Recent studies have demonstrated that increases in dynamic strength after weight-training in healthy subjects were associated with reductions in heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) during formal lifting of identical absolute loads (McCartney et al., 1989; Sale et al., 1990). This study investigated whether the effect could be transferred to strength-related activities of daily living in healthy older men. The effects of 10 weeks (30 sessions) of progressive dynamic weightlifting training on HR and ABP in 10 weight-trained (wttrain) subjects were compared with 5 control subjects. Before and after training intra-brachial artery pressure and HR were monitored continuously during: 10 repetitions of single-arm curl (SAC) and single-arm military press (SAMP) at 70 % of initial 1 repetition maximum (1 RM); 12 repetitions of single- (SLP) and double-leg press (DLP) exercise at 80% of initial 1 RM; 10 mins treadmill walking at 2.5 mph, carrying 20 and 30 pound loads between mins 4-6 and 8-10 respectively (T-10); 4 mins of treadmill walking at 3.0 mph up an incline of 8% (T-4); 12 flights of stairclimbing at 60 steps/min on a Stairmaster 6000 Ergometer (STR). In the wttrain group the 1 RM in SAC, SAMP, SLP and DLP increased overall by 61 (p < 0.007), 30 (p < 0.001), 27 (p<0.001) and 27 per cent (p < 0.001), respectively. After training the mean maximal systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and rate-pressure product (RPP; 10^3) values in all 4 weightlifting exercises were lower. The decreases were only significant however, for the DBP in the SAC (144.0 ± 14.9 to 110.0 ± 5.2 Torr; p < 0.001), SAMP (151.0 ± 5.9 to 144.0 ± 5.4 Torr; p < 0.007), the MAP for the DLP ( 154.0 ± 5.0 to 147.0 ±5.0 Torr; p < 0.021) and RPP for the SAC (22.7 ± 2.2 to 19.1 ± 1.4; p < 0.041). The same respective measurements in the control group were either unchanged or higher. After training, there were overall reductions in the SBP (p < 0.05, mins 8-10), DBP , MAP and RPP (P < 0.05, mins 1-4) responses during T-10 with consistently higher values found in the control group. Similar, but nonsignificant patterns emerged for T-4. In contrast, there was little or no reduction in any of the measured parameters during stairclimbing. It was concluded that improved strength in older subjects results in an attenuated HR and ABP response during weightlifting, and there is a modest transfer of this effect to certain activities of daily living which involve the trained muscles. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

A historical study of women's costumes for selected periods as a reflection of the culture in Virginia was designed to gain some understanding of the costumes worn, to observe the role that clothing played in the lives of the settlers and of the influences that brought about changes in costume. Much information pertaining to this subject was found in books on history. The researcher conducted this study by visiting various museums, reviewing related books and studying historical portraits. The researcher found that most of the information that is recorded about clothing belonged to persons of some wealth and station of life. The costumes, fabrics, shoes, and other apparel still in existence are relics of past days. Thirty-eight illustrations on costumes have been included in this study. / Master of Science

Yes / A community-based occupational therapy intervention for people with mild to moderate dementia and their family carers (Community Occupational Therapy in Dementia (COTiD)) was found clinically and cost effective in the Netherlands but not in Germany. This highlights the need to adapt and implement complex interventions to specific national contexts. The current trial aims to evaluate the United Kingdom-adapted occupational therapy intervention for people with mild to moderate dementia and their family carers living in the community (COTiD-UK) compared with treatment as usual. Methods/Design This study is a multi-centre, parallel-group, pragmatic randomised trial with internal pilot. We aim to allocate 480 pairs, with each pair comprising a person with mild to moderate dementia and a family carer, who provides at least 4 hours of practical support per week, at random between COTiD-UK and treatment as usual. We shall assess participants at baseline, 12 and 26 weeks, and by telephone at 52 and 78 weeks (first 40 % of recruits only) after randomisation. The primary outcome measure is the Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale (BADLS) at 26 weeks. Secondary outcome measures will include quality of life, mood, and resource use. To assess intervention delivery, and client experience, we shall collect qualitative data via audio recordings of COTiD-UK sessions and conduct semi-structured interviews with pairs and occupational therapists. Discussion COTiD-UK is an evidence-based person-centred intervention that reflects the current priority to enable people with dementia to remain in their own homes by improving their capabilities whilst reducing carer burden. If COTiD-UK is clinically and cost effective, this has major implications for the future delivery of dementia services across the UK. / This is independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research scheme (RP-PG-0610-10108). The VALID research team acknowledges the support of the National Institute of Health Research Clinical Research Network. This research is sponsored by North East London NHS Foundation Trust (NELFT).

