No description available.

No description available.

The present study drew from the publicly available Amerispeak survey (n = 6,515) and examined public stigma towards different substances, the relationship between preferences for abstinence-based recovery and stigma toward each substance, and whether perceived dangerousness of substances moderates the relationship between preferences for abstinence-based recovery and public stigma. The results indicate that the general public has greater stigmatizing attitudes towards methamphetamine use disorder than cocaine use disorder, opioid use disorder, and alcohol use disorder. Furthermore, a preference for abstinence-based recovery was associated with greater stigmatizing attitudes toward all SUDs. The perceived dangerousness of a substance did not moderate the relationship between preference for abstinence-based recovery and stigmatizing attitudes towards SUDs but was related to public stigma in several models. Results have implications for creating stigma interventions for the general public, which can be adapted for abstinence-based settings, like healthcare organizations and treatment centers.

The label-feedback hypothesis (Lupyan, 2012) states that language can modulate visual processing. In particular, hearing or reading aloud target names (labels) speeds up performance in visual search tasks by facilitating target detection. The current study conceptually expands previous investigations by comparing the effect of a multimodal label presentation (i.e., an audio+visual, AV, priming label), with that of a multimodal (i.e. noise+visual, NV, label) and two unimodal (i.e. audio, A, label or visual, V, label) control conditions in a visual search task. Furthermore, the name of a category (i.e. a label at the superordinate level) was used as a cue, instead of the more commonly used target name (a basic level label), with targets belonging to one of three categories: proper weapons, improper weapons, garments. According to legislation, objects are typically classified as weapons if they are offensive per se (referred to here as proper) and if they are adapted for use as weapons or carried with the intent of causing injury (referred to here as improper), with specific regulations on their usage and possession in public spaces. However, little evidence exists on the validity of this distinction in psychology, despite a widespread recognition of the importance of psychological states and perceptions in risk assessment. These categories were found to vary for their structure, improper weapons being an ad hoc category unlike proper weapons and garments, and for the perceived dangerousness and familiarity of their exemplars, which increase from garments to proper weapons. Results of the two experiments on the label-feedback effect show an overall transient facilitation of visual search performance in the AV condition compared to control conditions. However, for improper weapons, no significant difference was found between the AV and the NV label condition, suggesting that the specificity of the superordinate label effect can be modulated by the structural properties of a category. The findings are consistent with the idea that the AV condition prompted an "up regulation" of the label, a requirement for enhancing the label’s beneficial effects, with the exception of improper weapons. They also highlight the status of the category of improper weapons and offer additional proof that sets it apart from proper weapons.

This mixed methods exploratory study examined how adult male prisoners serving sentences of life without parole adapt to the probability that they will be incarcerated for the remainder of their lives. As a second element, state prison wardens were surveyed about their support for the provision of certain amenities to those serving life without parole and the extent to which they believed those prisoners presented a risk of future dangerousness. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 inmates serving sentences of life without parole at a high security prison in Ohio. Informants identified factors that made adjustment more difficult or which enhanced the ability to adapt. Some study participants expressed hope that a favorable court decision or a change in sentencing laws would lead to release from prison. A survey sent to 430 state prison wardens asked if they supported providing prisoners serving life without parole amenities involving access to academic and vocational education programs, special housing assignments, and special programs to enhance adaptation. Wardens were asked to rate the extent to which they believed those prisoners presented a risk of future dangerousness. Study hypotheses were tested to determine if factors related to wardens’ prior work experience as a correction officer or in a treatment position, opinions about the primary purpose of prison, experience as a warden of a facility that housed prisoners serving life without parole, level of educational attainment, and gender impacted support for amenities and perception of future dangerousness. Three different two-way ANOVA tests were conducted, each of which had a categorical predictor variable and moderating independent variables of educational attainment and gender. Several of the main effects did reach the level of statistical significance. A reported belief that rehabilitation was the primary purpose of prison and level of educational attainment were significant in predicting wardens’ support for amenities. Having served as the warden of a prison at which inmates serving life without parole were housed and being female were found to be related to a lower perception of future dangerousness.

