaså i historieskrivningen. Museet arbetar ständigt med utveckling men stöter på hinder som engagemang från ideella krafter. / Virserum's furniture industry museum is a working life museum that represents the furniture industry in Virserum and the surrounding area. It is a non-profit association that runs the museum and the present work examines how the association conveys the material and intangible cultural heritage. I have taken my starting point in the furniture series called the Apple to limit my studies in what the conveys process looks like. The purpose is to make visible a generally known piece of furniture that was found in many Swedish homes in the early 20th century and has since been forgotten. A discourse analysis is applied to find out through statements what significance the Apple has for the museum. The exhibition, the website and a selection in the archive are analyzed through a perspective that highlights the activation of cultural heritage as well as the work in documenting and managing the heritage that is in the museum's collection. The research resulted in the Apple's function at the museum being small, as well as in the writing of history. The museum is constantly working on development but encounters obstacles such as commitment from non-profit forces.

This paper explores heritage killing in the practice of Grindadráp (pilot whale hunting),revealing its relevance to Faroese regional identity. My aim is to identify ‘heritage killing’ inthree aspects; killing is heritage, heritage kills, and heritage is being killed to show the role itplays in the heritage practice of Grindadráp and in turn, how all the different aspects of ‘heritagekilling’ can influence the Faroese identity. I will use the qualitative method of one-on-one subjectinterviews to acquire; beliefs, values, rituals and traditions of the Faroese people, gainingvaluable indigenous data. In this research process, uncovering the people of the Faroe Islands tobe authentically; nature-based, socially bonded within their community, and sustainable intraditions which make up their identity.

Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites are unique in how their artifacts and archaeological contexts differ from terrestrial heritage sites, but UNESCO notes that UCH sites in less-actively regulated areas, like international waters, are at a high risk of having their material culture remains destroyed, pillaged, or commercially exploited, especially as technological innovations continue to increase access to the deep sea and its resources. International treaties like UNESCO's 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage demonstrate efforts by the international community to protect UCH, however many maritime states including the U.S. have not signed it out of a concern that the treaty oversteps the international legal framework established by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). In order to better understand how UCH is (or is not) protected in international waters around the world, this thesis examines the threats facing UCH in international waters as well as the contemporary legal frameworks designed to protect this cultural heritage. Several solutions aimed at addressing key threats facing UCH in international waters caused by these legal and regulatory systems and which can be taken by the U.S. and international community at large are also proposed. / Master of Arts / Underwater cultural heritage including shipwrecks, sunken port architecture, and even entire sunken cities provide important information about humanity's history of using the world's oceans and seas. Unfortunately, many of these underwater cultural heritage sites are highly at-risk of being accidentally destroyed or pillaged by people who are more interested in selling antiquities than learning about them. This problem is particularly exasperated in international waters, in which no country has the sole right to make or enforce laws to protect these cultural resources. While there are several international laws and treaties designed to protect underwater cultural heritage sites, some countries, including the U.S., have refused to sign them. To better understand why, this thesis discusses the risks facing underwater cultural heritage sites in international waters and the legal options available to help protect them. Several solutions aimed at addressing primary threats facing underwater cultural heritage sites and which the U.S. could adopt are also proposed.

Kulturarvsplatser kan betraktas på olika sätt av olika människor. Samtidigt finns kol-lektiva föreställningar om hur en kulturarvsplats bör förstås. Mellan dessa utgångs-punkter sker förhandlingar om kulturarvsplatsens betydelse och värde. Syftet med studien är att förstå hur en plats, institutionellt utpekad som kulturarv, används och iscensätts genom mångsidiga och korsande praktiker, både via media och på plats. Två fall undersöks som har olika inriktningar men båda inom svensk kulturmiljö-vård: kulturreservatet komministerbostället Råshult i sydvästra Kronoberg i Småland som är botanikern Carl von Linnés födelseplats och den publika uppdragsarkeologiska verksamheten i Slättbygdsprojektet i västra Östergötland. Frågorna berör vilka arenor medieringen sker, dess tematik/innehåll, iscensättningen av kulturarvet samt hur besö-karna uppfattar sitt besök av platsen och de strategiska aktörernas visioner för platsen. Metodiskt följs en tänkt besökares väg till kulturarvsplatsen och faktiska besökare vid platsen. Både i slättbygdens undersökningsrum och vid Linnés Råshult synliggörs den kollektiva föreställningarna som huvudsakligen en vetenskaplig studieplats och en skattkammare för särskilt värdefulla ting. Besökarna lyfter dock fram de sociala aspekterna av besöket. Besökarens tolkning existerar och konkurrerar med andra bilder av platserna. Det saknas dock arenor som synliggör och sätter dessa i förbindelse med de strategiska aktörerna, trots mycket offentligt tal om demokratisering av kulturarvs-processerna under senare år. Olika materials bilder har på så sätt lagts jämte varandra för att synliggöra dynamik, förhandling, konkurrens och bristande dialog kring en plats. / Cultural heritage sites can be looked at differently by different people. These sites also carry collective understandings of how they should be understood. Between these two outsets there are negotiations of the sites’ meaning and value. The aim of this thesis is to understand how a place, institutionally pointed out as cultural heritage, is used and staged through diverse and intersecting practices, both through media and on the heri-tage site. Two differently oriented cases are researched within Swedish cultural heritage preservation: one the birthplace of Carolus Linnaeus, the botanist, which is a cultural reservation located at Råshult in the south of Sweden, and the other a commissioned archaeological project called Slättbygdsprojektet in Östergötland in mid Sweden. The questions concern on what arenas the mediation happens, its theme/content, the staging of the cultural heritage, as well as the visitors’ experiences and the strategic actors’ visions of the site. Methodically I follow both a fictive visitor’s way to the heritage site and actual visitors on site. Both in Slättbygdsprojektet and at Linnés Råshult the collective understandings of the sites are mainly viewed as a place for scientific study and a treasure chamber for especially valuable objects. The visitors especially highlight the social aspects of their visit. The visitors’ interpretation exists and competes with other images. However, there are no arenas that can make them visible, to put them in relation with the strategic actors, despite much public speech in recent years about democratizing cultural heri-tage processes. Images of different researched materials of the site have been juxta-posed to make visible the dynamic, negotiations, competition and lack of dialogue about cultural heritage sites.