Yes / Objectives: The objectives of the study are to investigate how different levels of functional ability relate to quality of life, well‐being, and satisfaction with life, conceptualised as reflecting capability to “live well” in people with dementia. Methods/design: Participants were 1496 people with mild‐to‐moderate dementia and 1188 informants who completed baseline assessments in the Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life (IDEAL) cohort study. Total selfrated and informant‐rated scores on the Functional Activities Questionnaire were split into six ability levels to monitor how poorer functioning impacts the ability to live well. We also investigated the potential influence of sociodemographic and diagnostic variables, depression, cognition, and carer stress. Results: Multivariate multiple regression models found that people with dementia who had the greatest functional impairment according to self‐ratings and informant ratings had poorer living well scores than those with the least functional impairment. Sociodemographic and diagnostic factors and cognition had little impact on effect sizes. For self‐ratings, depression attenuated the relationship between functional ability and living well, whereas carer stress attenuated informant ratings. Conclusions: People with dementia with the least functional impairments had greater capability to live well than those with the most functional impairment. Even subtle perceived difficulties in functional ability had a detrimental effect on the ability of people with dementia to live well. Depression in people with dementia and carer stress in informants influenced these associations, and therefore, these factors should be routinely included in future research studies and clinical assessments.

Originalmente, o termo sarcopenia foi definido como a diminuição da massa muscular relacionada ao envelhecimento. Ao longo da última década, tornou-se um termo mais abrangente reunindo a redução da força muscular (dinapenia) à redução da massa muscular. Em 2010, o European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), no intuito de promover melhor a identificação e o tratamento de sarcopenia, sugere, em consenso, que a mesma seja reconhecida como uma síndrome geriátrica. Dessa forma, recomenda o diagnóstico baseado na redução da massa muscular, obrigatoriamente associada à redução da força muscular e do desempenho físico. Entretanto, poucos são os estudos que estimaram a prevalência de sarcopenia em idosos usando o consenso do EWGSOP e nenhum realizou essa estimativa na América Latina. Além disso, esse conceito não foi analisado como fator de risco para incidência de incapacidade e, em populações com mais de 60 anos, como fator de risco para óbito. Contudo, dada as divergências conceituais entre sarcopenia e dinapenia, nenhum estudo comparou os resultados desses dois conceitos para os desfechos supracitados. Essa tese apresenta três artigos: O primeiro analisou a prevalência e os fatores associados à sarcopenia em idosos residentes no Município de São Paulo. A prevalência de sarcopenia encontrada foi de 15,4 por cento (16,1 por cento em mulheres e 14,4 por cento em homens). Idade avançada, prejuízo cognitivo, baixa renda, fumo, desnutrição e risco de desnutrição (p<0,05) foram fatores associados à sarcopenia. O segundo artigo comparou a associação da sarcopenia e da dinapenia com a incidência de incapacidade em mobilidade ou atividades instrumentais de vida diária e com incapacidade em atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária, organizadas num modelo conceitual hierárquico. A sarcopenia foi associada à incapacidade em mobilidade ou atividades instrumentais de vida diária (razão de risco relativo = 2,38, IC 95 por cento 1,10 5,17) enquanto a dinapenia não foi associada à incapacidade. O terceiro artigo comparou a associação da sarcopenia e da dinapenia com mortalidade. Tanto a sarcopenia (hazzard ratio = 1,52, IC 95 por cento 1,06 2,19) quanto a dinapenia (hazzard ratio = 2,04, IC 95 por cento 1,24 3,37) foram fatores de risco independentes para óbito. Contudo, a sarcopenia pode ser usada como instrumento de screening em Saúde Pública para identificar idosos sob-risco de desenvolver tipos prematuros de incapacidade e em condições clínicas que possam aumentar o risco de óbito / Originally, the sarcopenia term was defined as a decrease in muscle mass related to aging. Over the last decade, it became a broader term gathering reduced muscular strength (dynapenia) and reduced muscle mass. In 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) in order to improve the identification and treatment of sarcopenia suggests, in consensus, that it be recognized as a geriatric syndrome. This way, recommends the diagnosis