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Nesta pesquisa buscamos investigar e caracterizar normas e práticas culturais produzidas em aulas de Ciências organizadas pelo Ensino de Ciências por Investigação. Metodologicamente, o trabalho foi estruturado em duas etapas. Na primeira dessas, de cunho teórico, trazemos a articulação de referenciais que debatem o conceito de cultura; a discussão sobre cultura científica e sobre as normas sociais que organizam o processo de construção de conhecimento nas comunidades cientificas; e algumas implicações dessa discussão para o ensino de ciências. Dos estudos sobre cultura, aproximamo-nos de autores que trazem contribuições para pensá-la como maneiras de fazer socialmente construídas a partir dos repertórios disponíveis a um grupo, como práticas que se revestem de sentido nas ações cotidianas de sujeitos que lidam com as normas e empregam de forma criativa aquilo que recebem. Para pensar essas práticas no contexto do ensino de ciências, apresentamos algumas proposições sobre o ensino de ciências como prática que defendem que a disciplina de Ciências se organize em torno de dimensões conceituais, sociais, epistêmicas e materiais do trabalho científico, a fim de criar oportunidades para que os estudantes reconstruam e aprofundem suas ideias e explicações sobre o mundo natural, enquanto se engajam em processos simplificados de trabalho científico. Como uma possibilidade de promoção das quatro dimensões do trabalho científico em sala de aula, apontamos o Ensino de Ciências por Investigação que, em suas diferentes abordagens, preconiza que as atividades promovidas em sala de aula aproximem os estudantes de práticas investigativas. Na etapa empírica desta tese, apresentamos a análise qualitativa de três aulas de ciências que compõem a Sequência de Ensino Investigativa Navegação e Meio Ambiente, adotando como fontes de dados seu planejamento e o registro audiovisual de sua implementação em um 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública paulistana. Nessas aulas, buscamos evidências de quais normas culturais estavam vigentes e organizavam o processo de construção e apreciação de explicações para os problemas propostos nas atividades da sequência. Já para discussão das práticas, buscamos descrever operações realizadas pela professora e pelos estudantes que nos indicavam como, naquela sala, eram produzidas e partilhadas práticas similares às desenvolvidas pelos membros de comunidades científicas no processo de construção de conhecimento. Como resultado desta pesquisa, destacamos que no planejamento da sequência analisada existem orientações que abrangem as quatro dimensões propostas para o ensino de ciências como prática e que essas aparecem com maior ou menor enfoque, conforme os objetivos, procedimentos e exercícios de cada atividade. Destacamos, também, a identificação de uma relação entre a vigência de normas que garantem um processo de criticidade durante o enfrentamento dos problemas propostos e a experiência de práticas ligadas ao processo não só de comunicação, mas de avaliação e validação de explicações. Percebemos, ainda, que à medida em que os estudantes e sua professora se engajaram nas atividades, negociaram sentidos para os problemas propostos e adotaram o repertório disponibilizado pela sequência, puderam se constituir como uma comunidade de práticas. / In this research we aimed to investigate and characterize cultural norms and practices produced in science classes organized by the Inquiry-Based Teaching. Methodologically, this work was structured in two stages. In the first of these, with a theoretical nature, we bring the articulation of references that debate the concept of culture; the discussion about scientific culture and the social norms that organize the process of knowledge construction in scientific communities; and some implications of this discussion for science teaching. From the studies on culture, we present authors who bring contributions to think about this concept as socially constructed ways of act created from the repertoires available to a group, as practices that are meaningful in the everyday actions of subjects that deal with norms and creatively use what they receive. To think about these practices in the context of science teaching, we present some propositions about science teaching as practice. These propositions advocate that the discipline of science should be organized around the conceptual, social, epistemic and material dimensions of scientific work in order to create opportunities for students to reconstruct and deepen their ideas and explanations of the natural world while engaging in simplified processes of scientific work. As a possibility to promote the four dimensions of scientific work in the classroom, we point to Inquiry-Based Teaching which, in its different approaches, advocates that the activities promoted in the classroom bring students closer to investigative practices. In the empirical stage of this thesis, we present the qualitative analysis of three science activities that compose the Inquiry-Based Teaching Sequence \"Navigation and Environment\", adopting as data sources its planning and the audiovisual record of its implementation in a 3rd year of Elementary School of a public school in São Paulo. In these classes, we searched for evidence of what cultural norms were in force and organized the process of constructing and appreciating explanations for the problems proposed in the sequence. To discuss the practices, we sought to describe the operations carried out by the teacher and the students that showed us how, in that room, practices similar to those developed by the members of scientific communities in the process of knowledge construction were produced and shared. As a result of this research, we highlight that in the planning of the analyzed sequence there are guidelines that cover the four dimensions proposed for teaching science as practice and that these appear with greater or lesser focus, according to the objectives, procedures and exercises of each activity. We also highlight the identification of a relationship between the validity of norms that guarantee a critical process during the confrontation of the proposed problems and the experience of practices related to the process of not only communication, but also evaluation and validation of explanations. We also realized that as the students and their teacher engaged in the activities, they negotiated meanings for the problems proposed and adopted the repertoire made available by the sequence, they could constitute a community of practices.

