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A Functional Genomics Analysis of Glycine Max Vesicle Membrane Fusion Genes in Relation to Infection by Heterodera GlycineSharma, Keshav 14 August 2015 (has links)
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), a major pathogen of soybean worldwide, causes huge losses in soybean production. Various approaches including cloning of genes to combat this devastating disease help to better understand the cellular function and immune responses of plants. Membrane fusion genes are the important regulatory parts of vesicular transport system, which works through packaging of intracellular compounds and delivering them to apoplast or nematode feeding sites to induce an incompatible reaction. The incompatible nature of membrane fusion proteins such as SNAP25, Munc18, Syntaxin, Synaptobrevin, NSF, Synaptotagmin and alpha-SNAP are conserved in eukaryotes and regulate the intracellular function to combat abiotic and biotic stress in plants. Overexpression of these genes in G. max [Williams 82(PI518671)] which is a susceptible cultivar of soybean to nematodes resulted in a reduction of the SCN population providing further insights of molecular and genetic approaches to solve the SCN problems in agriculture.
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Estudo genético de populações de soja com fonte de resistência à Heterodera glycines (raça 3) oriundas de topocruzamentos tipo alimento x tipo grão / Genetic study of soybean crossings with source of resistance of Heterodera glycines (race 3) in feed type x grain type topocrossesTeixeira, Lilian Cristina Andrade de Araújo 29 January 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] é uma leguminosa de ciclo anual que apresenta distintas finalidades, dentre elas, uma crescente vertente relaciona-se ao uso na alimentação humana. Há demanda de cultivares de soja com esta destinação com resistência a patógenos e pragas. Em especial destaca-se o nematoide de cisto da soja (Heterodera glycines) que causa expressiva perda na produtividade. Em virtude do exposto, utilizando topocruzamentos de soja tipo alimento x tipo grão, o objetivo do presente trabalho é: a. Determinar a herança da cor do tegumento, da cor do hilo e da expressão do caráter derramamento de hilo em populações F2:3; b. Determinação do estudo da herança da resistência ao nematoide de cisto da soja (NCS), bem como estimativa do número e modo de ação dos genes envolvidos a fim de contribuir no delineamento de cruzamentos, que envolvem os genitores em estudo, com maior possibilidade de acumular genes que conferem resistência à raça 3 do NCS e; c. Verificar com uma abordagem quantitativa, a adequação das populações a um modelo aditivo-dominante, assim como estimar parâmetros genéticos nos cruzamentos gerados. Utilizaram-se genitores contrastantes, um resistente ao NCS raça 3 (‘BRSMG 810C’) e dois suscetíveis, porém aptos para utilização na alimentação humana (‘BRSMG 790A’ e ‘BRSMG 800A’). Obtiveram-se as gerações F1, RCr, RCs e F2 que foram utilizadas para o estudo da herança da resistência, por meio da segregação do caráter. As avaliações de nematoide foram realizadas utilizando-se como estimador o Índice de Fêmeas (IF) e analisadas pelo teste de Qui-Quadrado (χ2) para testar o ajuste ao modelo proposto para a herança. As sementes F3 provenientes de plantas F2 foram caracterizadas para elucidar a herança para caracteres morfológicos de interesse (cor de tegumento, cor e aspecto de hilo). Para os caracteres morfológicos dos grãos avaliados, os resultados observados se ajustam à proporção esperada considerando a existência de quatro genes (R/I/W/T) controlando a expressão da cor do tegumento e cor do hilo para ambos os cruzamentos. Para o cruzamento ‘BRSMG 810C’ x ‘BRSMG 800A’ genótipos ii impediram a expressão dos genes W e T na pigmentação da semente. Ocorreu variação na expressividade do caráter hilo derramado, com herança monogênica e dominância completa para o fenótipo ausência de derramamento de hilo. Há ligação do locus que confere derramamento do hilo com o genótipo T_ (pubescência marrom). O processo de hibridação foi eficiente na geração de variabilidade. Quanto à avaliação nematológica, as