Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar alguns dos ideários sócio moralizantes que foram repercutidos na construção do pensamento social brasileiro, através das políticas pró-educação implementadas na década de 1940. O processo histórico que culminou com a edificação da Cidade dos Meninos, em Duque de Caxias no Rio Janeiro, surge, portanto, como um locus privilegiado para a investigação deste modelo educacional. Nesse contexto, as reflexões da intelectualidade à época, eram revestidas de uma expectativa moralizadora: "salvação pelo trabalho". Desta forma, surgiram espaços escolares que funcionavam em regime de internato e semi-internato, como a Cidade dos Meninos. Tratava-se de uma instituição destinada para essas populações "desvalidas", que seriam alvo de uma política educacional direcionada para a oferta do ensino "das letras" e do ensino profissionalizante de caráter elementar. Contudo, em 1950, ao ter uma fábrica de pesticidas instalada em seu interior, e com o posterior abandono desta, em virtude da mesma ter se tornado inviável economicamente em 1960, esse espaço foi alvo de uma contaminação ambiental e humana. Somente cerca de 30 anos depois, a referida contaminação foi trazida a público a partir de denúncias jornalísticas. A principal conseqüência foi o fechamento das escolas e a interrupção dos projetos de assistência social prejudicando muitos dos assistidos e antigos funcionários que assentaram residência na localidade, fazendo com que o problema social e de saúde pública se desdobrasse também numa questão fundiária. Todo esse movimento parece ter levado os atores sociais envolvidos no processo à uma elaboração pragmática sobre o papel da educação, do Estado, da pesquisa científica e do tipo de política que se destina a populações em situação de "periculosidade". A análise das memórias e das "trajetórias exemplares" de alguns moradores contribuíram para a compreensão da relação entre as políticas sociais e a perspectiva dos assistidos. Esse fato denota a possibilidade, na atualidade, de que os pressupostos que idealizaram tais políticas "sócio moralizantes" ainda apresentem vestígios no discurso e na ação tanto das autoridades, quanto dos próprios pesquisadores, desqualificando seus interlocutores e obscurecendo a solução do problema no referido local / The present work aims to analyze some of the ideologies "social moralizing" that were passed in the construction of the Brazilian social thought, through the pro-education policies implemented in the 1940s. The historical process which culminated in the construction of Cidade dos Meninos, in Duque de Caxias in Rio Janeiro, appears therefore as a locus for privilege research of this educational model. In this context, the reflections of intellectuals at the time, were coated with a moralizing forward: "salvation through work." Thus, there were school spaces that worked in a boarding and semi-boarding school, as Cidade dos Meninos. It was an institution designed for these populations "helpless", which would be the target of an educational policy directed towards the provision of education "letters" of vocational education and elementary character. However, in 1950, having a pesticide factory installed inside, and the subsequent abandonment of this, because the same have become uneconomical in 1960, this space was a target of environmental and human contamination. Only about 30 years later, this contamination was brought to the public from news reports. The main consequence was the closure of schools and disruption of social assistance projects assisted and damaging many of the former employees who became resident in the locality, making the social problem and public health to unfold also a land issue. All this movement seems to have led the social actors involved in the process of drafting a practical understanding of the role of education, the state of scientific research and the type of policy aimed at people in a situation of "dangerousness." The analysis of memories and "outstanding examples" of some residents contributed to the understanding of the relationship between social policies and the prospects of those assisted. This fact indicates the possibility, at present, that the idealized assumptions hat "such policies" "social moralizing" still showing traces in both speech and action of the authorities, as the researchers themselves, disqualifying her audience and obscuring the solution of the problem in said site

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar alguns dos ideários sócio moralizantes que foram repercutidos na construção do pensamento social brasileiro, através das políticas pró-educação implementadas na década de 1940. O processo histórico que culminou com a edificação da Cidade dos Meninos, em Duque de Caxias no Rio Janeiro, surge, portanto, como um locus privilegiado para a investigação deste modelo educacional. Nesse contexto, as reflexões da intelectualidade à época, eram revestidas de uma expectativa moralizadora: "salvação pelo trabalho". Desta forma, surgiram espaços escolares que funcionavam em regime de internato e semi-internato, como a Cidade dos Meninos. Tratava-se de uma instituição destinada para essas populações "desvalidas", que seriam alvo de uma política educacional direcionada para a oferta do ensino "das letras" e do ensino profissionalizante de caráter elementar. Contudo, em 1950, ao ter uma fábrica de pesticidas instalada em seu interior, e com o posterior abandono desta, em virtude da mesma ter se tornado inviável economicamente em 1960, esse espaço foi alvo de uma contaminação ambiental e humana. Somente cerca de 30 anos depois, a referida contaminação foi trazida a público a partir de denúncias jornalísticas. A principal conseqüência foi o fechamento das escolas e a interrupção dos projetos de assistência social prejudicando muitos dos assistidos e antigos funcionários que assentaram residência na localidade, fazendo com que o problema social e de saúde pública se desdobrasse também numa questão fundiária. Todo esse movimento parece ter levado os atores sociais envolvidos no processo à uma elaboração pragmática