In this thesis, we present a detailed analysis of hybrid point-to-multipoint free space optical (FSO)/radio frequency (RF) wireless system. Hybrid FSO/RF sys- tems have emerged as a promising solution for high data rate wireless transmission. FSO technology can be used effectively in multiuser scenarios to support Point-to- Multi-Point (P2MP) networks. In this P2MP network, FSO links are used for data transmission from a central location to multiple users. When more than one FSO link fail, the central node uses a common backup RF link to transmit a frame to a remote node using an equal priority protocol. An equal priority protocol means that the remote nodes have the same priorities in being assigned the RF link. We assume two traffic classes, a high-priority and low-priority classes. The base station reserves two transmit buffers of each user for the downlink transmission. Considering the downlink traffic from the base station to a tagged remote node, we study several performance metrics. We develop a cross-layer Markov chain model to study the throughput from central node to a remote node as well as the performance of the resulting system. / Graduate

Wireless communication is increasingly ubiquitous. However, mobility depends intrinsically on battery life. Power can be conserved at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer by intelligently adjusting transmission power level and data rate encoding. WirelessUSB is a low-power, low-latency wireless technology developed by Cypress Semiconductor Corporation for human interface devices such as keyboards and mice. WirelessUSB devices conserve power by employing power-efficient hardware, dynamic power level adjustment and dynamic data rate adjustment. We characterize the effects on power consumption of dynamically adjusting node power using two dynamic power negotiation techniques as well as two reactive techniques. We also characterize the effects of dynamically adjusting data rate using three rate adjustment techniques. We further characterize the effects of collaboratively adjusting both power and data rate. We validate our techniques through simulation and find that such collaboration yields the greatest energy conservation for a wide variety of conditions and usage models.

Multi-agent systems are employed for a group of agents to achieve coordinated tasks, in which distributed sensing, computing, communication and control are usually integrated with shared resources. Efficient usage of these resources is therefore an important issue. In addition, in applications such as robotics, a group of agents may encounter the request of a sequence of tasks and deadline constraint on the completion of each task is a common requirement. Thus, the integration of multi-agent task scheduling and control synthesis is of great practical interest. In this thesis, we study control of multi-agent systems under a networked control system framework. The first purpose is to design resource-efficient communication and control strategies to solve consensus problem for multi-agent systems.The second purpose is to jointly schedule task sequence and design controllers for multiagent systems that are subject to a sequence of deadline-constrained tasks. In the first part, a distributed asynchronous event-triggered communication and control strategy is proposed to tackle multi-agent consensus. It is shown that the proposed event-triggered communication and control strategy fulfils the reduction of both the rates of sensor-controller communication and controller-actuator communication as well as excluding Zeno behavior. To further relax the requirement of continuous sensing and computing, a periodic event-triggered communication and control strategy is proposed in the second part. In addition, an observer-based encoder-decoder with finite-level quantizeris designed to deal with the constraint of limited data rate. An explicit formula for the maximum allowable sampling period is derived first. Then, it is proven that exponential consensus can be achieved in the presence of data rate constraint. Finally, in the third part, the problem of deadline-constrained multi-agent task scheduling and control synthesis is addressed. A dynamic scheduling strategy is proposed and a distributed hybrid control law is designed for each agent that guarantees the completion and deadline satisfaction of each task. The effectiveness of the theoretical results in the thesis is verified by several simulation examples. / <p>QC 20180918</p>

Ultra wide band (UWB) is an extremely promising wireless technology for researchers and industrials. One of the most interesting is its high data rate and fading robustness due to selective frequency fading. However, beside such advantages, UWB system performance is highly affected by existing narrowband interference (NBI), undesired UWB signals and tone/multi-tone noises. For this reason, research about NBI cancellation is still a challenge to improve the system performance vs. receiver complexity, power consumption, linearity, etc. In this work, the two major receiver sections, i.e., analog (radiofrequency or RF) and digital (digital signal processing or DSP), were considered and new techniques proposed to reduce circuit complexity and power consumption, while improving signal parameters. In the RF section, different multiband UWB low-noise amplifier key design parameters were investigated like circuit configuration, input matching and desired/undesired frequency band filtering, highlighting the most suitable filtering package for efficient UWB NBI cancellation. In the DSP section, due to pulse transmitter signals, different issues like modulation type and level, pulse variety, shape and color noise/tone noise assumptions, were addressed for efficient NBI cancelation. A comparison was performed in terms of bit-error rate, signal-to-interference ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, and channel capacity to highlight the most suitable parameters for efficient DSP design. The optimum number of filters that allows the filter bandwidth to be reduced by following the required low sampling rate and thus improving the system bit error rate was also investigated.