plantas F2 apresentaram dois padrões de segregação aceitos (resistente: suscetível): 1:15 (dois genes recessivos complementares) e 3:61 (um gene dominante e dois recessivos complementares). A herança foi confirmada utilizando-se as plantas do RCr, que segregaram na proporção de 1:7, padrão esperado para herança condicionada por três genes. A hipótese de segregação 1:3 (dois genes) foi rejeitada em RCr. A falta de um dos genes recessivos proporcionou resistência moderada ao NCS raça 3 aceitando-se a hipótese de moderadamente resistente: suscetível na proporção de 3:13 (um gene dominante e um gene recessivo). Assim, nestes cruzamentos, a resistência moderada ao NCS raça 3 é condicionada por dois genes epistáticos (um dominante e um recessivo) e o acúmulo de um terceiro gene recessivo confere resistência completa em relação ao fitonematoide em estudo. Os resultados evidenciam que ambos os cruzamentos apresentam acentuada variabilidade genética em F2. O modelo aditivo-dominante foi suficiente para explicar o caráter, sendo o efeito genético aditivo o mais importante. A resistência ao NCS raça 3 teve grande influência ambiental. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, existe evidência de ganho com seleção em processo seletivo. A herdabilidade no sentido restrito de baixa magnitude indica provável ponderação na pressão de seleção, fato que prioriza a realização de seleção em fase avançada dos programas de melhoramento, como no teste de progênies, para a obtenção de cultivares especiais para a alimentação humana e homozigota para resistência a este fitonematoide. / Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is an annual leguminous that has distinct purposes, among them, a growing amount is related to the human feed. There is a demand of cultivars aiming this destination, which are resistant to pathogens and plagues. A special plague is highlighted, the soybean nematode of cyst (Heterodera glycines) (NCS). It causes expressive loss of productivity. Facing this, using soybean topcrosses feed-like x grain-like this work aims: a. determine the tegument color, hilum color, and hilum spread character heritance in F2 populations; b. determine the NCS resistance heritage, as well the involved genes number and action mode estimative in order to contribute in the crosses design, which involve the parents studied, with a higher possibility of accumulation of genes which provide resistance to the NCS race 3; and c. Verify in a quantitative approach the adequacy population in an additive-dominant model, as well estimate the genetic parameter into the crossings. We used contrasting parents, being resistant to the race 3 (‘BRSMG 810C’) and two susceptible, however suitable to the human feed (‘BRSMG 790A’ and ‘BRSMG 800A’). Thus, the generations F1, RCr, RCs, and F2 were created. They were used to study heritage resistance through the character segregation. The nematode evaluations were done using as estimator the Female Index (IF) and they were analyzed by the chi-square test (χ2) to test the adjustment to the suggested model to the heritage. The F3 seeds from the F2 plants were characterized to elucidate the heritage to interest morphologic traits (seed coat color, hilum color and hilum aspect). For the morphological character of grain, the results observed of descendent were adjusted to the expected proportion, considering that there were four genes (R/I/W/T) controlling the expression coat and hilum color to both crossings. At crossing ‘BRSMG 810C’ x ‘BRSMG 800A’, the allele ii genetic owners hindered the expression of genes W and T at seed pigmentation. There was variation in the expression of spread hilum character, presenting monogenic heritance and full dominance to the characteristic. There are locus binding that gives outpouring of spread hilum with T_ locus (brown pubescence). The hybridization process was efficient to obtain genetic variability. Regarding to the nematologic evaluation, F2 plants presented two segregation patterns accepted: (resistant:susceptible) 1:15 (two complementary recessive genes) and 3:61 (one dominant gene and two complementary recessive genes). The heritability was confirmed using the BCr plants, which segregated at 1:7 