sobre o papel da educação, do Estado, da pesquisa científica e do tipo de política que se destina a populações em situação de "periculosidade". A análise das memórias e das "trajetórias exemplares" de alguns moradores contribuíram para a compreensão da relação entre as políticas sociais e a perspectiva dos assistidos. Esse fato denota a possibilidade, na atualidade, de que os pressupostos que idealizaram tais políticas "sócio moralizantes" ainda apresentem vestígios no discurso e na ação tanto das autoridades, quanto dos próprios pesquisadores, desqualificando seus interlocutores e obscurecendo a solução do problema no referido local / The present work aims to analyze some of the ideologies "social moralizing" that were passed in the construction of the Brazilian social thought, through the pro-education policies implemented in the 1940s. The historical process which culminated in the construction of Cidade dos Meninos, in Duque de Caxias in Rio Janeiro, appears therefore as a locus for privilege research of this educational model. In this context, the reflections of intellectuals at the time, were coated with a moralizing forward: "salvation through work." Thus, there were school spaces that worked in a boarding and semi-boarding school, as Cidade dos Meninos. It was an institution designed for these populations "helpless", which would be the target of an educational policy directed towards the provision of education "letters" of vocational education and elementary character. However, in 1950, having a pesticide factory installed inside, and the subsequent abandonment of this, because the same have become uneconomical in 1960, this space was a target of environmental and human contamination. Only about 30 years later, this contamination was brought to the public from news reports. The main consequence was the closure of schools and disruption of social assistance projects assisted and damaging many of the former employees who became resident in the locality, making the social problem and public health to unfold also a land issue. All this movement seems to have led the social actors involved in the process of drafting a practical understanding of the role of education, the state of scientific research and the type of policy aimed at people in a situation of "dangerousness." The analysis of memories and "outstanding examples" of some residents contributed to the understanding of the relationship between social policies and the prospects of those assisted. This fact indicates the possibility, at present, that the idealized assumptions hat "such policies" "social moralizing" still showing traces in both speech and action of the authorities, as the researchers themselves, disqualifying her audience and obscuring the solution of the problem in said site

Si toutes les peines ont une fonction préventive, les peines préventives sont celles pour lesquelles la fonction de prévention devient prépondérante. La notion de peine préventive vise à comparer, en droit français et anglais, ainsi qu'au sein de chaque droit interne, diverses atteintes à la liberté, qu'elles soient ou non qualifiées de peines, qu'elles soient de nature pénale, civile ou administrative. Les peines préventives ont deux critères. La protection du public en est le critère-fin, tandis que la dangerosité en est le critère-moyen. L'étude des peines préventives est structurée autour de deux dynamiques. La première partie de l'étude est consacrée à la dynamique de construction du champ de ces peines. D'abord, cette construction est le fait d'une lente émergence, commençant par une élaboration théorique à partir de la fin du XVIIIe siècle et se poursuivant par des expérimentations dès la fin du XIXe. Ensuite, cette construction semble aboutir actuellement à la consécration des peines préventives en droit positif, bien que le modèle traditionnel et initial, celui de la privation de liberté, décline au profit d'un modèle complémentaire, en plein essor, celui de la restriction de liberté. À cette dynamique de construction s'ajoute une autre dynamique, celle du déploiement et de l'expansion des peines préventives hors de leur champ. D'une part, les peines préventives dénaturent certaines longues peines et les peines de réintégration dans la société. D'autre part, les peines préventives s'étendent en bouleversant les rapports entre la peine et l'infraction, en imprégnant de leur esprit le régime des atteintes à la liberté avant le jugement et avant l'infraction. / If every sentence has a preventive function, preventive sentences are those where prevention became predominant. The notion of preventive sentence is helpful to compare French and English law, as well as, in each system, numerous forms of restrictions and deprivation of liberty, whether or not they can be considered as penalties and whether or not they are of criminal, civil or administrative nature. Preventive sentences have two criteria : public protection and dangerousness. The study of preventive sentences is structured around two main dynamics. The first part of the study focuses on the dynamic of construction of the preventive sentences' field. Firstly, this construction is the result of a slow emergence, starting with the theoretical foundations of preventive sentences, elaborated since the end of the 18th century, continuing in their first experimentations since the end of the 19th century. Then, this construction seems to result nowadays in the recognition of preventive sentences in law, although the first and traditional model of those sentences, centered on deprivation of liberty, is falling behind the second and additional model of restriction of liberty. This construction tends to be joined by another dynamic, leading to the expansion of preventive sentences outside their borders. On one hand, preventive sentences denature long retributive sentences and sentences of rehabilitation. On the other band, preventive sentences are expanding, turning upside down the relation between the offence and the sentence; and changing the legal regime of limitations of liberty before the judgment and even before an offence is committed.

