A resposta penal para a junção entre crime e loucura é a medida de segurança contra o perigo. Forjado na costura entre os saberes médico e jurídico instituídos, a montagem ficcional do louco perigoso foi sendo criada a partir do século XIX e o seu destino acabou selado na maquinaria do manicômio judiciário como resposta normativa aos dispositivos de segregação na vigência da estratégia complexa de controle dos corpos na gestão biopolítica da nossa sociedade. Essa pesquisa parte da aposta e esperança na produção de uma outra saída e, para tanto, buscamos explicitar o que fez essa maquinaria se armar da forma com que se armou e quais as perspectivas de desarmá-la, fazendo uma genealogia sócio-histórica das bases epistêmicas que sustentam, ainda nos dias de hoje, a existência do manicômio judiciário. E, ao fazer esse caminho procuramos responder recorrendo a cenas-imagensmemórias, apresentando os efeitos no real da experiência, como as palavras afetam os corpos. Isto é, a forma pela qual essa ficção, que envolve os conceitos de crime e loucura juntos, incide sobre o sujeito. No desfazer a forma do manicômio judiciário trouxemos os movimentos da reforma psiquiátrica e a contribuição da psicanálise, quando o que se quer não é apontar a periculosidade, mas oferecer ao sujeito uma possibilidade de saída, colocando ele e suas respostas na centralidade da amarra discursiva que estão em jogo nessa engrenagem. / The criminal law response to the junction between crime and insanity is the measure of security against danger. Forged on the seam between the instituted medical and legal knowledge, the fictional mounting of the dangerous madman started being created as from the nineteenth century and its fate ended up sealed in the machinery of the judiciary psychiatric hospital as normative response to the devices of segregation in the validity of complex strategy to control the bodies in the bio-political management of our society. This research emerges from the betting I make on the hope of a different way out and, to this end, I seek the answer to what made this machinery arm itself the way it did and what are the prospects for disarming it, doing a social-historical genealogy of epistemic bases that support, to this very day , the existence of the judiciary psychiatric hospital. And in walking this path we seek to answer, recurring to scenes/images/memories, and showing the effects of real experience how words affect bodies. That is, the way in which this fiction, that involves the concepts of crime and madness together, acts on the subject. On the undoing of the judiciary psychiatric hospital we brought the psychiatric reform movements and the contribution of psychoanalysis, when what we want is not to point out dangerousness but to give the subject the possibility of an exit, putting him and his answers on the core of the discursive ties that are at stake in this mechanism.

A resposta penal para a junção entre crime e loucura é a medida de segurança contra o perigo. Forjado na costura entre os saberes médico e jurídico instituídos, a montagem ficcional do louco perigoso foi sendo criada a partir do século XIX e o seu destino acabou selado na maquinaria do manicômio judiciário como resposta normativa aos dispositivos de segregação na vigência da estratégia complexa de controle dos corpos na gestão biopolítica da nossa sociedade. Essa pesquisa parte da aposta e esperança na produção de uma outra saída e, para tanto, buscamos explicitar o que fez essa maquinaria se armar da forma com que se armou e quais as perspectivas de desarmá-la, fazendo uma genealogia sócio-histórica das bases epistêmicas que sustentam, ainda nos dias de hoje, a existência do manicômio judiciário. E, ao fazer esse caminho procuramos responder recorrendo a cenas-imagensmemórias, apresentando os efeitos no real da experiência, como as palavras afetam os corpos. Isto é, a forma pela qual essa ficção, que envolve os conceitos de crime e loucura juntos, incide sobre o sujeito. No desfazer a forma do manicômio judiciário trouxemos os movimentos da reforma psiquiátrica e a contribuição da psicanálise, quando o que se quer não é apontar a periculosidade, mas oferecer ao sujeito uma possibilidade de saída, colocando ele e suas respostas na centralidade da amarra discursiva que estão em jogo nessa engrenagem. / The criminal law response to the junction between crime and insanity is the measure of security against danger. Forged on the seam between the instituted medical and legal knowledge, the fictional mounting of the dangerous madman started being created as from the nineteenth century and its fate ended up sealed in the machinery of the judiciary psychiatric hospital as normative response to the devices of segregation in the validity of complex strategy to control the bodies in the bio-political management of our society. This research emerges from the betting I make on the hope of a different way out and, to this end, I seek the answer to what made this machinery arm itself the way it did and what are the prospects for disarming it, doing a social-historical genealogy of epistemic bases that support, to this very day , the existence of the judiciary psychiatric hospital. And in walking this path we seek to answer, recurring to scenes/images/memories, and showing the effects of real experience how words affect bodies. That is, the way in which this fiction, that involves the concepts of crime and madness together, acts on the subject. On the undoing of the judiciary psychiatric hospital we brought the psychiatric reform movements and the contribution of psychoanalysis, when what we want is not to point out dangerousness but to give the subject the possibility of an exit, putting him and his answers on the core of the discursive ties that are at stake in this mechanism.