proportion. Such proportion is expected in heritance conditioned to three genes. The 1:3 segregation hypothesis (two genes) was rejected in BCr. The lack of one of recessive gene provided moderate resistance to NCS race 3, accepting the hypothesis of moderately resistant: susceptible at 3:13 proportion (one dominant and one recessive). Thus, in these crossings, the moderate resistance to NCS race 3 is conditioned by two epistatic genes (one dominant and one recessive) and the accumulation of a third recessive gene provides full resistance to the phytonematodes evaluated in this article. The results highlight that both crossings have high genetic variability in the F2. The additive-dominant model was enough to explain the character, where the most important genetic effect was the additive. The NCS race 3 resistance had a great environmental influence. According to the obtained results, there is an evidence of gain with selection in the selective process. The heritability in the narrow sense of low magnitude indicates a probable weighting in the selection pressure. This fact prioritizes the selection conduction in a more advanced phase of breeding program, like in the progenies test, to obtain special cultivars to feed humans, and in the homozygote to resist to this phytonematode. / CNPq: 1406592012-9 / FAPESP: 2012/15448-4
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Ocorrência de Pasteuria sp. em Heterodera glycines no Brasil e compatibilidade do isolado PN1 de P. nishizawae com populações de campo do nematoide / Pasteuria sp. occurence on Heterodera glycines populations in Brazil and P. nishizawae PN1 isolate compatibility with field nematode populationsLovato, Bruno Ventura 30 September 2013 (has links)
Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, can be found in up to 2 million hectares in Brazil. Few agronomic practices are economically suitable and effective against this nematode, therefore new tools development becomes important. The objective of this study was assessing the natural occurrence of Pasteuria sp. on H. glycines populations; P. nishizawae, PN1 isolated, endospores attachment on different H. glycines populations and its efficacy against H. glycines under green-house conditions. Pasteuria natural occurrence was assessed by endospores observation on nematode skin in 14 different nematode populations, from commercial soybean areas. Nice H. glycines populations were used for attachment tests with PN1 isolated of P. nishizawae by centrifuge method described by Hewlett & Dickson (1993). For efficacy test were tested two P. nishizawae rates (106 e 108 endospores / plant), abamectin and Purpureocillium lilacinus, on commercial rates. Pasteuria sp. endospores were found on all evaluated populations at different frequencies, from 5.5 to 87%. Such observation represents the first report of Pasteuria sp. occurrence on H. glycines in Brazil. Attachment results of PN1 isolated of P. nishizawae showed few variations were found among nematode populations, from 12.5 to 44.5%. In efficacy test, P. nishizawae (PN1 isolated) was effective at 108 endospores per plant in early H. glycines control, according number of females per plant, number of females per root gram and number of eggs per plant. Therefore, P. nishizawae showed a good potential as biological agent against H. glycines in Brazil. / O nematoide do cisto da soja, Heterodera glycines, está presente em mais de 2 milhões de hectares no Brasil. Poucas práticas agronômicas são economicamente viáveis e eficientes no manejo desse nematoide e, portanto, se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas de manejo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência natural de Pasteuria sp. em populações de H. glycines, adesão de endósporos do isolado PN1 de P. nishizawae em diferentes populações de campo de H. glycines e sua eficiência no controle do nematoide em condições de casa-de-vegetação. O estudo de ocorrência natural de Pasteuria sp. foi realizado mediante a observação da presença de endósporos aderidos à cutícula dos nematoides extraídos de 14 populações, provenientes de diferentes áreas produtoras de soja. A adesão de endósporos do isolado PN1 de P. nishizawae foi testada sobre