La thèse se propose d’aborder l’enfermement strictement pénal sous l’angle des pouvoirs du juge répressif. À partir du choix d’une classification binaire des mesures pénales d’enfermement, articulée autour du critère de culpabilité, deux mouvements distincts ont pu être identifiés. Tout d’abord, la première évolution porte sur le rôle du juge répressif dans l’enfermement qui se fonde sur le critère de culpabilité, autrement dit qui se justifie par la commission certaine de l’infraction pénale et qui vise principalement à punir son auteur. L’étude s’emploie à déterminer le degré de liberté qui est accordé au juge dans le processus de la peine d’enfermement. Sa souveraineté est sujette à une double mutation. Tandis qu’elle se trouve limitée dans le processus de recours à la peine d’enfermement, tantôt par le parquet, tantôt par le législateur, elle est au contraire pleinement consacrée lorsqu’il s’agit pour le juge d’adapter son exécution, de manière prépondérante au stade post-sentenciel et de manière plus ponctuelle au stade sentenciel. Ensuite, la seconde partie de la thèse tend à démontrer que le rôle du juge, dans le cadre de l’enfermement qui n’est pas la conséquence directe de la culpabilité, car ne remplissant pas une fonction essentiellement punitive, est en construction. L’étude distingue alors les mesures privatives de liberté pré-sentencielles, destinées au bon déroulement d’une procédure pénale, qualifiées d’ « enfermement procédural », de celles qui se fondent essentiellement sur la dangerosité de l’individu auquel elles s’appliquent, qualifiées d’« enfermement-sûreté ». Pour les premières, le rôle du juge semble être en quête d’équilibre, eu égard à l’impérieuse nécessité de concilier le respect de la présomption d’innocence et les nécessités de la détention comme ultima ratio, à travers la recherche permanente de la garantie judiciaire idéale. S’agissant des secondes, on assiste à l’émergence d’un rôle original, inédit, dépassant les frontières classiques du droit de punir. Pour preuve, depuis 2008, le juge peut, d’une part, tirer les conséquences juridiques de l’irresponsabilité pénale de l’auteur de l’infraction atteint d’un trouble mental et d’autre part, prononcer un nouvel enfermement à l’encontre d’une personne ayant déjà exécuté une première condamnation. Dans ces deux situations, le fondement de la dangerosité vient se substituer à la responsabilité pénale classique. En conclusion, à la charnière du droit de la peine et de la procédure pénale, cette étude se présente comme un essai de théorisation de l’évolution du rôle du juge répressif en matière d’enfermement et s’inscrit dans une réflexion plus globale sur l’office du juge au XXIème siècle. / The thesis proposes to apprehend the criminal confinement strictly in terms of the role of criminal court. From a binary classification of criminal confinement measures, centered around the culpability test, two separate movements could be identified. The first change concerns the role of the criminal court in confinement which is based on the criterion of guilt. The study then examines the freedom granted to it in the process of the sentence of imprisonment. It appears that the sovereignty of the judge is subject to a double mutation. While sovereignty appears weakened in the process of recourse to the death of confinement, due to authorities that exercise some influence on him, it is fully devoted to the contrary when it comes to the judge to adapt the execution of that sentence. This development questions more broadly about the meaning and the future of the office sanctioning the criminal courts.The second change concerns the judge's role in the custodial measures that stand in contrast to the foundation of guilt. The judge appears here under construction. The study then distinguishes the deprivation of liberty prior to sentencing, for the proper conduct of criminal proceedings, described as "entrapment-procedural ', those are mainly based on the dangerousness of the individual to whom they s'apply, described as "confinement-security". For the former, the role of the judge appears in search of balance, given the need to balance respect for the presumption of innocence and the needs of investigations. Regarding the second, we are seeing the emergence of an original role, unique, transcending the boundaries traditionally assigned.