A resposta penal para a junção entre crime e loucura é a medida de segurança contra o perigo. Forjado na costura entre os saberes médico e jurídico instituídos, a montagem ficcional do louco perigoso foi sendo criada a partir do século XIX e o seu destino acabou selado na maquinaria do manicômio judiciário como resposta normativa aos dispositivos de segregação na vigência da estratégia complexa de controle dos corpos na gestão biopolítica da nossa sociedade. Essa pesquisa parte da aposta e esperança na produção de uma outra saída e, para tanto, buscamos explicitar o que fez essa maquinaria se armar da forma com que se armou e quais as perspectivas de desarmá-la, fazendo uma genealogia sócio-histórica das bases epistêmicas que sustentam, ainda nos dias de hoje, a existência do manicômio judiciário. E, ao fazer esse caminho procuramos responder recorrendo a cenas-imagensmemórias, apresentando os efeitos no real da experiência, como as palavras afetam os corpos. Isto é, a forma pela qual essa ficção, que envolve os conceitos de crime e loucura juntos, incide sobre o sujeito. No desfazer a forma do manicômio judiciário trouxemos os movimentos da reforma psiquiátrica e a contribuição da psicanálise, quando o que se quer não é apontar a periculosidade, mas oferecer ao sujeito uma possibilidade de saída, colocando ele e suas respostas na centralidade da amarra discursiva que estão em jogo nessa engrenagem. / The criminal law response to the junction between crime and insanity is the measure of security against danger. Forged on the seam between the instituted medical and legal knowledge, the fictional mounting of the dangerous madman started being created as from the nineteenth century and its fate ended up sealed in the machinery of the judiciary psychiatric hospital as normative response to the devices of segregation in the validity of complex strategy to control the bodies in the bio-political management of our society. This research emerges from the betting I make on the hope of a different way out and, to this end, I seek the answer to what made this machinery arm itself the way it did and what are the prospects for disarming it, doing a social-historical genealogy of epistemic bases that support, to this very day , the existence of the judiciary psychiatric hospital. And in walking this path we seek to answer, recurring to scenes/images/memories, and showing the effects of real experience how words affect bodies. That is, the way in which this fiction, that involves the concepts of crime and madness together, acts on the subject. On the undoing of the judiciary psychiatric hospital we brought the psychiatric reform movements and the contribution of psychoanalysis, when what we want is not to point out dangerousness but to give the subject the possibility of an exit, putting him and his answers on the core of the discursive ties that are at stake in this mechanism.