nove diferentes populações de H. glycines pelo uso do método descrito por Hewlett e Dickson (1993). Para o teste de eficácia, foram utilizadas duas doses de P. nishizawae (106 e 108 endósporos / planta) em comparação com abamectina e Purpureocillium lilacinus, em doses comercialmente utilizadas. Endósporos de Pasteuria sp. foram encontrados em todas as populações avaliadas em frequências variáveis entre 5,5 a 87%. Tal observação consiste no primeiro relato de Pasteuria sp. em populações de H. glycines no Brasil. Quanto à adesão de endósporos do isolado PN1 de P. nishizawae, pouca variação foi observada entre diferentes populações de H. glicynes, com porcentagens variáveis entre 12,5 a 44,5%. No experimento de eficácia, P. nishizawae (isolado PN1) foi eficiente na dose 108 endósporos por planta para o controle inicial de H. glycines, em termos de redução de fêmeas por planta, fêmeas por grama de raiz e ovos por fêmeas. P. nishizawae, portanto, possui grande potencial como agente de controle biológico de H. glycines no Brasil. / Mestre em Agronomia
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Analyse fonctionnelle et étude de la régulation de gènes candidats sous-jacents au QTL GpaVspl impliqué dans la résistance au nématode à kyste Globodera pallida chez la pomme de terre / Functional analysis and regulation of candidate genes underlying the QTL GpaVspl involved in resistance to cyst nematode in potatoesCastro Quezada, Patricio Salvador 31 May 2013 (has links)
Les nématodes à kystes sont l’un des bioagresseurs causant le plus de dégâts sur les cultures de pommes de terre. La résistance trouvée chez l'accession spl88S.329.18, issue de l'espèce Solanum sparsipilum est caractérisée par un déterminisme oligogénique avec un QTL à localisé sur le chromosome V (GpaVspl) et un QTL mineur localisé sur le chromosome XI(GpaXIspl). Pour obtenir une résistance de haut niveau, l'effet du QTL GpaVspl, doit êtrecomplémenté par celui du QTL à effet faible GpaXIspl. Par génomique comparative, le locusGpaV a été localisé dans un intervalle compris entre 16 et 60 kb sur les génomes de la tomateet des espèces apparentées à la pomme de terre, Solanum demissum et Solanum phureja. Deuxgènes ont été annotés dans cet intervalle sur les génomes de la tomate et de S. demissum : lepremier appartient à la famille des TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL), famille de gènes de résistanceclassiques, et le second appartient à la famille des « mitochondrial, transcription terminationfactor » (mTERF), dont l’implication dans des mécanismes de résistance n’a jamais étédémontrée.Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient d'identifier le(s) gène(s) responsable(s) de la résistance àG. pallida, conférée par le locus GpaVspl, et d'étudier sa régulation. Suite à la publication de laséquence du génome de S. phureja, en 2011, nous avons mis en évidence que le locus GpaVétait dupliqué chez S. phureja et que cette duplication était également présente chezS. sparsipilum. Les quatre gènes annotés au locus GpaVspl ont été nommésSpl_mTERF18430, Spl_TNL18429, Spl_mTERF18453 et Spl_TNL18428.L'effet des deux gènes Spl_mTERF18430 et Spl_TNL18428 sur la résistance à G. pallida aété analysé via des expériences de transformation génétique suivies par des tests de résistancesur les plantes transformées. Un effet partiel du gène Spl_TNL18428 sur la résistance àG. pallida a été mis en évidence par complémentation de plantes sensibles. Aucun effetsignificatif n'a été détecté pour le gène Spl_mTERF18430. Des expériences d'extinctiongénique suggèrent que le deuxième gène TIR-NBS-LRR, Spl_TNL18429, qui est égalementexprimé dans les racines et qui présente un fort pourcentage d'identité de séquence avec legène Spl_TNL18428, pourrait également être impliqué dans la résistance à G. pallida.L'expression du gène rapporteur GFP, placé sous le contrôle du promoteur du gèneSpl_TNL18428, est fortement induite dans les cellules situées autour du syncytium. Cecirenforce l'hypothèse d'une implication du gène Spl_TNL18428 dans la résistance à G. pallida,car la localisation de l'expression de la GFP est similaire à celle de la nécrose, qui estcaractéristique de la réaction développée par les plantes