Le nombre et la complexité croissante des applications qui sont intégrées dans des objets mobiles communicants sans fil (téléphone mobile, PDA, etc.) implique une augmentation de la consommation d'énergie. Afin de limiter l'impact de la pollution due aux déchets des batteries et des émissions de CO2, il est important de procéder à une optimisation de la consommation d'énergie de ces appareils communicants. Cette thèse porte sur l'efficacité énergétique dans les réseaux de capteurs. Dans cette étude, nous proposons de nouvelles approches pour gérer efficacement les objets communicants mobiles. Tout d’abord, nous proposons une architecture globale de réseau de capteurs et une nouvelle approche de gestion de la mobilité économe en énergie pour les appareils terminaux de type IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee. Cette approche est basée sur l'indicateur de la qualité de lien (LQI) et met en œuvre un algorithme spéculatif pour déterminer le prochain coordinateur. Nous avons ainsi proposé et évalué deux algorithmes spéculatifs différents. Ensuite, nous étudions et évaluons l'efficacité énergétique lors de l'utilisation d'un algorithme d'adaptation de débit prenant en compte les conditions du canal de communication. Nous proposons d'abord une approche mixte combinant un nouvel algorithme d'adaptation de débit et notre approche de gestion de la mobilité. Ensuite, nous proposons et évaluons un algorithme d'adaptation de débit hybride qui repose sur une estimation plus précise du canal de liaison. Les différentes simulations effectuées tout au long de ce travail montrent l’efficacité énergétique des approches proposées ainsi que l’amélioration de la connectivité des nœuds. / The increasing number and complexity of applications that are embedded into wireless mobile communicating devices (mobile phone, PDA, etc.) implies an increase of energy consumption. In order to limit the impact of pollution due to battery waste and CO2 emission, it is important to conduct an optimization of the energy consumption of these communicating end devices. This thesis focuses on energy efficiency in sensor networks. It proposes new approaches to handle mobile communicating objects. First, we propose a global sensor network architecture and a new energy-efficient mobility management approach for IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee end devices. This new approach is based on the link quality estimator (LQI) and uses a speculative algorithm. We propose and evaluate two different speculative algorithms. Then, we study and evaluate the energy efficiency when using a rate adaptation algorithm that takes into account the communication channel conditions. We first propose a mobility-aware rate adaptation algorithm and evaluate its efficiency in our network architecture. Then, we propose and evaluate a hybrid rate adaptation algorithm that relies on more accurate link channel estimation. Simulations conducted all along this study show the energy-efficiency of our proposed approaches and the improvement of the nodes’ connectivity.

L’évolution actuelle de la société vers un monde de plus en plus numérique et connecté nécessite des liens de communication à la fois haut-débit et bas coûts. A cette fin, les guides d’ondes en plastique proposés ces dernières années visant les bandes de fréquences millimétriques (mm) offrent un compromis performance / coût très attractif.Profitant ainsi de larges bande-passantes de l’ordre de plusieurs gigahertz (GHz), des performances des technologies CMOS avancées aux fréquences mm mais également de tolérances d’assemblage relâchées, des systèmes de communication avec de tels guides d’ondes en plastique pourraient offrir des débits de plusieurs gigabits par seconde (Gb/s) sur des distances de plusieurs mètres de manière abordable.Dans ce travail, la conception d’un guide d’ondes en plastique est tout d’abord présentée en se basant à la fois sur des résultats théoriques et de simulation électromagnétique. Bien que les promesses de faible atténuation aient effectivement été confirmées, certaines limitations du confinement et de la robustesse aux contacts extérieurs sont également apparues. L’ajout d’une mousse protectrice est brièvement investiguée, mais une géométrie innovante de guide présentant des caractéristiques améliorées est principalement détaillée.Des thématiques « systèmes » sont ensuite explorées afin de construire un système de communication utilisant ce nouveau canal de propagation. Une architecture combinant la modulation de phase en quadrature (QPSK) et le multiplexage en fréquence est ainsi introduite. L’interface entre le circuit et le guide d’ondes a par ailleurs été identifiée comme une limitation potentielle à la bande-passante globale du système. Par conséquent, une transition très large-bande a été conçue et testée pour lever ce verrou. De même, en raison des inconvénients des techniques usuelles de démodulation de signaux mm QPSK, une topologie originale utilisant les non-linéarités des oscillateurs à injection a été développée.Enfin, la conception d’un émetteur mm en technologie silicium avancée (CMOS 28 nmFD-SOI) est décrite. Les contributions majeures incluent l’introduction de coupleurs hybrides intégrés à haute-performance ainsi que la réalisation d’un circuit de synchronisation. Celui-ci présente une large plage de capture et permet un fonctionnement à faible bruit de phase lorsque le système est verrouillé sur la cinquième harmonique du signal de référence. Des mesures sur signaux modulés ont également permis de mettre en évidence la capacité de l’émetteur à transmettre des débits très élevés de plusieurs Gb/s. / In a world willfully transitioning to the Digital Age, the thirst for connectivity demands high-speed communication links at low cost. In this context, affordable plastic waveguides have been proposed as a disruptive propagation channel in the millimeter-wave (mmW) range. Benefiting from multi gigahertz (GHz) bandwidths and mmW capabilities of advanced CMOS technologies as well as relaxed assembly tolerances requirements, cost-effective communication systems based on plastic waveguides could offer multi gigabits per second (Gb/s) data rates over several meters distances.In this work, the design of plastic waveguide channels is first discussed using both a theoretical approach and Electromagnetic (EM) simulations. Although low attenuation promises have been confirmed, some limitations are also highlighted, especially as regards confinement ability and robustness to external contacts. Solutions involving foam coating are briefly investigated and an innovative plastic waveguide design demonstrating improved characteristics is introduced.System-level topics are then explored in order to build a communication system using the previously presented channel. A new architecture, which combines Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and frequency multiplexing, is found to be much more suitable. The transition from the circuit to the plastic waveguide has also been identified as a potential bandwidth bottleneck. Consequently, a wideband microstrip to WR-12 transition has been designed. Another limitation concerning the demodulation of QPSK mmW signals is investigated and an original topology using the non-linearities of Injection Locked Oscillators (ILO) has been developed.Finally, the design of a mmW transmitter in an advanced silicon technology node (CMOS 28 nm FD-SOI) is described. Major contributions include the introduction of high-performance integrated hybrid couplers and the realization of a wide locking range synchronization circuit enabling low phase-noise operation when locked on the fifth harmonic of a reference signal. Measurements on modulated signals have validated the transmitter high data-rate capability of several Gb/s.