Located squarely within the experiences of legal aid lawyers, with particular emphasis on the challenges they face in delivering effective representation, this dissertation, designed as an institutional ethnography, problematizes the provisions and practices related to involuntary admission in psychiatric facilities in Poland, as well as the organization of legal aid representation in involuntary admission cases. Through detailed accounts of paramedics, psychiatrists, judges, and legal aid lawyers’ work, connected and coordinated by legal and administrative texts, I demonstrate how the disjuncture between institutional regimes and lawyers’ experiences is institutionally produced by the set of legal, professional, financial, and social relations that organize both the involuntary admission procedure and the system of legal aid in Poland. While I start my exploration with legal aid lawyers’ embodied experiences of performing their work, accounting for how that work is organized and coordinated in local sites, this dissertation moves beyond a solo ethnographic description in seeking to discover relations, especially the social and legal relations mediated by the texts that govern these local experiences and practices. I trace the material and discursive practices that operate in key sites to organize the legal aid system, involuntary commitment procedures, and judicial decision-making. In Poland, the overwhelming majority of involuntary commitment cases are taken on by legal aid lawyers, whose work conduct is bound by both the law and a code of professional ethics. In this dissertation, I advance my thesis by closely reviewing the legal context of involuntary commitment; the material practices associated with legal aid lawyers, such as appointment, client access, and remuneration; the processes through which psychiatric documents are created and attached to admittees; and the role psychiatrist-generated texts play in court. I argue that within the context of involuntary admission, lawyering is organized in such a way that legal aid attorneys are unable to perform at their utmost, in a way that would most benefit their clients. Moreover, through my research I show that―despite perhaps their best intentions―legal aid lawyers not only actively participate in the practices that circumscribe the space for their legal advocacy for admittees, but also reproduce the very discourses and practices that objectify people during involuntary admission procedures to psychiatric facilities in Poland. / Graduate

O trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da periculosidade e das formas de controle social que são ativadas por essa noção na atualidade. A abordagem recupera o contexto de surgimento do conceito de periculosidade no âmbito da psiquiatria e sua cooptação pelo sistema jurídico, processo que foi facilitado pela natureza da penalidade moderna, que se desenvolve a partir da constituição de um saber sobre o indivíduo submetido à intervenção estatal. Procura-se demonstrar de que maneira a periculosidade é reinventada e instrumentalizada para justificar certas modalidades de controle social voltadas para aqueles que cometem crimes e que não são necessariamente remetidos ao aparato punitivo, operação que torna ainda mais insidiosa a atuação do Estado. Por intermédio da análise de um caso recente é possível verificar a mobilização do dispositivo da periculosidade, usado para constituir a exceção e legitimar medidas expressivas que restam por colocar em risco o Estado de direito. / This work is devoted to the study of dangerousness and the ways of social control that are by this concept put in motion nowadays. This approach unveils the context in which the concept of dangerousness emerges within the psychiatric realm and its cooptation by the juridical system. This process was eased by the nature of modern penality, which development starts with the building of knowledge on the individual subject to state intervention. It aims to demonstrate in which ways dangerousness is reinvented and instrumentalized in order to justify certain types of social control directed to those who commit crimes and are not necessarily sent to punitive apparatus. This operation makes even more insidious the action perpetrated by the state. Through the analysis of a recent case it is possible to perceive how the dispositive of dangerousness is manipulated and used to constitute the exception and to legitimate expressive measures which endanger the state of law.

Depuis l’abolition de la peine de mort en 1981, la peine perpétuelle s’est imposée comme une peine de substitution étant devenue la peine la plus sévère dans l’échelle des peines. Les questions relatives au sens de la réclusion criminelle à perpétuité, de sa compatibilité avec le principe de la dignité humaine, ont intéressé la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme qui n’a de cesse de mettre l'accent sur la nécessaire effectivité des droits garantis par la Convention de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales. La problématique repose sur la finalité de la réclusion criminelle à perpétuité, entre un droit ouvert à l'aménagement et une durée effective accrue par l'effet de très longues périodes de sûreté. Cette étude aura donc pour objet l'examen des directives d'interprétation mobilisées par le juge européen dans le contentieux de la privation de liberté perpétuelle afin d'identifier les différents paramètres pris en compte par ce dernier afin d'élaborer au regard des dispositions conventionnelles ses exigences en matière de protection des droits de l'homme des personnes privées de liberté à