résistantes autour du syncytium induitpar les nématodes.En tenant compte des données bibliographiques récentes, montrant que plusieurs gènes NBSLRRpeuvent être indispensables à l'expression d'une résistance, nos résultats suggèrent queles deux gènes Spl_TNL18428 et Spl_TNL18429 sont nécessaires à l'expression de larésistance à G. pallida / Cyst nematodes are one of the pests that cause the most damage to potato cultures. Resistance found in the accession spl88S.329.18 in Solanum sparsipilum is characterized by oligogenic determinism with a strong effect QTL on chromosome V (GpaVspl) and a minor effect QTL on chromosome XI (GpaXIspl). To obtain a high level of resistance, the effect of QTL GpaVspl must be complemented by the low effect QTL GpaXIspl. By comparative genomics, the GpaV locus was located in a range between 16 and 60 kb in genomes of tomato and potato related species: Solanum demissum and Solanum phureja. Two genes were annotated: the first belonging to the TIR -NBS -LRR gene family (TNL) and the second one belonging to the “mitochondrial transcription termination factor” family (mTERF). The effect of both genes -Spl_TNL18428 and Spl_mTERF18430- on resistance to G. pallida were analyzed via genetic transformation experiments followed by resistance tests on transformed plants. A partial effect of Spl_TNL18428 on resistance to G. pallida was identified by complementation of susceptible plants. Gene silencing experiments suggested that Spl_TNL18429, which occurs in roots and presents a high percentage of sequence identity with the gene Spl_TNL18428, is also involved in resistance to G. pallida. The expression of the GFP reporter gene, under the control of the Spl_TNL18428 gene promoter, is strongly induced in cells located around the syncytium. This strengthens the hypothesis of an involvement of Spl_TNL18428 gene in resistance to G. pallida, because the location of GFP expression is similar to necrosis, which is characteristic of resistant plants. Taking into account that recent data showing that several NBS-LRR genes may be essential for the expression of resistance, our results suggest that both Spl_TNL18428 and Spl_TNL18429 genes are necessary for the expression of resistance to G. pallida
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Effects of Soybean Seeding Rate on Plant-to-Plant Variability, Yield, and Soybean Cyst NematodeMoore, Jenna Marie 04 October 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Seleção assistida e diversidade genética de fontes de resistência ao nematóide de cisto da soja / Assisted selection and genetic diversity of resistance sources to the resistance to soybean cyst nematodeSantana, Fernanda Abreu 26 February 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Due to difficulties in the performance of the phenotypic selection for the resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (NCS), the need to implant the marker-assisted selection to this pathogen, and the little knowledge about the genetic diversity of the resistant cultivars developed by the Brazilian breeding programs, the objectives of this work were (1) to use marker-assisted selection strategies to evaluate the efficiency of the selection of the QTL (Quantitative trait loci) near microsatellites of the linkage groups (GL) G and A2 in populations come from the crossing between isolines from the cultivars CD201 and Vmax and (2) to evaluate the genetic diversity in NCS resistant soybean cultivars developed by six Brazilian breeding programs and in sources of resistance to NCS, by means of QTL near microsatellites, which give resistance to the pathogen. As to the first objective, seven F5 populations were selected based on the microsatellite marker polymorphism of GL G and A2. These populations were phenotypically evaluated as to the resistance to the race 3 of the NCS (HG type 5.7). Families F6:7 of the populations selected by the GL A2 were susceptible and those selected by the GL G and A2 achieved four resistant families and four moderately resistant families, thus demonstrating that the QTL of greater effect of the GL A2 is not present in the source of resistance of the present study. The microsatellites of the GL G presented high selection efficiency and can be used with success in the assisted selection for the resistance to race 3 and in populations come from Vmax. As to the second objective, 36 genotypes were used, including Brazilian resistant cultivars and original genotypes (sources of resistance to NCS and the cultivar Lee, used as a standard of susceptibility). 