L’expert psychiatre, initialement convoqué dans les tribunaux afin d’évaluer la responsabilité pénale des auteurs d’infractions, s’est progressivement trouvé en charge de mesurer leur dangerosité. L’expertise de dangerosité tendrait-elle à remplacer celle de responsabilité ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons étudié au Luxembourg et en France le rôle qu’est aujourd’hui amené à jouer l’expert dans des juridictions criminelles. Son intervention, désormais systématique dans ce type de juridiction, se matérialise par la production d’un discours écrit et oral. Prenant acte de ce fait, ainsi que de l’importance du langage dans les champs judiciaire et psychiatrique, nous avons ancré ce travail dans le champ de l’analyse du discours, et avons étudié l’expertise et la justice en train de se dire. Une première partie se concentre sur la production et le contenu du discours que les experts soumettent à l’institution judiciaire, et une seconde sur la façon dont l’expertise est intégrée au jugement. Les experts, dont le discours est sous la surveillance de l’institution judiciaire, ne participent finalement à évaluer ni la responsabilité strictement pénale, ni la dangerosité. Leur discours, enchevêtré aux discours des autres acteurs de la procédure, alimente l’ensemble des débats ; il participe à l’évaluation de la responsabilité subjective et morale de l’accusé, tant pour déterminer le quantum de la peine que pour décider d’une mesure appropriée. Initialement extérieur à l’institution, et chargé de soustraire à la justice des personnes estimées irresponsables pénalement, l’expert participe désormais à la punition et au traitement de l’ensemble des auteurs de crime. / In theory, the psychiatric expert is called in a trial in order to estimate the defendant's penal responsibility. But, we argue, he has instead become responsible for judging their level of dangerousness. Does dangerousness expertise tend to replace responsibility expertise? In order to answer this question, we studied experts’ functions in criminal affairs in Luxemburg and in France. The intervention, now systematic in this type of jurisdiction, is embodied in written and oral discourse. In acknowledging the importance of language in judiciary and psychiatric fields, this work is based on discourse analysis. We studied the spoken aspect of expertise and justice. The first part of this study focuses on how experts produce discourse for the judiciary institution. The second part follows the integration process of expertise into the judgment. Because their spoken testimonies are under surveillance by the judicial institution, experts eventually evaluate neither strictly penal responsibility, nor dangerousness. These discourses, entangled with those of other agents of the proceedings, continue into closing statements, in which the expert takes part in evaluating the defendant's subjective and moral responsibility. This is in order to determine the punishment’s severity, as well which measure to state. From originally providing an outsider’s point of view, apparently removed from those judging criminal responsibility, the expert now takes part in both punishment and treatment of perpetrators.

Today, the issues related to the presence of bears and wolves in the Czech Republic are more frequently discussed due to their occasional occurrence. The significant part of the public still considers these predators dangerous and they even think that a man is supposed to be their potential prey. A lot of surveys confirming this have been already taken, but none of them was focused on the views of primary and secondary schools students. As they are a part of the school education system, their views on the large carnivores should be mainly shaped by it. A questionnaire-based survey was used to find the attitudes of students. The first part of the questionnaire focused on the students' opinions about the dangerousness of predators, its reasons and common wolf presence in the Czech Republic. The second part of the questionnaire is focused on the domestic dog, which has wolf origins. It deals mainly with the attitudes of students to selected dog breeds, dog domestication awareness and views on the so- called "fighting breeds". This work has been aimed at identification of attitudes of the primary and secondary school students from different regions of the Czech Republic to the selected predators. The survey was also taken at primary schools in the High Tatras Mountains, an area where all the large...