Gender plays an important role in access to the ICTs and Internet. Even when both genders have almost equal access to the ICTs and online services, or similar literacy rates, women have a lower rate in technology related education, employment, income, and in social activities than men.This thesis focuses on the existing digital gender gap by identifying its key factors and trends and studying the role of Internet and ICTs in bridging this gap. In addition, to suggest improvements to empower women in the developing countries and especially in Iran. A qualitative research method was adopted and semi-structured interview with 5 Internet users who were purposely chosen, was conducted. The data were analyzed and interpreted with the help of Lichtman's 3C method. This research study has examined the possible gender digital divide among users of ICTs and Internet in Iran and by making use of the existed secondary data. The empirical findings are discussed and compared to the reviewed literature, which resulted to an arising framework for a better understanding of digital gap among women.This research gives an overview about the digital divide, with a focus specifically on the challenges women face in accessing the ICTs and Internet in this region. Current gender disparities and discrimination in Internet use are outlined and the obstacles hindering women’s access to the technology world are described. At the later stage, the research has a look at the potential opportunities for women’s participation in a global digital society along with a consideration of the initiatives that have been developed in order to mitigate the gender inequity in Iran.

The artist discusses the work in DollHouse, her Master of Fine Arts exhibition on display at Tipton Gallery, Johnson City, Tennessee from January 25 to February 5, 2016. The exhibition was an installation consisting of five sets, each containing furniture - both 2D and 3D - and a mask with instructions relating to a room found within a dollhouse. The sets and supporting thesis explore the ideas of social norms, feminism, and identity, and how submission to ideologies can create emptiness, while engagement can prompt social change. Topics include the process and evolution of the work and the artists who influenced it, ideas of identity and society, and the impacts of social norms on young women’s lives. Included is a catalogue of the exhibition.

Development literature has not accorded sufficient attention to culture as a positive aspect of development until recently. Hence, in terms of using culture as a protective mechanism against gender-based violence, not much has been investigated or reported, since most studies on gender-based violence have focused more on cultural influences as the cause or effect of violence against women. However, in the case of Papua New Guinea (PNG) culture has always been the focus in regards to genderbased violence, portrayed as the cause of violence against women. Occasionally sources state there are traditional customs or beliefs that protect women from violence, but further explanation is not provided. Hence, this research investigated the question, “How can culture address gender-based violence in contemporary, rural Papua New Guinea?” This study offers an opportunity to view PNG culture as a solution to a problem, instead of as merely a problem to be solved. To investigate how culture can be used positively as a strategy to address genderbased violence, a case study was conducted among the Sulamesi people of Mt Bosavi in the Southern highlands province of PNG. This research was conducted in a rural area because in general Papua New Guineans perceive people living in the villages as the ones living a traditional lifestyle, where established cultural norms and behaviours prevail. Using a qualitative research approach, the research investigated whether there were any traditional protective mechanisms in PNG used to address gender-based violence. This thesis concludes that through the identification of culture-driven protective mechanisms, it can be demonstrated that culture can be used as a strategy to address gender based violence. However, caution must be applied, since not all the protective mechanisms identified are desirable or constructive.

Development literature has not accorded sufficient attention to culture as a positive aspect of development until recently. Hence, in terms of using culture as a protective mechanism against gender-based violence, not much has been investigated or reported, since most studies on gender-based violence have focused more on cultural influences as the cause or effect of violence against women. However, in the case of Papua New Guinea (PNG) culture has always been the focus in regards to genderbased violence, portrayed as the cause of violence against women. Occasionally sources state there are traditional customs or beliefs that protect women from violence, but further explanation is not provided. Hence, this research investigated the question, “How can culture address gender-based violence in contemporary, rural Papua New Guinea?” This study offers an opportunity to view PNG culture as a solution to a problem, instead of as merely a problem to be solved. To investigate how culture can be used positively as a strategy to address genderbased violence, a case study was conducted among the Sulamesi people of Mt Bosavi in the Southern highlands province of PNG. This research was conducted in a rural area because in general Papua New Guineans perceive people living in the villages as the ones living a traditional lifestyle, where established cultural norms and behaviours prevail. Using a qualitative research approach, the research investigated whether there were any traditional protective mechanisms in PNG used to address gender-based violence. This thesis concludes that through the identification of culture-driven protective mechanisms, it can be demonstrated that culture can be used as a strategy to address gender based violence. However, caution must be applied, since not all the protective mechanisms identified are desirable or constructive.