24 QTLs near microsatellites were used of NCS resistance present in the linkage groups G, A2, D2, E, J and M. The genetic diversity of each microsatellite was evaluated by the polymorphism index content (PIC) and by the average dissimilarity of a genotype in relation to the other genotypes evaluated. Genotype grouping analyses were carried out by the Tocher method and graphic dispersion. A total of 77 alleles, with an average of 3.2 alleles per locus, was achieved for the 36 cultivars. The PIC varied from 0.11 to 0.71, with an average of 0.36. A greater number of alleles were found in the original sources, in comparison to the commercial varieties. The GL D2 was very important in the discrimination of genotypes which are resistant and moderately resistant to the race 14. The genetic basis as to the NCS resistance in the commercial variety developed by the Brazilian breeding programs is very narrow, and it is necessary to increase the diversity of the genes used, by introducing different accesses. / Diante da dificuldade na realização da seleção fenotípica para a resistência ao nematóide de cisto da soja (NCS), da necessidade da implantação da seleção assistida por marcadores a este patógeno e do pouco conhecimento da diversidade genética das cultivares resistentes desenvolvidas pelos programas de melhoramento do Brasil, este trabalho teve como objetivos: (1) utilizar estratégias de seleção assistida por marcadores para avaliar a eficiência de seleção de microssatélites próximos a QTLs (Quantitative trait loci) dos grupos de ligação (GL) G e A2 em populações originadas do cruzamento entre isolinhas derivadas das cultivares CD201 e Vmax; e (2) avaliar a diversidade genética entre cultivares de soja resistentes ao NCS desenvolvidas por seis programas de melhoramento do Brasil e entre fontes de resistência ao NCS, por meio de marcadores microssatélites próximos a QTLs que conferem resistência ao patógeno. Em relação ao primeiro objetivo, foram selecionadas sete populações F5 com base no polimorfismo de marcadores microssatélites dos GL G e A2, as quais foram avaliadas fenotipicamente quanto à resistência à raça 3 do NCS (HG tipo 5.7). Famílias F6:7 das populações selecionadas pelo GL A2 foram suscetíveis, e as selecionadas pelos GL G e A2 tiveram quatro famílias resistentes e quatro moderadamente resistentes, evidenciando que o QTL de efeito maior do GL A2 não está presente na fonte de resistência do presente estudo. Os microssatélites do GL G apresentaram alta eficiência de seleção e podem ser utilizados com sucesso na seleção assistida para a resistência à raça 3 e em populações derivadas de Vmax. Em relação ao segundo objetivo, foram utilizados 36 genótipos, incluindo cultivares resistentes do Brasil e genótipos originais (fontes de resistência ao NCS e a cultivar Lee, utilizada como padrão de suscetibilidade). Foram utilizados 24 microssatélites próximos aos QTLs de resistência ao NCS presentes nos grupos de ligação (GL) G, A2, D2, E, J e M. A diversidade genética de cada loco microssatélite foi avaliada pelo conteúdo da informação de polimorfismo (PIC) e pela dissimilaridade média de um genótipo em relação aos demais genótipos avaliados. Foram realizadas análises de agrupamento dos genótipos pelo método de Tocher e dispersão gráfica. Um total de 77 alelos, com uma média de 3,2 alelos por loco, foi obtido para as 36 cultivares. O PIC variou de 0,11 a 0,71, com uma média de 0,36. Entre as fontes originais encontrou-se um número de alelos maior que entre as variedades comerciais. O GL D2 foi muito importante na discriminação entre genótipos resistentes e moderadamente resistentes à raça 14. A base genética quanto à resistência ao NCS nas variedades comerciais desenvolvidas pelos programas de melhoramento no Brasil é muito estreita, sendo necessário aumentar a diversidade de genes utilizados, por meio da introdução de diferentes acessos.