La notion de risque est doublement incertaine : elle contient une part irréductible d’aléa quant à sa concrétisation en dommage d’une part, elle n’est pas définie par la loi d’autre part. Pourtant, cette lacune est en contradiction, tant avec le recours exponentiel à la notion de risque en droit pénal, qu’il soit de fond ou de forme, qu’avec le principe de légalité des délits et des peines, qui implique que le législateur définisse avec clarté et précision les notions et concepts auxquels il fait appel, de sorte que la légitimité de son usage en droit pénal peut être mise en doute. La présence d’une notion aussi incertaine dans une matière qui met en cause les droits fondamentaux de la personne est susceptible de mettre en péril les impératifs de l’État de droit. Au demeurant, ce droit pénal de l’anticipation, qui vise à prévenir la survenance d’une atteinte possible mais incertaine à une valeur protégée, essuie de nombreuses critiques. L’objet de cette démonstration est donc de savoir si le législateur emploie à bon escient ou non la notion de risque en droit pénal. La réponse à cette problématique nécessitera au préalable, de s’assurer que le droit pénal est effectivement légitime à s’intéresser à la notion de risque. Ce n’est pas parce que le législateur consacre une notion que sa prise en compte est forcément légitime. Plus encore, il faut garder à l’esprit que risque et droit pénal sont par nature contradictoires : le risque est incertain, immatériel et relève de la prévention tandis que le droit pénal est le droit de la répression, de la matérialité et de la certitude. Une étude approfondie de leurs natures respectives permettra néanmoins de dépasser la contradiction, attestant alors de ce que le droit pénal est théoriquement légitime à réceptionner la notion de risque. Cette légitimité n’en reste pas moins précaire. Pour la garantir, il ne pourra s’agir que d’un certain risque, c’est-à-dire un risque pourvu d’une certaine qualité, car le législateur, s’il prétend recourir à la notion de risque en droit pénal pour assurer à la société une protection pénale anticipée, ne peut se départir des principes qui y sont applicables. À partir de l’étude des principes fondamentaux du droit pénal, de ses concepts juridiques et de ses sources supralégislatives, cette recherche se proposera alors d’élaborer une définition pénale de la notion de risque, contenant les critères théoriques d’un risque pénalement saisissable en toute légitimité. Leur confrontation, ensuite, avec le droit positif, permettra de révéler si l’exploitation de la notion de risque par le législateur en droit pénal, fait perdre ou non à ce dernier sa légitimité. / The notion of risk is doubly uncertain: it contains an irreducible part of hazard as its realization in damage on the one hand, and its lack of definition by the law on the other. However, this gap is at odds, both with the exponential use of the notion of risk in criminal law, whether substantive or form, and with the principle of legality of offences and sentences, which implies that the legislator defines clearly and precisely the notions and concepts to which it refers. That is the reason why the legitimacy of the use of the notion of risk in criminal law can be questionable. The presence of such an uncertain notion in a field involving the fundamental rights of the person is likely to jeopardize the imperatives of the State of laws. Moreover, the criminal law of anticipation, which aims to prevent the occurrence of possible but uncertain interference with a protected right, is criticized. The purpose of this demonstration is therefore to know whether or not the legislature uses wisely the notion of risk in criminal law. The answer to this issue will previously require to ensure that criminal law is actually legitimate to focus on the notion of risk. This is not because the legislature takes into account a notion that its account is necessarily legitimate. Moreover, it is important to keep in mind that risk and the criminal law are inherently contradictory: the risk is uncertain, immaterial and is linked to the concept of prevention while the criminal law is the right of repression, the materiality and the certainty. A deep study of their respective natures will nevertheless make it possible to overcome the contradiction, stating that the criminal law is theoretically legitimate to accept the notion of risk. This legitimacy stays nonetheless quite precarious. To secure this legitimacy, only a certain kind of risk, a risk with a managed level can be taken into account. If the legislator claims using the notion of risk in criminal law for anticipated criminal protection of society, he still cannot ignore the principles that are applicable in criminal law. From the study of the fundamental principles of criminal law, its legal concepts and its supralegislatives sources, this research will then offer a definition of the notion of risk in criminal law, containing the theoretical criteria of a legitimate criminally detectable risk. Its comparison with positive law, will emphasize whether the use of the notion of risk by the legislator in criminal law, makes him lose or not its legitimacy.