perpétuité. La nouveauté s’identifie dans le positionnement de la problématique au centre du contexte de la jurisprudence européenne. Tant par les tendances politiques que les garde-fous juridiques, le thème de la perpétuité permet de confronter les systèmes de droit étalonnés par le juge européen. Les analyses du droit pénal général, de la procédure pénale ainsi que du droit pénal post-sentenciel s’avèrent être rassemblées autour de la thématique de la réclusion à perpétuité, s’attardant en effet sur les nouveaux critères donnés par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme en matière d’atteinte, et subséquemment, de préservation des droits fondamentaux. / Since the death penalty was abolished in 1981, life imprisonment has established itself as an alternative sentence, thus becoming the most severe punishment in the spectrum of penalties. The questions of whether life imprisonment is useful and whether it is compatible with the notion of human dignity have interested the European Court of human rights which has indeed laid great emphasis on the necessity to preserve the rights enshrined in the European Convention of Human Rights. The issue lies in the very purpose of life imprisonment and the discrepancy between laws offering reduced sentences and the increase of established durations caused by the lengthening of unconditional imprisonment periods. This study will thus provide a review of the interpretative guidelines followed by European judges on the issue of life imprisonment so as to identify the various parameters taken into account by Judges when they set - in compliance with conventional dispositions - their requirements on the protection of the human rights of persons sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. This thesis will address the topic from a new standpoint in the context of European jurisprudence. Since it involves various political tendencies and juridical bulwarks, this topic allows us to confront perpetuity with the law systems calibrated by European Court of Human Rights. The issue of life imprisonment combines analysis of general criminal law, criminal procedure law as well as post sentence law which are indeed focused on the new criteria given by the European Court of Human Rights pertaining to the violation - and subsequently- preservation of basic rights.

abstract: Marijuana legalization will likely result in increased marijuana consumption with uncertain social and health impacts. This thesis looks to share user perspectives on marijuana, specifically addressing how users represent marijuana risks, benefits, and uncertain or unknown dangers. Data were collected from an online social-media forum that initiated the discussion by prompting readers to reflect on marijuana risks in a context of growing accolades concerning its benefits. Grounded theory and thematic analysis were both utilized to identify consistent themes or patterns across user comments. It was found that users identified both benefits and risks of marijuana, while some users had disputes about certain known risks (such as impaired driving) or uncertain or unknown dangers (such as reduced dream activity). Despite disagreements about the degree of risk associated with a particular activity (such as driving and dreaming), this thesis found risks and benefits were discussed in relatively narrow ways that suggest more education is needed around the full spectrum of the effects of various strains, including benefits, risks, and uncertainties. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Communication 2019

My dissertation addresses the phenomenon of stranger danger to children and tries to answer the question of how the category of sex offender has been produced to become the primary target in contemporary sex crime control. I examine the period from the 1960s through the 1990s, the period beginning with the rising awareness of child abuse and criminal and psychiatric patient rights challenges to preventive confinement and ending with institutionalizing the regime of sex offender risk management. I attend particularly to psychological techniques that were designed and used to produce sex offender categories, by focusing on three interconnected dimensions: first, the formation of a new discipline of forensic psychology in the crime control area; second, the methods of knowledge production about sex offenders; and third, the institutional aspects of crime control centered on repeat stranger offenders. This dissertation examines the shaping of risk as a value-laden cultural product, involving the identification of risks to be managed, the selection of risk factors, and the decisions of "acceptable" levels of risk. In engaging in conversation about ongoing policy issues, my work intends to go beyond the opposition between civil rights and public safety to understand how the politics of crime control came to center on the dangerous stranger, a center around which the two political values of rights and safety have collided and been negotiated. I provide a genealogy of actuarial risk management and situate its origins in relation to the civil rights revolution. By examining the shift from psychiatric dangerousness prediction to psychological risk management, I argue that the risk management regime is an outgrowth of psychologists' attempts to accommodate civil rights claims in a broader context where socio-cultural tensions over the changing family values have zeroed in on stranger danger. While psychologists initially promoted actuarial justice as a rational method of balancing conflicting social values, its implementation was dictated by institutional demands for efficiency in regulating an increasing number of sex offenders. Risk management technologies led to the mutual reproduction of crime data and criminal populations at risk of reoffense, which contributed to the expansion of populations under criminal supervision. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Macedo de Souza.pdf: 1034178 bytes, checksum: 09761a814b17ab49f3d6141cafe4ef80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Since the mankind appearance, insanity has been considered as a characteristic opposed to the social models and rules, to lead to the conclusion that someone, so called insane, is dangerous and inclined to commit crimes. Therefore, the institutionalisation of a mentally ill in a Judicial Madhouse has always been considered as a preventive treatment to guarantee social protection. During the evolution of Criminal Law, it was created an institute, known as Commitment, submitted to the existence of conditions such as occurrence of a criminal wrong, non-imputability and presumed danger, to its application. Commitment has been subjected to prolonged discussion and deliberation by Law, Criminology and Forensics Psychiatry. However, theses sciences have rarely proposed dialogues and multidisciplinary comprehension truly able to transform that institute in a worthy treatment solution to the insane. Hence, the purpose of this research is to analyse the legal conditions imposed for the application of Commitment, taking in consideration especially the presumed danger, as this institute has not always been efficient or congruent, when considered individual rights guaranties. Furthermore, this works intends also to analyse the History of the Deinstitutionalisation Movement and the influences and perspectives brought by the Act n. 10216/01, which enacts rights and guarantees for the mentally disables, to be considered by the Judiciary, when to decide about the application of Commitment / Desde os primórdios da humanidade, a loucura é inerente a todos os momentos da evolução do homem e constatada como característica a contrariar os modelos e regras condizentes ao Contrato Social, tornando o dito ―louco‖ indivíduo marginalizado, perigoso, propenso à probabilidade latente para prática delitiva. Logo, o modo de proteção da sociedade a tal perigo sempre foi, basicamente, a segregação de tal indivíduo do convívio social, sob a forma de tratamento. Desta forma, no decorrer da história do Direito Penal surge o instituto das Medidas de Segurança, atrelado aos pressupostos da prática delitiva, inimputabilidade e periculosidade para sua justificativa e execução. As formas de execução das medidas de segurança são muito debatidas e questionadas nos campos do Direito, Criminologia e Psiquiatria Forense em que tais ciências, muitas vezes, carecem de profundos diálogos e entendimentos interdisciplinares para garantia da eficácia e ampliação salutar do instituto, principalmente a propiciar soluções terapêuticas dignas ao portador de transtorno mental. O presente trabalho visa, portanto, a analisar os pressupostos legais das medidas de segurança, em especial a periculosidade, que por vezes demonstram a ineficácia e incongruência perante as garantias individuais. Ademais, a partir da análise histórica da chamada ―luta antimanicomial‖, constatar a influência e perspectivas da Lei nº 10.216 de 2001, que trata dos direitos e garantias aos portadores de transtorno mental, na escolha e execução das medidas de segurança perante o Poder Judiciário pátrio

In this thesis, red flags for dangerousness/lethality established from domestic violence and homicide research provided the social framework for an examination of legal responses to violence in intimate heterosexual relationships. The research investigated these gendered, structural patterns of violence and the effectiveness of criminal justice interventions in keeping victims safe. Agency interactions with offenders and victims prior to women's deaths were reviewed in selected cases. Criminal law constructions of violence in intimate relationships were evaluated for their recognition and understanding of primary risk factors for dangerousness/lethality. The research found major red flags remain invisible in criminal law stereotypes of violence between intimates. The significance of these risk factors for dangerousness/lethality is therefore overlooked, misunderstood and even misrepresented in defence of violent offenders. Although the aim of the Domestic Violence Act 1995 is to ensure effective protection for victims, the study found a significant number of women (and sometimes other family members and children) experience further sub-lethal and lethal violence following legal interventions with perpetrators. Lacking a principled policy foundation, central focus on victim safety and clear framework for interventions, legal responses are internally incoherent and inconsistent with New Zealand Family Violence Prevention Strategy. The New Zealand government has committed to principled domestic violence intervention and consistency in law and policy. This will require: a) legislative reform; b) public and professional education on the dynamics of violent relationships, including the interrelationship between sublethal and lethal assaults; and c) monitoring of criminal justice interventions to improve accountability. Until this is accomplished, stories of abused women and their children, including informal attempts to seek help and contact with state and community agencies will continue to be dishonoured by a legal system which silences their voices and fails to learn lessons from their injuries and deaths.