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Interação entre herbicidas e cultivares de soja sobre o desenvolvimento populacional de Heterodera glycines em campo / Interaction between herbicides and soybean cultivars on the population development of Heterodera glycines in the fieldBARBOSA, Kássia Aparecida Garcia 29 November 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-11-29 / This study evaluated the effect of herbicides on the population density of H. glycines in soybean cultivars, (one resistant and three susceptible) in natural infestation conditions. Experiments were done in Campo Alegre de Goiás and Gameleira de Goiás, agricultural year 2006/07, using randomized blocks, with three repetitions. The treatments were arranged in a factorial design 4 x 4 + 1, with four cultivars (BRSGO Ipameri, BRSGO Luziânia, BRSGO Jataí BRS Silvânia RR), four forms of weed control (hand weeding, chlorimuron-ethyl + lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl and haloxyfop-methyl), and additional treatment represented by the combination of transgenic cultivar BRS Silvânia RR and herbicide glyphosate. In agricultural year 2009/2010, another test was conducted in Gameleira de Goiás, with four repetitions, in a factorial design 2 x 4 + 2, involving two cultivars (BRSGO Chapadões and BRSGO 8360), four forms of weed control (hand weeding, lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl; haloxifop-r), and two additional treatments represented by the combination of transgenic cultivar BRS Valiosa RR with control manual weed and chemical control via herbicide glyphosate. In the agricultural year 2006/07, in Campo Alegre de Goiás, eighty days after planting, there was less formation of viable cysts in cultivar BRS Silvânia RR associated with the application of clorimuron + lactofen, compared to manual control. In Gameleira de Goias, it was found, forty days after planting, increase in the number of viable cysts using herbicides, compared with manual control, in cultivar susceptible BRSGO Luziânia, BRSGO Ipameri, resistant to H. glycines, the number of viable cysts was lower when applied herbicides clorimuron+lactofen or haloxyfop, compared the application of clorimuron. The herbicides had no effect on the number of females in susceptible and resistant cultivars in the year 2009/10. In cultivar susceptible BRSGO 8360, the herbicide haloxifop led to a smaller number of females, in comparison with clorimuron, 45 days after sowing. The herbicide lactofen, in the cultivar BRSGO Chapadões (resistant) was associated with increase in the number of viable cysts 45 days after sowing. This herbicide affects negatively the biomass of leaves, fresh green beans and dry bean in the cultivars BRSGO Chapadões and BRSGO 8360. / O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de herbicidas sobre a densidade populacional de H. glycines em cultivares de soja (uma resistente e três suscetíveis), em condições naturais de infestação. Experimentos foram conduzidos em Campo Alegre de Goiás e Gameleira de Goiás, safra 2006/07, utilizando delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 4x4+1, sendo: quatro cultivares (BRSGO Ipameri, BRSGO Luziânia, BRSGO Jataí, BRS Silvânia RR); quatro formas de controle de plantas daninhas (arranquio manual, chlorimuron-etil+lactofen, chlorimuron-etil e haloxyfop-metil); e o tratamento adicional representado pela combinação da cultivar transgênica BRS Silvânia RR e o herbicida glifosato. Na safra 2009/10, outro ensaio foi conduzido em Gameleira de Goiás, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x4+2, envolvendo duas cultivares (BRSGO Chapadões e BRSGO 8360) quatro formas de controle de plantas daninhas (arranquio manual, lactofen, chlorimuron-etil e haloxifop-r), e os dois tratamentos adicionais que consistiram das combinações entre a cultivar BRS Valiosa RR com o controle manual das plantas daninhas e com o controle químico via herbicida glifosato. Na safra 2006/07, em Campo Alegre de Goiás, aos oitenta dias após o plantio, observou-se menor formação de cistos viáveis na cultivar BRS Silvânia RR, associado à aplicação de clorimuron + lactofen, em comparação ao controle manual. Em Gameleira de Goiás, verificou-se, aos quarenta dias após o plantio, aumento do número de cistos viáveis com o uso de herbicidas, em comparação com o controle manual, na cultivar suscetível BRSGO Luziânia, já na cultivar BRSGO Ipameri, resistente a H. glycines, o número de cistos viáveis foi menor quando se aplicou os herbicidas clorimuron+lactofen ou haloxifop, em comparação à aplicação de clorimuron. Na safra 2009/10, os herbicidas não influenciaram o comportamento das cultivares (resistente ou suscetíveis) quanto ao número de fêmeas. Na cultivar suscetível BRSGO Luziânia, o herbicida haloxifop possibilitou a formação de menor número de fêmeas, em comparação com clorimuron, aos 45 dias após o plantio. O herbicida lactofen, em BRSGO Chapadões, resistente, esteve associado com o aumento na formação de cistos viáveis, aos 45 dias após o plantio. Este herbicida afetou negativamente a produção de biomassa de planta seca, vagem fresca e vagem seca nas cultivares BRSGO Chapadões e BRSGO 8360.