Ultra wide band (UWB) is an extremely promising wireless technology for researchers and industrials. One of the most interesting is its high data rate and fading robustness due to selective frequency fading. However, beside such advantages, UWB system performance is highly affected by existing narrowband interference (NBI), undesired UWB signals and tone/multi-tone noises. For this reason, research about NBI cancellation is still a challenge to improve the system performance vs. receiver complexity, power consumption, linearity, etc. In this work, the two major receiver sections, i.e., analog (radiofrequency or RF) and digital (digital signal processing or DSP), were considered and new techniques proposed to reduce circuit complexity and power consumption, while improving signal parameters. In the RF section, different multiband UWB low-noise amplifier key design parameters were investigated like circuit configuration, input matching and desired/undesired frequency band filtering, highlighting the most suitable filtering package for efficient UWB NBI cancellation. In the DSP section, due to pulse transmitter signals, different issues like modulation type and level, pulse variety, shape and color noise/tone noise assumptions, were addressed for efficient NBI cancelation. A comparison was performed in terms of bit-error rate, signal-to-interference ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, and channel capacity to highlight the most suitable parameters for efficient DSP design. The optimum number of filters that allows the filter bandwidth to be reduced by following the required low sampling rate and thus improving the system bit error rate was also investigated.

Une approche pour augmenter le débit par longueur d'onde, est d'utiliser la modulation DMT (Discrete Multitone) à haute efficacité spectrale. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse se focalise principalement sur l'optimisation de la consommation en puissance et le coût de la DMT, qui présentent des obstacles majeurs à son industrialisation. Dans ce cadre, nous avons tout d'abord développé des nouvelles techniques permettant d'exclure la symétrie Hermitienne des modulations DMT, réduisant ainsi considérablement la consommation en puissance et le coût du système. Nous avons ensuite proposé un algorithme de compression linéaire asymétrique permettant de réduire la puissance optique de la modulation DMT avec une complexité modérée. Un nouveau modèle comportemental du VCSEL basé sur la caractéristique quasi-statique a été également développé. Nous avons enfin validé expérimentalement les techniques que nous avons proposées. Plusieurs résultats de simulations et de mesures sont ainsi présentés. / A possible approach to maximize the data rate per wavelength, is to employ the high spectral efficiency discrete multitone (DMT) modulation. The work presented in this thesis mainly focuses on optimizing the power consumption and cost of DMT, that are the major obstacles to its market development. Within this context, we have first developed novel techniques permitting to discard the use of Hermitian symmetry in DMT modulations, thus significantly reducing the power consumption and the system cost. We have next proposed an asymmetric linear companding algorithm permitting to reduce the optical power of conventional DCO-OFDM modulation with a moderate complexity. A new VCSEL behavioural model based on the use of the VCSEL quasi-static characteristic was also developed to accurately evaluate the VCSEL impact on DMT modulations. Finally, we have built an experimental system to experimentally validate our proposed techniques. Several simulations and measurement results are then provided.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude d'antennes intégrées sur silicium aux fréquences millimétriques, dans le but d'aboutir à des modules d'émission-réception totalement intégrés et reportés par des technologies standards dans un objet communicant. Ce travail comprend deux axes majeurs: Le première axe traite de l'étude, la conception et la réalisation d'antennes intégrées dans un boitier standard QFN couplées à un circuit émetteur-récepteur Ultra Large Bande (ULB) à 60 GHz comprenant des antennes intégrées de type dipôle replié fabriquées en technologie CMOS SOI 65-nm sur silicium haute résistivité. Dans un premier temps, nous avons défini le modèle de simulation à partir duquel nous avons étudié les performances des antennes prenant en compte l'influence de l'environnement (boitier, capot, fil