based on low muscle mass, necessarily associated with low muscle strength and low physical performance. However, few studies have estimated the prevalence of sarcopenia in elderly using the EWGSOP definition and none made this estimation in Latin America. Furthermore, this concept was not analyzed as a risk factor for incidence of disability and, in people over 60 years, as a risk factor for death. However, given the conceptual divergences between sarcopenia and dynapenia, none study has compared the results of these two concepts to the outcomes above. This thesis presents three papers. The first one examined the prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia among community dwelling elderly in São Paulo. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 15.4 per cent (16.1 per cent in women and 14.4 per cent in men). Advanced age, cognitive impairment, low income, smoking, undernutrition and risk for undernutrition (p<0.05) were factors associated with sarcopenia. The second paper compared the association of sarcopenia and dynapenia with the incidence of disability in mobility or instrumental activities of daily living and with disability in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, organized in a hierarchical conceptual model. Sarcopenia was associated with mobility or instrumental activities of daily living disability (relative risk ratio = 2.38, 95 per cent CI 1.10 5.17) while dynapenia was not associated with disability. The third paper compared the association of sarcopenia and dynapenia with mortality. Both sarcopenia (hazzard ratio = 1.52, 95 per cent CI 1.06 2.19) as dynapenia (hazzard ratio = 2.04, 95 per cent CI 1.24 3.37) were independent risk factors for death. Nevertheless, sarcopenia can be used as a screening in Public Health in order to identify elderly at risk of developing premature types of disability and with medical conditions that may increase the risk of death

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.

Originalmente, o termo sarcopenia foi definido como a diminuição da massa muscular relacionada ao envelhecimento. Ao longo da última década, tornou-se um termo mais abrangente reunindo a redução da força muscular (dinapenia) à redução da massa muscular. Em 2010, o European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), no intuito de promover melhor a identificação e o tratamento de sarcopenia, sugere, em consenso, que a mesma seja reconhecida como uma síndrome geriátrica. Dessa forma, recomenda o diagnóstico baseado na redução da massa muscular, obrigatoriamente associada à redução da força muscular e do desempenho físico. Entretanto, poucos são os estudos que estimaram a prevalência de sarcopenia em idosos usando o consenso do EWGSOP e nenhum realizou essa estimativa na América Latina. Além disso, esse conceito não foi analisado como fator de risco para incidência de incapacidade e, em populações com mais de 60 anos, como fator de risco para óbito. Contudo, dada as divergências conceituais entre sarcopenia e dinapenia, nenhum estudo comparou os resultados desses dois conceitos para os desfechos supracitados. Essa tese apresenta três artigos: O primeiro analisou a prevalência e os fatores associados à sarcopenia em idosos residentes no Município de São Paulo. A prevalência de sarcopenia encontrada foi de 15,4 por cento (16,1 por cento em mulheres e 14,4 por cento em homens). Idade avançada, prejuízo cognitivo, baixa renda, fumo, desnutrição e risco de desnutrição (p<0,05) foram fatores associados à sarcopenia. O segundo artigo comparou a associação da sarcopenia e da dinapenia com a incidência de incapacidade em mobilidade ou atividades instrumentais de vida diária e com incapacidade em atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária, organizadas num modelo conceitual hierárquico. A sarcopenia foi associada à incapacidade em mobilidade ou atividades instrumentais de vida diária (razão de risco relativo = 2,38, IC 95 por cento 1,10 5,17) enquanto a dinapenia não foi associada à incapacidade. O terceiro artigo comparou a associação da sarcopenia e da dinapenia com mortalidade. Tanto a sarcopenia (hazzard ratio = 1,52, IC 95 por cento 1,06 2,19) quanto a dinapenia (hazzard ratio = 2,04, IC 95 por cento 1,24 3,37) foram fatores de risco independentes para óbito. Contudo, a sarcopenia pode ser usada como instrumento de screening em Saúde Pública para identificar idosos sob-risco de desenvolver tipos prematuros de incapacidade e em condições clínicas que possam aumentar o risco de óbito / Originally, the sarcopenia term was defined as a decrease in muscle mass related to aging. Over the last decade, it became a broader term gathering reduced muscular strength (dynapenia) and reduced muscle mass. In 