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Impact des changements climatiques et de la variabilité génétique sur le développement et la virulence du nématode à kyste du soya (Heterodera glycines)Gendron St-Marseille, Anne-Frédérique 05 1900 (has links)
Les invasions biologiques dans les agroécosystèmes engendrent de lourdes pertes économiques. Parmi les nombreuses espèces en cause, on retrouve les nématodes phytoparasites, vers microscopiques s’attaquant principalement aux racines. Présent dans tous les principaux pays producteurs de soya, le nématode à kyste du soya (NKS), Heterodera glycines, serait à lui seul responsable annuellement de plusieurs milliards de dollars de pertes. La rotation avec des cultivars résistants est le moyen le plus efficace de contrôler les populations de NKS, mais la surutilisation des mêmes lignées a conduit à la sélection d’individus virulents et mené à leur inefficacité. À ce jour, les mécanismes ainsi que les gènes de virulence associés au contournement de la résistance continuent de mystifier les scientifiques. Dans cette thèse, les effets des changements climatiques sur la reproduction et l’établissement du NKS ainsi que sur la phénologie de son hôte, le soya, ont été étudiés. Le premier modèle bioclimatique simulant le cycle de vie du NKS et du soya a été développé. Il a démontré que le nématode peut déjà se reproduire dans toutes les régions du Québec et que la hausse attendue des températures dans le futur proche (2041-2070) permettrait au NKS de pratiquement doubler le nombre de générations produites par saison de croissance dans toutes les régions. De plus, la production de soya issu du groupe de maturité I pourrait s’étendre à toutes les régions du Québec d’ici 2070. Une étude sur la distribution de la variabilité génétique entre 64 populations américaines et ontariennes et les gènes associés à diverses composantes bioclimatiques et leur rôle dans l’adaptation a également été réalisée. Celle-ci a révélé que la diversité génétique était très élevée entre les populations et qu’un flux de gène continu aurait facilité l’adaptation du NKS à diverses conditions bioclimatiques et son établissement dans toutes les régions nord-américaines où l’on produit du soya. Finalement, cette thèse présente l’analyse des génotypes du NKS et des gènes différentiellement exprimés sur des plants de soya résistant (Peking et PI88788) et sensible (Essex). En plus d’identifier plusieurs protéines liées à la virulence, cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence une région génomique sous forte pression évolutive. Cet îlot génique contient plusieurs répétitions en tandem qui ont divergé et dont certaines sont maintenant utilisées de façon sélective pour le contournement de différents types de résistance. / Biological invasions in agroecosystems are a major cause of economic losses. Plant parasitic nematodes are among the many species causing significant crop damages. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is causing billions of dollars of losses in all areas where soybean is produced. Rotation with resistant cultivars is the most effective mean of controlling SCN populations, but the overuse of the same lines has led to the selection of virulent individuals and the ineffectiveness of resistance. To this day, the virulence genes and mecanisms associated with the circumvention of resistance continue to mystify scientists. In this thesis, I explored the effects of climate change on the reproduction and establishment of SCN as well as on the phenology of its host, soybean. I have demonstrated that the nematode can already reproduce in all regions of Québec and that the expected rise in temperatures in the near future (2041-2070) will allow the development of more generations per growing season in all regions. In addition, I have demonstrated that the area suitable for the production of soybean from maturity group I will expand toward the north by 2070, further facilitating the expansion of SCN. I have also explored the genetic variability among more than 64 SCN populations from North America and analyzed the genes associated with various bioclimatic components and their role in adaptation. These analyses revealed that the genetic diversity was very high among SCN populations. This diversity associated with a continuous gene flow between populations has facilitated the adaptation of SCN to various bioclimatic conditions and its establishment in all US and Canadian soybean producing regions. Finaly, this thesis presents an analysis of the SCN genotypes and the differentially expressed genes associated with virulence in two resistant soybean lines (Peking and PI88788) and susceptible Essex. This work has identified several proteins associated with virulence and allowed the discovery of a genomic region under strong evolutionary pressure. This island contains several genes in tandem duplications that have diverged and are now used selectively for overcoming different sources of resistance.
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