Les métaux nobles (Au, Ag, Pt, Ir, Pd et Ru) sont utilisés en salle blanche pour la réalisation de dispositifs électroniques ou peuvent être apportés par les équipements de fabrication (composants d’alliage par exemple). Il a été montré qu’ils pouvaient impacter fortement les dispositifs. Il est alors nécessaire de procéder au contrôle des équipements pour diagnostiquer au plus tôt une contamination. Or, il n’existe pas de technique industrielle pour leur suivi et ce à des niveaux d’au moins 5.109 at.cm-2 - recommandation ITRS. Il se pose la question de la pertinence de ces recommandations en fonction des types de dispositifs (SPAD notamment). Dans un premier temps, les travaux ont consisté à développer une technique physico-chimique pour l’analyse des métaux nobles sur silicium par VPD-DC-ICPMS. Enfin, leur dangerosité vis-à-vis des équipements et des dispositifs a été évaluée d’après leur comportement en température et le DCR généré sur SPAD. / Noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Ir, Pd and Ru) are used for the fabrication of microelectronics devices or can be brought by manufacturing tools (alloy components for example). It is well known that these impurities are detrimental to the efficiency of the devices. This implies a real and present need for control of their introduction in clean rooms to diagnose as soon as possible a contamination. Yet, there are no industrial technique for their follow-up at levels about 5.109 at.cm-2 - ITRS recommendations. The relevance of these recommendations according to the electronic device (SPAD in particular) could be questioned. At first, this study consisted in developing a physicochemical technique for the analysis of noble metals on Si wafers by VPD-DC-ICPMS. Then, their dangerousness towards tools and devices was established according to their behavior in temperature and the DCR generated on SPAD devices.

Le droit pénal français est marqué par une volonté de prévenir la récidive. Ce souhait se concrétise par l’introduction de mesures de sûreté dont la rétention de sûreté. Toutefois, la rétention de sûreté n’est pas une mesure de sûreté comme les autres, ce qui a conduit à de nombreux débats qui, en réalité, reprennent d’anciennes et récurrentes controverses. Cette mesure part en effet du postulat que les criminels sexuels et/ou violents présentent une maladie, maladie qui laisse présumer un risque de récidive. En les traitants comme des malades, le législateur considère ainsi qu’ils sont curables. En conséquence, il convient de mettre en œuvre des soins, seule solution pour prévenir une récidive. Cependant, cette même maladie conduit souvent le patient à refuser les soins pourtant nécessaires au regard de cette maladie. Dans ces circonstances, le soin est contraint, mais non imposé, par la menace, puis la mise en œuvre effective, d’une mesure privative de liberté qu’est la rétention de sûreté, ce qui constitue une menace pour les libertés individuelles. Le mécanisme même de la rétention de sûreté fait ainsi apparaître de nombreux problèmes criminologiques, psychologiques, constitutionnels, conventionnels que le droit français ne peut ignorer. Il est nécessaire de les prendre en compte pour éviter que la rétention de sûreté ne devienne une mesure purement éliminatrice au détriment de son principal objectif, qui reflète le fondement même du droit pénal français, à savoir prévenir la récidive tout en permettant à terme la réinsertion des criminels dans la société. / The French criminal law is characterised by a willingness to prevent recidivism. To give concrete expression to this will, security measures are implemented among which the secure detention. However, the secure detention is not an ordinary measure and gives rises to many debates which, in fact, take up old and recurrent controversies. This measure is based on the assumption that sexual and/or violent criminals show a disease which may suggest a risk of a second offence. As a result, by considering them as sick persons, the legislator asserts that they can be treated. Accordingly, medical care is advised as the only solution to prevent a second offence. However, this disease itself often induces the patient to refuse cares even if it is required for this disease. Under these circumstances, care is constrained by law but not imposed by threat. Yet, if the attempt fails, a measure which deprives of liberties will be effective, such as the secure detention, what threatens individual freedoms. The secure detention process raises many criminological, psychological, constitutional and conventional problems than the French law can’t ignore. It’s necessary to take them into account to prevent the secure detention turning into a phase-out measure to the detriment of its mains objective, which reflects the cause itself of the criminal French law, i. e. to prevent the second offence while helping criminals in the long run to become reintegrated in society.