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) in order to improve the identification and treatment of sarcopenia suggests, in consensus, that it be recognized as a geriatric syndrome. This way, recommends the diagnosis based on low muscle mass, necessarily associated with low muscle strength and low physical performance. However, few studies have estimated the prevalence of sarcopenia in elderly using the EWGSOP definition and none made this estimation in Latin America. Furthermore, this concept was not analyzed as a risk factor for incidence of disability and, in people over 60 years, as a risk factor for death. However, given the conceptual divergences between sarcopenia and dynapenia, none study has compared the results of these two concepts to the outcomes above. This thesis presents three papers. The first one examined the prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia among community dwelling elderly in São Paulo. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 15.4 per cent (16.1 per cent in women and 14.4 per cent in men). Advanced age, cognitive impairment, low income, smoking, undernutrition and risk for undernutrition (p<0.05) were factors associated with sarcopenia. The second paper compared the association of sarcopenia and dynapenia with the incidence of disability in mobility or instrumental activities of daily living and with disability in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, organized in a hierarchical conceptual model. Sarcopenia was associated with mobility or instrumental activities of daily living disability (relative risk ratio = 2.38, 95 per cent CI 1.10 5.17) while dynapenia was not associated with disability. The third paper compared the association of sarcopenia and dynapenia with mortality. Both sarcopenia (hazzard ratio = 1.52, 95 per cent CI 1.06 2.19) as dynapenia (hazzard ratio = 2.04, 95 per cent CI 1.24 3.37) were independent risk factors for death. Nevertheless, sarcopenia can be used as a screening in Public Health in order to identify elderly at risk of developing premature types of disability and with medical conditions that may increase the risk of death

Within a defined geographical area, all patients, 192 in total, with insulin- dependent diabetes of at least 2 years' duration and free from long-term diabetic complications were identified. Their experiences of the influence of the disease on daily living, tedium, and smoking habits were evaluated using a questionnaire and related to metabolic control. A case-referent study concerning smoking habits among 25 patients with good, and 25 with poor metabolic control was performed. The influence of mentruation on metabolic control was studied among 20 diabetic women and 20 healthy controls. Coping strategies and their outcomes were studied among 20 patients, using the interview technique. Among those with unsatifactory metabolic and/or emotional outcomes, plans for nursing intervention were agreed on, using diagnostic reasoning. Only a minority of the patients reported that the disease caused them considerable problems in their daily lives. The greatest problems occurred in connection with regularity in daily life, diet management, and exercise. Patients with good metabolic control (HbAic&lt;6.7) had a higher number of hypo-glycemic cornata (7 vs 1, p&lt;0.001). Patients with poor metabolic control (HbAic&gt;9.0) reported more often that they were smokers (pcO.Ol) and the women fertile aged in this group more often reported problems with metabolic control during menstruation (p&lt;0.05). Twenty-nine (18%) were defined as suffering from tedium. There was a higher proportion (NS) of high tedium scores among patients in both good and poor metabolic control groups than in those with intermediate metabolic control. Sixty (31%) of the patients were smokers, prevalence of smoking increased significantly with increasing HbAic- levels (17.5% among patients with the best metabolic control, 47.5% among those with the worst metabolic control). In the case referent study exposure to smoking was found to be significantly more common among those with poor control (odds ratio 6.0). No systematic change in metabolic control during the menstrual cycle could be found. Problem-solving coping strategy based on the monitoring of blood glucose in combination with sensitivity to signs of actual blood glucose level and logical reasoning, was found to have the best coping outcome, both regarding metabolic control and well-being. The results are summarized in a model for diagnostic reasoning in nursing. / <p>S. 1-46: sammanfattning, s. 47-117: 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Background: Shift work is performed in different times, often in evenings and during weekends. Shift worker’s