Kulturarvsplatser kan betraktas på olika sätt av olika människor. Samtidigt finns kol-lektiva föreställningar om hur en kulturarvsplats bör förstås. Mellan dessa utgångs-punkter sker förhandlingar om kulturarvsplatsens betydelse och värde. Syftet med studien är att förstå hur en plats, institutionellt utpekad som kulturarv, används och iscensätts genom mångsidiga och korsande praktiker, både via media och på plats. Två fall undersöks som har olika inriktningar men båda inom svensk kulturmiljö-vård: kulturreservatet komministerbostället Råshult i sydvästra Kronoberg i Småland som är botanikern Carl von Linnés födelseplats och den publika uppdragsarkeologiska verksamheten i Slättbygdsprojektet i västra Östergötland. Frågorna berör vilka arenor medieringen sker, dess tematik/innehåll, iscensättningen av kulturarvet samt hur besö-karna uppfattar sitt besök av platsen och de strategiska aktörernas visioner för platsen. Metodiskt följs en tänkt besökares väg till kulturarvsplatsen och faktiska besökare vid platsen. Både i slättbygdens undersökningsrum och vid Linnés Råshult synliggörs den kollektiva föreställningarna som huvudsakligen en vetenskaplig studieplats och en skattkammare för särskilt värdefulla ting. Besökarna lyfter dock fram de sociala aspekterna av besöket. Besökarens tolkning existerar och konkurrerar med andra bilder av platserna. Det saknas dock arenor som synliggör och sätter dessa i förbindelse med de strategiska aktörerna, trots mycket offentligt tal om demokratisering av kulturarvs-processerna under senare år. Olika materials bilder har på så sätt lagts jämte varandra för att synliggöra dynamik, förhandling, konkurrens och bristande dialog kring en plats. / Cultural heritage sites can be looked at differently by different people. These sites also carry collective understandings of how they should be understood. Between these two outsets there are negotiations of the sites’ meaning and value. The aim of this thesis is to understand how a place, institutionally pointed out as cultural heritage, is used and staged through diverse and intersecting practices, both through media and on the heri-tage site. Two differently oriented cases are researched within Swedish cultural heritage preservation: one the birthplace of Carolus Linnaeus, the botanist, which is a cultural reservation located at Råshult in the south of Sweden, and the other a commissioned archaeological project called Slättbygdsprojektet in Östergötland in mid Sweden. The questions concern on what arenas the mediation happens, its theme/content, the staging of the cultural heritage, as well as the visitors’ experiences and the strategic actors’ visions of the site. Methodically I follow both a fictive visitor’s way to the heritage site and actual visitors on site. Both in Slättbygdsprojektet and at Linnés Råshult the collective understandings of the sites are mainly viewed as a place for scientific study and a treasure chamber for especially valuable objects. The visitors especially highlight the social aspects of their visit. The visitors’ interpretation exists and competes with other images. However, there are no arenas that can make them visible, to put them in relation with the strategic actors, despite much public speech in recent years about democratizing cultural heri-tage processes. Images of different researched materials of the site have been juxta-posed to make visible the dynamic, negotiations, competition and lack of dialogue about cultural heritage sites.