Après une intrusion chaotique dans la théorie de la responsabilité pénale, l’imputabilité peut aujourd’hui apparaître comme une donnée d’essence classique. Elle répond à une définition subjective faisant consensus en doctrine et supposant l’addition du discernement et d’une volonté libre de l’agent. Dans le prolongement, elle est unanimement entendue comme constituant le fondement de la responsabilité pénale. Cependant, la cohabitation entre les différentes conditions de la responsabilité pénale, en particulier entre les concepts de culpabilité et d’imputabilité, n’est peut-être pas aussi pacifiée qu’il n’y paraît. En réalité, la question de l’indépendance des notions n’a jamais été clairement résolue, car leurs composantes respectives participent des conditions subjectives à l’engagement de la responsabilité pénale. Pourtant, la question est loin d’être anecdotique, en particulier si l’on considère certaines institutions fondamentales du droit pénal, au rang desquelles figurent les notions d’infraction et de complicité. Il apparaît ainsi, à l’analyse, que la définition traditionnelle de l’imputabilité mérite quelques ajustements, conduisant à une reconfiguration du champ de la condition de liberté relevant de l’imputabilité. Cette recherche vise aussi à établir que l’imputabilité est une donnée étrangère à l’infraction concrètement commise. Cette place spécifique au sein de la responsabilité pénale, mettant en évidence le lien entre l’imputabilité et la sanction infligée en rétribution de l’infraction commise, permet d’adopter une vision plus large du concept, susceptible d’affronter le bouleversement consécutif à l’entrée du droit pénal dans l’ère de la post-modernité. Cette dernière, que l’on pourrait associer au néopositivisme pénal du début du siècle, s’est accompagnée d’une résurgence des concepts de risque et de dangerosité. L’impact de cette évolution sur l’imputabilité peut apparaître radical : rupture du caractère unitaire de la notion, émergence du concept d’imputation à l’égard des personnes morales, voire même effacement pur et simple de l’imputabilité à l’égard des personnes physiques. Pourtant, des modalités de restauration de l’exigence d’imputabilité seront envisagées sur les terrains substantiel, par le truchement de l’imputabilité comprise comme capacité pénale, et processuel – par des propositions concernant les procédures pensées en considération de la psychologie de l’agent. Au bout du compte, il apparaît que l’imputabilité est de nature à jouer un rôle décisif dans l’organisation d’une cohabitation raisonnée avec le concept de dangerosité, en condamnant la prise en compte de la dangerosité seulement hypothétique sans exclure la possibilité d’une rétention après la peine. / After a chaotic intrusion in the theory of penal liability, imputability can today appear as a classical notion. The general doctrinal consensus is that it depends on a subjective definition, implying the offender’s discernment and free will. Moreover, the notion of imputability is unanimously considered as the basis of penal liability. However, cohabitation between the various conditions of penal liability, particularly between the concepts of guilt and imputability, may not be as steady as it seems. Indeed, the independence of these notions has actually never been clearly demonstrated, for their respective components represent the subjective conditions creating penal liability. Nevertheless, this topic is far from being anecdotal, specifically among several fundamental institutions of criminal Law, in which the notions of infraction and complicity are involved. Thus, the definition of imputability may deserve some adjustments, and imply, consequently, a reworking of the release condition coming under imputability. This study also aims at proving that imputability is an irrelevant element to the concretely committed offence. This specific part in penal liability, highlighting the link between imputability and the penalty imposed in response to the committed offence, enables a wider vision of the concept that could help facing the upheaval resulting from the entry of criminal Law in the post-modernity era. The latter, that one could associate with the beginning of the century’s penal neopositivism, also implied the resurgence of the concepts of risk and dangerousness. The impact of this evolution about imputability may seem radical : end of the unitary aspect of the notion, emergence of the concept of imputation towards legal entities, and even total erasure of imputability towards natural persons. And yet, some solutions to the reconstitution of the exigence of imputability will be developed, not only in a substantial approach, where imputability will be understood as penal capacity, but also in a procedural approach – thanks to suggestions of procedures taking the offender’s psyche into account. In the end, imputability seems to play a major part in the organization of a balanced cohabitation with the concept of dangerousness, by condemning a strictly hypothetical consideration of dangerousness, without excluding a potential reservation after the penalty.