physical health is affected in a negative way. Shift work contributes to reduced participation in everyday activities which in turn affects the quality of life and family life. Purpose: To describe the occupational performance and experience of participation in everyday activities among shift workers. Method: A questionnaire study was made at an industrial workplace where 30 shift workers participated. The questionnaire used was "Occupational Gap Questionnaire" (OGQ). The aim of the instrument is to study participation in everyday activities by measuring what people do and to what extent they want to do it. Shift workers were divided into each shift in order to study variations in occupational performance. Collected and processed data is presented using descriptive statistics. Results: Shift workers performed all activities included in the instrument, but on different levels. The types of activities that had most occupational gaps were in the category IADL. Conclusion: Shift workers in the study have good participation in their everyday activities despite shift work / Bakgrund: Skiftarbete är arbete som utförs på rullande schema, ofta under kväll och helger. Den fysiska hälsan påverkas negativt vid denna typ av arbete. Skiftarbete bidrar även till nedsatt delaktighet i vardagliga aktiviteter som därmed påverkar bland annat livskvalitet och familjeliv. Syfte: Att beskriva aktivitetsutförande och upplevelse av delaktighet i vardagliga aktiviteter bland skiftarbetare. Metod: En enkätstudie gjordes på en industriarbetsplats i Jönköping där 30 skiftarbetare deltog. Enkäten var konstruerad från det arbetsterapeutiska instrumentet ”GAP i vardagens aktiviteter” (GAP). Instrumentet avser att studera delaktighet i vardagliga aktiviteter genom att mäta vad en person gör samt i vilken grad personen vill utföra aktiviteten. Skiftarbetare delades in i respektive skift för att se variationer i aktivitetsutförande. Insamlad och bearbetad data presenterades via deskriptiv statistik. Resultat: Skiftarbetarna utförde alla aktiviteter som ingick i instrumentet men upplevde olika nivåer av delaktighet. Flest aktivitetsgap fanns inom aktivitetskategorin I-ADL. Slutsats: Skiftarbetarna i studien upplever god delaktighet i sina vardagliga aktiviteter trots skiftarbete.

Pastaraisiais metais dėmesys vaiko sveikatai bei jo ugdymui yra tikrai didelis. Rengiamos įvairios labdaros akcijos, visuomenė skatinama pažvelgti į vaikus per kitokią prizmę, keičiasi požiūris į vaiką kaip į socialinę būtybę. Tačiau šiame technologijų ir informacijos amžiuje, vaikų sveikatos problemos išlieka tiek pat aktualios bei svarbios. Remiantis PSO (1995), protinis atsilikimas – dalinis ar nepakankamas protinių galių išsivystymas. Jis apibūdinamas įgūdžių, sudarančių tam tikrą intelekto lygį (pažintinių, kalbos, motorinių ir socialinių), formavimosi sutrikimu įvairiuose raidos etapuose. Darbo tikslas: įvertinti vaikų, turinčių protinį atsilikimą, savarankiškumo įgūdžius. 2008 m. balandžio – lapkričio mėnesiais Klaipėdos 2-oje internatinėje mokykloje buvo vykdomas ergoterapinis vertinimas, naudojant specialiai šiam tyrimui sudarytu vertinimo instrumentu. Moksleivių savarankiškumo įgūdžiai buvo vertinami vieną kartą. Tyrime dalyvavo 72 internatinės mokyklos moksleiviai, turintys nežymų, vidutinį ir žymų protinio atsilikimo lygį. Tiriamieji buvo vertinami 6 savarankiškos veiklos srityse, tų įgūdžių atlikimo metu. Ergoterapinis tyrimas parodė, kad ergoterapeutas yra reikalingas šioje internatinėje mokykloje visiems vaikams. Nebuvo nei vieno moksleivio, kurio visų sričių savarankiškumas galėtų būti vertinamas aukščiausiu balu. Todėl būtų džiugu, jog protinį atsilikimą turinčių moksleivių ugdymo įstaigose atsirastų vieta ergoterapeutui, jis galėtų bendradarbiauti ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of the research is to evaluate daily living skills of children with mental retardation. The occupational therapy assessment was carried out in the 2nd boarding school in Klaipėda, during the period of 2008 April and November. To perform the research was made a special assessment tool. Students daily living skills were evaluated one time. 72 boarding school students with mild, moderate and severe mental retardation participated in the study. Children were evaluated in 6 different ranges of daily living skills, during functional performance. Occupational therapy assessment showed, that occupational therapist is necessary for all boarding school students. There was not a student, whose independence from all areas can be seen at the highest score. It would be wonderful if the occupational therapist could help student with mental retardation in all educational institutions. He could collaborate and work with other educational team members.