<p>This dissertation addresses party-culture in political parties represented in the Swedish parliament. Party-culture is investigated by studying collective self-images and norms in Swedish parliamentary party-groups (PPG). The aim of this investigation is to contribute to understanding of the conditions under which parliamentary work is carried out. In order to expand our understanding of these conditions this dissertation looks beyond the formal processes by which party-groups deliver their political message and make decisions, and instead highlights the cultural aspects of these party organizations in the parliament.</p><p>The method of analysis is qualitative and the material for the study consists of 53 interviews with members of parliament from all represented parties. The parties studied are thus the Social Democratic, Moderate, Liberal, Christian Democrats, Left, Centre, and Green. In addition, some participant observation for the 1998-2002 mandate period in used. </p><p>The empirical investigation shows that party-culture is revealed via four basic themes: political ability, feelings of political responsibility, the importance social fellowship, and the party’s strength in relation to individual party members. </p><p>The party’s culture based on the four themes noted above provides a theoretical structure for interpretation that combines an Aristotelian idea about basic knowledge types, <i>sophia</i> and <i>phronesis</i>, with cultural theorists Mary Douglas’ grid-group-analysis. Based on this interpretation method it is shown that party-cultures distinguish themselves from each other in a way that diverges from the left-right spectrum that dominates Swedish politics. At the same time as the parties demonstrate differences in party-culture, there are also some similarities between the parties, and these similarities suggest that the parties have adjusted themselves to a more general culture within the parliament, most visibly the focus on factual knowledge and a certain requirement for modesty from party members.</p>

Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka hur kulturella normer och värderingar stödjer eller hindrar förändringar, för att ta reda på varför det inte är jämställt på chefspositioner. Vidare vill vi undersöka hur organisationer kan förändra dessa kulturella normer och värderingar och hur jämställdhetsplanen kan användas som ett förändringsverktyg i arbetet mot ökad jämställdhet på chefspositioner. Utifrån en kvalitativ metod har vi intervjuat fem arbetstagare inom polisen i Karlskrona, då det är en organisation som inte är jämställd på chefspositioner, trots aktiva åtgärder. Vi har utgått från organisationskultur som teoretisk utgångspunkt, då vi anser att det är relevant för vår studie. Några av slutsatserna i studien är att det finns olika åsikter angående hur kulturella normer och värderingar stödjer eller hindrar arbetet för förändring mot ökad jämställdhet på chefspositioner och hur organisationer kan förändra dem kulturella normer och värderingar som utgör hinder för kvinnor att avancera samt hur jämställdhetsplanen kan användas som ett förändringsverktyg för att påverka jämställdhetsarbetet. Trots olika åsikter bland respondenterna går det att konstatera att kulturella normer och värderingar utgör hinder som påverkar kvinnors vilja att avancera genom att de påverkar individerna inom organisationer på olika sätt. Vidare tyder vår studie på att det går att förändra kulturella normer och värderingar till viss del genom ökad medvetenheten samt ny kunskap om problemet med bristande jämställdhet. Vi kan även konstatera att jämställdhetsplanen kan användas som ett förändringsverktyg trots att den många gånger tenderar till att endast bli ett pappersarbete. / The aim of this study was to investigate how cultural norms and values support or restrict changes to find out why it is not equal in management positions. The study also examines how organizations can change those cultural norms and values and how the gender equalityplan can be used as a tool for change in the work towards gender equality in management positions. With a qualitative approach five workers within the police in Karlskrona were interviewed, because it is an organization, which is not equal in management positions, despite active measures. The theoretical approach that was used is organizational culture. Some of the study’s conclusions are that there are different opinions about how cultural norms and values support or restrict the work of change towards gender equality in management positions and how organizations can change the cultural norms and values that constitute barriers to women's advancement and how the equalityplan can be used as a tool for change to affect gender equality. Despite different opinions, we can establish that cultural norms and values obstruct women's willingness to advance. Furthermore, our study also concludes that it is possible to change cultural norms and values to some extent by increased awareness and knowledge about the problem of gender inequality. We can also observe that the equality plan can be used as a tool for change even though it often tends to be a paper work.

This dissertation addresses party-culture in political parties represented in the Swedish parliament. Party-culture is investigated by studying collective self-images and norms in Swedish parliamentary party-groups (PPG). The aim of this investigation is to contribute to understanding of the conditions under which parliamentary work is carried out. In order to expand our understanding of these conditions this dissertation looks beyond the formal processes by which party-groups deliver their political message and make decisions, and instead highlights the cultural aspects of these party organizations in the parliament. The method of analysis is qualitative and the material for the study consists of 53 interviews with members of parliament from all represented parties. The parties studied are thus the Social Democratic, Moderate, Liberal, Christian Democrats, Left, Centre, and Green. In addition, some participant observation for the 1998-2002 mandate period in used. The empirical investigation shows that party-culture is revealed via four basic themes: political ability, feelings of political responsibility, the importance social fellowship, and the party’s strength in relation to individual party members. The party’s culture based on the four themes noted above provides a theoretical structure for interpretation that combines an Aristotelian idea about basic knowledge types, sophia and phronesis, with cultural theorists Mary Douglas’ grid-group-analysis. Based on this interpretation method it is shown that party-cultures distinguish themselves from each other in a way that diverges from the left-right spectrum that dominates Swedish politics. At the same time as the parties demonstrate differences in party-culture, there are also some similarities between the parties, and these similarities suggest that the parties have adjusted themselves to a more general culture within the parliament, most visibly the focus on factual knowledge and a certain requirement for modesty from party members.

Interpretation of international law can vary from culture to culture. Pitman Potter is investigating new models that respond to these cross-cultural differences.