I. Preview The recent adoption of the new Penal code in Czech republic has entailed a range of new approaches, including new conception of the notion of the crime - a crucial institution of the penal law itself, stretching from the fundamental questions of criminal liability via the institution of an attempt to the field of penal procedure. This has give rise to multiple juridical questions, that this work aims to analyse. II. Subject of analysis One of the principal objectives of this diploma thesis is to be seen in the delineating of conclusions of the positive school of penal law and evaluating the measure to which they influenced the Czechoslovak legislation in the realm of criminal law, examining the role of the phenomenon of the social dangerousness in relation to the particular questions on the field of substantial as well as procedural law. III. Prior research Due to its extensiveness and position in the point of intersection of multiple disciplines , the points at issue have been continuously subject to academic works of numerous authors, stretching from the ancient philosophers, religious authors, canonic jurists, on shoulders of whom the modern jurisprudence had elaborated several conceptions that influenced the modern codifications and have been a significant source of inspiration to...

No final do século XIX, a emergência do conceito de periculosidade forjou uma série de ações de controle social que ainda hoje encontram espaço fecundo de legitimação. Os desdobramentos dessa noção, que se articulou da fusão do Direito Penal com a Psiquiatria, encontram no manicômio judiciário o seu exemplo mais sólido. No Brasil, a emergência do Manicômio Judiciário do Estado de São Paulo (MJES) no início da década de 1930 consolidou um ideal há muito defendido pela Criminologia Positivista. No entanto, a despeito do intenso fluxo de internações ocorridas ao longo dos anos e da imprescindibilidade que desempenhou e ainda desempenha no circuito repressivo do Estado atualmente, sua história segue opaca, inaudita e, por vezes, tão fundida à história do Hospital do Juqueri a ponto de ter o seu próprio registro tangenciado. A intenção deste trabalho consistiu em recuperar o arquivamento que se produziu sobre a loucura criminosa e analisar os discursos e as práticas empregadas pelo saber médico e jurídico para justificar a reclusão no MJES entre os anos de 1927 a 1940. Considerando que se trata de um espaço de natureza médico-jurídica que há anos sustenta a função de controle social alicerçado na justificativa de proteção contra a periculosidade, o problema de pesquisa delimitado para este trabalho se organizou em torno de algumas questões fundamentais, a saber: (1) problematizar as condições de emergência do MJES; (2) mostrar como os discursos sobre a loucura criminosa foram organizados e distribuídos no arquivo médico-legal; (3) identificar e caracterizar o sujeito da periculosidade para o qual se designou a internação manicomial durante o período referido acima; (4) analisar sob quais circunstâncias infracionais ou não a periculosidade foi utilizada como justificativa para a interdição médico-legal; (5) analisar os pressupostos técnicoscientíficos que sustentam a realização do exame médico-legal ou da chamada avaliação de cessação de periculosidade nos prontuários médicos. A escolha por documentos que registraram estas vidas infames sob a insígnia da loucura, do crime e da marginalidade abrem a possibilidade de problematizar as verdades estabelecidas pelos saberes que os redigiram. Desse modo, o mesmo registro que um dia serviu para cumprir sua finalidade disciplinar foi aqui recuperado para produzir perguntas e subverter a própria razão que uma vez justificou a sua existência / At the end of the 19th century, the rise of the dangerousness concept forged a series of actions aimed at social control legitimized by many to this day. The unfolding of this notion, articulated by the merger of Criminal Law with Psychiatry, found its best example in the legal asylum. In Brazil, the foundation of the Legal Asylum of the State of São Paulo (MJES) in the early 1930s consolidated an ideal long advocated by Positivist Criminology. Yet, despite the intense number of hospitalizations over the years and the essential role the institution has played (and still plays) in a repressive system, its history remains opaque, unprecedented, and so fused with the history of Juqueri Hospital that their records converge. The intent of this work was to recover the files about the ones considered criminals and insane and analyze the speeches and practices used by the medical and law communities to justify the reclusion of individuals in the MJES between 1927 and 1940. Considering that for years the psychiatric hospital has been a legal and medical space of social control, sustained by the assumption that it protects society against dangerousness, some fundamental issues organized this research: (1) to discuss the MJES conditions; (2) to show how the medical and legal files organized discourses about criminal insanity; (3) to identify and characterize the \"subject of dangerousness\", that is the types of people sent to the asylum during the period referred above; (4) to analyze under what circumstances dangerousness justified the medical and legal prohibition; (5) to analyze the technical-scientific assumptions that supported the forensic medical examination or the so-called \"medical termination assessment\" in the records. The decision to use documents that reported these infamous lives under the guise of madness, crime and marginality make it possible to discuss some established truths of the scientific community. Thus, the same files that once served to fulfil a disciplinary purpose here raise questions and subvert the very reason that once justified its existence

O trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da periculosidade e das formas de controle social que são ativadas por essa noção na atualidade. A abordagem recupera o contexto de surgimento do conceito de periculosidade no âmbito da psiquiatria e sua cooptação pelo sistema jurídico, processo que foi facilitado pela natureza da penalidade moderna, que se desenvolve a partir da constituição de um saber sobre o indivíduo submetido à intervenção estatal. Procura-se demonstrar de que maneira a periculosidade é reinventada e instrumentalizada para justificar certas modalidades de controle social voltadas para aqueles que cometem crimes e que não são necessariamente remetidos ao aparato punitivo, operação que torna ainda mais insidiosa a atuação do Estado. Por intermédio da análise de um caso recente é possível verificar a mobilização do dispositivo da periculosidade, usado para constituir a exceção e legitimar medidas expressivas que restam por colocar em risco o Estado de direito. / This work is devoted to the study of dangerousness and the ways of social control that are by this concept put in motion nowadays. This approach unveils the context in which the concept of dangerousness emerges within the psychiatric realm and its cooptation by the juridical system. This process was eased by the nature of modern penality, which development starts with the building of knowledge on the individual subject to state intervention. It aims to demonstrate in which ways dangerousness is reinvented and instrumentalized in order to justify certain types of social control directed to those who commit crimes and are not necessarily sent to punitive apparatus. This operation makes even more insidious the action perpetrated by the state. Through the analysis of a recent case it is possible to perceive how the dispositive of dangerousness is manipulated and used to constitute the exception and to legitimate expressive measures which endanger the state of law.