d'interconnexions et technologie de fabrication). Dans un second temps, nous avons réalisé une optimisation des performances en adaptation et en rayonnement en ajoutant au sein du boitier un substrat et des éléments rayonnants couplés aux antennes intégrées sur la puce. Ce dispositif permet de réaliser des communications très haut débit (jusqu'à 2.2 Gbps) avec une très faible consommation d'énergie. Nous montrons qu'il est possible d'atteindre une distance de communication de plusieurs mètres grâce à un réseau transmetteur réalisé en technologie imprimée.Le deuxième axe porte sur la conception et la réalisation d'antennes multifaisceaux en bande V pour applications à long portée; il propose d'associer un réseau transmetteur réalisé sur technologie imprimée à un réseau focal constitué d'un petit nombre d'antennes intégrées sur silicium afin d'obtenir un compromis intéressant entre le niveau de gain, le coût et les capacités de dépointage de faisceau. Plusieurs réseaux sont démontrés avec un faisceau en polarisation circulaire, un gain de 18.6 dBi et une capacité de dépointage de ±24°. / This PhD thesis investigates the integration of antennas on silicon substrates at millimetre-wave frequencies in order to obtain fully-integrated and packaged transceiver modules using standard technologies in wireless devices. This work is organized in two main parts:In the first part, we investigated the design and realization of integrated antennas in a standard QFN package coupled to a 60 GHz Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) transceiver chip with two integrated folded-dipole antennas implemented in a 65-nm CMOS-SOI technology on high-resistivity silicon. We defined a simulation model from which we studied the performance of integrated antennas, taking into account the influence of the environment (package, lid, wirebonding and manufacturing technology). Then, we optimized the antenna performances in impedance matching and radiation gain using radiating elements printed on a substrate and coupled to the on-chip folded dipoles. This antenna led to the demonstration of high-data rate communications (up to 2.2 Gbps) with a very low power consumption. We showed that the communication distance can be extended up to several meters using a transmit array printed on a low-loss substrate.In the second part, we investigated the design and realization of multibeam antennas in V-band for long-range applications; it is based on a transmit-array realized in standard printed technologies associated with a focal source array, which consists of a small number of integrated antennas on silicon in order to achieve a good compromise between the radiation gain, the cost and the beam steering capabilities. Several arrays were demonstrated with a circularly-polarized beam, a gain of 18.6 dBi et a beam-steering capability of ±24°.

Ultra wide band (UWB) is an extremely promising wireless technology for researchers and industrials. One of the most interesting is its high data rate and fading robustness due to selective frequency fading. However, beside such advantages, UWB system performance is highly affected by existing narrowband interference (NBI), undesired UWB signals and tone/multi-tone noises. For this reason, research about NBI cancellation is still a challenge to improve the system performance vs. receiver complexity, power consumption, linearity, etc. In this work, the two major receiver sections, i.e., analog (radiofrequency or RF) and digital (digital signal processing or DSP), were considered and new techniques proposed to reduce circuit complexity and power consumption, while improving signal parameters. In the RF section, different multiband UWB low-noise amplifier key design parameters were investigated like circuit configuration, input matching and desired/undesired frequency band filtering, highlighting the most suitable filtering package for efficient UWB NBI cancellation. In the DSP section, due to pulse transmitter signals, different issues like modulation type and level, pulse variety, shape and color noise/tone noise assumptions, were addressed for efficient NBI cancelation. A comparison was performed in terms of bit-error rate, signal-to-interference ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, and channel capacity to highlight the most suitable parameters for efficient DSP design. The optimum number of filters that allows the filter bandwidth to be reduced by following the required low sampling rate and thus improving the system bit error rate was also investigated.