在全球化的影響下，傳統與現代的衝突顯得尤為尖銳，如何保護並發展傳統的民族文化，是普遍面臨的議題。 　　侗錦產生於侗族的生活中，展現出豐富而精彩的圖案紋樣，強烈地反映了他們對生命、大自然和民族文化的熱愛和崇敬，同時也滲透著民族文化的樂觀精神、凝聚著人們對美好未來的嚮往，侗錦可以說將侗族最真誠的情感表現了出來。 　　本研究地域範疇以湖南省懷化市通道侗族自治縣的侗錦傳承區域為主，侗錦傳承區域占全縣面積60%，主要分佈在該縣之西部以及南部百里侗族文化長廊的各鄉鎮。 　　作者在通道縣以及周邊的其他侗族地區田調時間前後長達七年，對於通道縣的侗錦進行了具體的收集和整理的工作。立基於這個基礎之上，作者充分瞭解了關於通道縣侗錦藝術的形成背景、產生因素、內外的特徵以及目前的實際情況，同時也深入探討其蘊涵的文化精神、現代價值以及其在工藝美術中的運用。此外，本文也結合織錦文化資源保護的現狀，分析政府與民間所採取的傳承原則與實際方法。 　　本研究期許通過對通道侗錦的整理與分析，找出侗錦藝術存在的各種意義與價值，並希望以此引起社會對通道侗錦文化從認識進而重視、從重視進而保護與弘揚。因此本研究透過從政府保障非物質文化遺產的角度入手，對非物質文化遺產保護的具體執行層面進行探討，其中主要是探討政府應該如何扮演傳承文化主導者的角色。作者先由戰略層面探討政府對侗錦織造技藝如何保護與傳承、如何制定政策、如何復振，再由戰術層次探討政府如何組織民間所擁有的研習管道、如何強化傳承人與學習生之間的互動狀況、如何開展侗錦的未來等問題。 　　本研究最後的重點聚焦於侗錦文創可能性的分析。侗錦展演如何在各項文化體驗活動中展現其潛力，俾便達成藝術生活化的可能性？侗錦文化如何以文化創意產業的型態經營，俾能超越地域性的侷限?當大眾聚焦在文創產品的真實性議題的時候，如何藉之促成族人對於侗錦文化認同的差異性，以及侗錦如何在村寨形成傳承認知的效應?侗錦藝術是否能夠活化通道縣侗錦文創產業的契機，進而提升侗錦文化發展的主體性? 　　本研究最終期待透過這樣以學術性的方式，探討侗錦非物質文化遺產的生存與發展現狀，提供侗族在進行適度保護性旅遊與再利用政策的時侯，將這一項國家級的非物質文化遺產推向市場、推向國際。

In den Diskussionen zu Globalisierung und Global Governance wird häufig darauf hingewiesen, dass Staaten und zwischenstaatliche Organisationen allein nicht in der Lage sind, die verstärkt auftretenden transnationalen Probleme zu lösen. Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs) gelten als Hoffnungsträger, die Problemlösungskompetenzen beisteuern und die Legitimität internationaler Politik verbessern könnten. Obwohl die UNESCO bereits seit 1945 eine ausgeprägte und institutionalisierte Zusammenarbeit mit der Zivilgesellschaft pflegt, lassen viele politikwissenschaftliche Studien über die Einbeziehung von NGOs durch internationale Organisationen die UNESCO völlig unberücksichtigt. In Arbeiten zu globalen öffentlichen Gütern bleibt die UNESCO ebenso unter-belichtet. Der Fokus richtet sich vor allem auf Umwelt und Klima. Doch das Weltkulturerbe ist gleichfalls ein globales öffentliches Gut. Mit dem Welterbeprogramm ruft die UNESCO alle Menschen weltweit auf, auch die Kulturstätten anderer Völker als ihr eigenes kulturelles Erbe zu begreifen und sich für dessen Erhaltung einzusetzen. Seit der von der UNESCO initiierten Rettung der nubischen Kulturstätten in den 1960er Jahren etablierte sich ein spannendes transnationales Politikfeld – leider wenig beachtet von der Politikwissenschaft. Wird in Medien über das Welterbe berichtet, findet die UNESCO meist nur im Zusammenhang mit der Verleihung des Welterbetitels Erwähnung. Von der Öffentlichkeit kaum wahrgenommen, hat die UNESCO auch die Aufgabe, Welterbestätten zu überwachen und ggf. Hilfsprogramme zu initiieren. Diese Studienarbeit wird politikwissenschaftliches Licht auf die Interaktionen zwischen UNESCO und Zivilgesellschaft zum Schutze von gefährdetem Kulturerbe werfen. Dabei konzentriere ich mich auf die Notfallmaßnahmen für die Kulturgüter in Syrien, die seit Beginn der kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen im Jahr 2011 massiv von Zerstörung und illegaler Entwendung bedroht sind. Eine umfassende Analyse aller Beziehungen zwischen NGOs und UNESCO im Rahmen der Arbeit ist unmöglich. Ich wählte deshalb die NGO ‚Heritage for Peace‘ aus, um an diesem Beispiel zu zeigen, aus welchen Gründen und in welchen Bereichen die UNESCO mit NGOs kooperiert bzw. welche Gründe dagegen sprechen. Theoretisch angeleitet wird die Arbeit von der Ressourcentausch-Theorie. Die Untersuchung beginne ich mit einer kurzen Darstellung des Kulturgutschutzes durch die UNESCO und der Situation, in der sich die syrischen Kulturgüter gegenwärtig befinden.

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