Le risque zéro n'existe pas ! Aussi, pour se protéger contre d'éventuels impayés, les créanciers n'hésitent pas à demander à leurs futurs débiteurs des garanties. Parmi ces dernières, le cautionnement tient une place de choix. Grâce à sa rapidité, sa simplicité, il séduit et devient au fil du temps « la reine des sûretés » mais dont le royaume cache bien des surprises, surtout pour les cautions qui ne se posent guère de questions lors de la formation du contrat. Prenant le risque d'autrui, les cautions disposent-elles des bonnes clés pour entrer en relations contractuelles ? Mesurent-elles la portée de leur engagement ? Il est permis d'en douter au regard de l'important contentieux qui agite la matière. Dans ce cas, comment les protéger efficacement sans mettre en péril le cautionnement ? Définit, ou plus exactement décrit à l'article 2288 du Code civil comme « celui qui se rend caution d'une obligation se soumet envers le créancier à satisfaire à cette obligation si le débiteur n'y satisfait pas lui-même », le cautionnement est soumis à de vives critiques. On s'interroge sur son efficacité, on doute de sa souplesse, de son aptitude à offrir la sécurité juridique attendue. On fustige également l'intrusion excessive du législateur et de la jurisprudence dans le contrat. Mais ces derniers se sont donnés pour mission de délivrer à la caution le fameux « mode d'emploi » qui doit l'avertir des menaces que dissimule cette sûreté. Mais la philosophie protectrice des cautions a poussé le raisonnement très loin, peut-être trop loin. Or, il faut un ajustement des règles du cautionnement à la mesure du droit des sûretés qui demeure une matière foisonnante où la vivacité, la créativité rythment les rapports contractuels. Le droit du cautionnement doit dès lors se garder d'être figé, immobile dans un monde qui est en perpétuelle mouvement et où le temps est à la révision, aux recherches pour être en adéquation avec les besoins économiques, sociaux et juridiques de notre société. De fait le cautionnement doit s'extraire de ce cercle vicieux dans lequel il est tombé. / The zero risk does not exist! So, to protect itself against possible outstanding payments, the creditors do not hesitate to ask their future debtors of guarantees. Among the latter, the guarantee holds a special place.Thanks to it speed, its simplicity, its seduces and becomes over time “the queen of the safeties” but from whom the kingdom hides many surprises, especially for the guarantee which raise themselves not many questions during the training of the contract. Taking the risk of others, pledges do they arrange good keys to enter contractual relations? Do they measure the impact of their commitment? It is allowed to doubt it with regard to the important dispute which shakes the subject. In this cas, how protect them effectively without putting in danger the guarenty? Defines, or more exactly described in the article 2288 of the Civil code “as the one who goes pledge of an obligation submits itself to the creditor to satisfy this obligation if the debtor does not satisfy it himself”, the guarenty is subjected to deep criticisms.We wonder about his efficiency, we doubt his flexibility, its capacity to offer the expected legal security. We also castigate the excessive intrusion of the legislator and the jurisprudence in the contract. But the latter gave for mission to deliver to the pledge the famous “instructions for use” which has to warn it of threats which hides this safety. But the protective philosophy of pledges pushed the very far reasoning, maybe too far. Now, one needs that an adjustment of the rules of the guarenty for the measure of the law of the safeties which remains an abundant material where the liveliness, the creativity give rhythm to the contractual reports. The law of the guarenty has to be careful not from then on to be congealed, to motionless in a world which is in perpetual movement and where the time is for the revision, for the searches to be in adequacy with the economic, social and legal needs for our society. De facto the guarenty has to extract of vicious circle in which it fell.

The discussion about the question of appropriate management of chemical waste has increased in recent years. Thus, this study aimed at analyzing the Chemical Waste Management System used in the Hematology Division health services of the Santa Maria University Hospital Clinical Analysis Laboratory (CAL). From an in loco observation of the chemical waste management conducted by the CAL Department of Hematology, a diagnosis was made based on documental and photographic assessment. This is an exploratory and descriptive study which used an approach both qualitative and quantitative, and is characterized as a case study. It was found that most of the chemical reagents in the composition of the solutions used by the hematological analysis equipments present toxicity and are hazardous to the health of those who manipulate them and to the environment. Thus, this study offered a proposal for the destination and management of the chemical waste generated by the CAL Division of Hematology. It is believed that such a proposal is fundamental to minimize the impacts of the current practices on the environment and human health. / As discussões sobre a questão do gerenciamento de resíduos químicos vêm crescendo nos últimos anos. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Químicos usado pelos serviços de saúde do Setor de Hematologia do Laboratório de Análises Clínicas (LAC) do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM). A partir da observação in loco do gerenciamento de resíduos químicos realizado pelo Setor de Hematologia do LAC, foi feito um diagnóstico através de avaliação documental e fotográfica. Esta pesquisa insere-se numa abordagem tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa, do tipo exploratório e descritivo,caracterizando-se como um estudo de caso. Observa-se que grande parte dos reagentes químicos presentes na composição de soluções utilizadas pelos aparelhos de análises hematológicas apresentam toxicidade e representam riscos à saúde de quem os manipula e ao meio ambiente. A partir dessa constatação, foi proposto um Modelo de Gestão para Destinação dos Resíduos Químicos gerados pelo Setor de Hematologia do LAC. Pode-se concluir que essa proposta é fundamental, pois tem a finalidade de viabilizar a destinação dos resíduos químicos de maneira a minimizar os impactos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana.