The term "empowerment" is frequently used by organizational researchers, management practitioners, and consultants. However, despite the popularity of the term, there is a lack of empirical work and no generally accepted definition. As part of a thorough multi-disciplinary literature review, fourteen different conceptualizations for the term empowerment were discovered and classified into four categories: Micro (intra-psychic), Meso (relational-interactive), Macro (structural), and Misnomer (bogus). As a result of this work, both a new definition and a multi-level process model of empowerment are offered. Empowerment is defined here as an enhancing and energizing context specific process that expands an individual's power and feelings of trust, is usually facilitated by another, and results in increased levels of self-esteem, self-efficacy and other characteristics related to personal growth and control, which eventually lead to outcomes such as performance and satisfaction. The proposed multi-level process model postulates that the process of empowerment is driven by changes in information, responsibility, and active belief, and mediated by intra-psychic factors. This model was empirically tested in a between-subject, pre-test, post-test simulation design. Over a period of three weeks 135 graduate students completed a novel application of in-basket exercises, within which an empowerment manipulation was embedded. This manipulation included increasing information, responsibility, and active belief for the empowered manipulation and decreasing these three components for the disempowered manipulation. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that, as predicted, the manipulation had a significant impact on the three mediating intra-psychic factors (self-efficacy, self-esteem, and locus of control) and an analysis of variance found significant results in the predicted direction on the dependent variable of job satisfaction. Regression analyses revealed the predicted mediation relationship between the intra-psychic variables and the dependent variable of job satisfaction. However, none of the analyses yielded significant results for the performance measures (initiative, sensitivity, planning and organizing, delegation, administrative control, problem analysis, judgement, and decisiveness). Several potential explanations are offered for these results, including a motivational interpretation which focuses on participant's motivation directionality. Theoretical and practical implications for these results are discussed as well as directions for future research.

Tyrimo rezultatai. Darbo eigoje išryškėjo, jog asmens vertingumą lemia ne tik jo vertybinė orientacija, bet gebėjimas įžvelgti savyje, kartu ir kitame žmoguje, asmenį, ne tik suvokti, bet aktyviai, atsakingai kurti save ir plėtoti tarpusavio santykius. Reikia teigti ne vien objektyvią tiesą, pagal fiziologinius, instrumentinius ar kitus matus, bet pastebėti žmogiškosios prigimties aktualizacijos prasmę bei jos vystymosi galimybes atskirose asmenyse, pastebėti dabar integralaus „Aš” ir „Tu” esatį bei ją suvokus brandinti. Asmens vertingumą apibūdina ne jo geri įpročiai, bet sąmoningi ir aktualūs veiksmai skirti asmeniui. Prasmingiau būtų kalbėti apie įgūdžius. Taip pat asmens vertingumą labiau apibūdina ne patys veiksmai, bet jų darymo vidinė motyvacija, grįsta savęs bei kito įvertinimu. Taigi tikslinant hipotezę, galima suformuluoti tezę: Asmens vertingumas yra asmens savikūra remiantis žmogiškosios prigimties duotybe, vykdoma sąmoningai, sąveikaujant su kitais asmenimis bei nukreipta į asmenį. Ši tezė suformuluota analizuojant E. S. Brightman‘o, M. Buber��io, E. Mounier ir J. Lacroix poziciją asmens atžvilgiu. Jos pagrindu tirti psichologiniai bei sociologiniai asmens vertingumo įsisąmoninimo ir aktualizacijos ypatumai. Apžvelgiant A.H. Maslow’o, C. R. Rogers’o, G. W. Allport’o, E. Fromm’o, V. E. Frankl’io požiūrį į asmenį (saviaktualizaciją, besąlygišką pagarbą, propriumą, moralinį aspektą, prasmę), išryškintos esminės asmens struktūros –... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The study is based on the personalistic point of view and the evaluation of a person. The theme of self-developing, conscious actualisation of man’s value without loss of human nature is a matter of great relevance of modern-day problems, such as lack of opportunity and ability to live humanly, loneliness, every kind of national, cultural conflict, war etc. In this work the essence and features of a person’s value, and the sense of the process of this consciousness and actualisation are analysed. In this study God’s presence is not denied, but the religious question is not touched. To reach the aim, the work starts with the foundation of the theme on philosophical arguments. E. S. Brightman’s, M. Buber’s, E. Mounier’s, J. Lacroix’s explanations of the person are investigated and a thesis is formulated: The value of person is his self - creation based on human nature, pursued consciously, in relationship with others and always oriented towards the person. Secondly, the evaluation of psychological humanistic approach to the person was analysed. Emphasis was placed upon the individual continuous effort of attention to a person, moral relationship, connection of understanding, memory, fantasy with a man’s value, exact action and at the same time unlimited love and maturity. Self- esteem is grounded on objective evaluation of person and his actualisation together with others. The third part is dedicated to discussion about social issues (political... [to full text]

Pradinis muzikinis ugdymas yra ypatingos reikšmės vaiko muzikinės kultūros formavimo etapas. Muzika labai glaudžiai siejasi su emocijomis, kurios užima aktualią vietą jaunesniajame mokykliniame amžiuje. Svarbu nepervertinti pradinuk�� galimybių, atsižvelgti į jų ugdymo ypatumus, smalsumą ir žingeidumą, patenkinti šiuos poreikius, įtraukiant vaikus į muzikinę veiklą. Veikla gali būti įvairi. Muzikos mokykloje vaikams aktuali yra koncertinė veikla, kuri padeda tobulėti, leidžia save išreikšti, labiau pažinti muzikos kalbą ir yra vienas muzikinės kultūros ugdymo veiksnių. Deja, ne visi vaikai turi galimybę save išreikšti koncertinėje veikloje, nes dažniausiai koncertams ruo��iami gabesnieji, o mažiau gabiems lieka tik muzikavimas klasėje. Taip pat trūksta ir koncertų jaunesnių klasių vaikams, kad atitiktų jų amžiaus tarpsnį ir paskatintų dažniau juose lankytis. Pasinaudojant vaikų aktyviu domėjimusi aplinka, jų emocionalumu, būtina mokymo procesą daugiau organizuoti per veiklą, įtraukiant į ją ne tik labai gabius bet ir silpnesnių muzikinių gabumų vaikus bei skatinti dažniau lankytis koncertuose – tai aktuali pedagoginė problema. Tyrimo tikslas. Ištirti koncertinės veiklos įtaką muzikos mokyklos pradinių klasių mokinių muzikinės kultūros ugdymui. Tyrimo objektas. Muzikos mokyklos pradinių klasių mokinių koncertinės veiklos poveikis jų muzikinės kultūros ugdymui. Tyrimo hipotezė – mokinių koncertinė veikla teigiamai veikia... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Primary musical training is the exclusive stage in forming the child,s musical culture. Music is very closely related with emotions which are very important in the junior school years. It is important not to overestimate young learners possibilities taking into consideration the training peculiarities, curiosity, to satisfy these needs, involving children to musical activity. This activity can be various. Prforming activity is very important to children in the music school which helps them to improve, gives opportunities for self-exprssion, to know better the music language and it is one of musical culture training factor. Unfortunately, not all the children has a possibility of self-axpression in the performing activity because usually more gifted pupils are prepared to take part in concerts suitable for their age and inducing to take part in them as well. It is necessary to organize the learning process through the activity involving to it not only very gifted pupils, but less gifted to music pupils as well, and to induce them to attend concerts more often. It is very urgent pedagogical problem. The research aim is to investigate the influence of performing activity to musical culture training of primary class pupils in music school. The research objekt is performing activity of primary class pupils in music school. The research hypothesis – pupils performing activity has a positive effect on children,s musical culture training, induces them to attend cultural events... [to full text]

Šiandien ikimokyklinės įstaigos stovi radikalių permainų kryžkelėje. Kiekviena ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaiga 2008/09 mokslo metams yra parengusi savąją ugdymo programą, kuria jau vadovaujasi tolesniame darbe. Individualizuotų programų kūrimas padidino pedagogų atsakomybę, tiesiogiai skatino pedagogus tobulėti, kelti savo kompetencijos lygį Iki šiol dauguma šalies ikimokyklinio ugdymo pedagogų nėra pilnai persiorientavę keisti savo darbo stiliaus į individualizuojančią ugdomąją veiklą individualizuotų ugdymo(si) programų kūrime. Tyrimo problema: ar ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų ugdyme svarbu individualizuoti ugdymo(si) programas? Tyrimo objektas: individualizuotų ugdymo(si) programų svarba ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų ugdymui. Tyrimo klausimas: ar svarbu ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų ugdyme individualizuoti ugdymo(si) programas? Tyrimo tikslas: ištirti individualizuotų ugdymo(si) programų svarbą ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų ugdymui. Uždaviniai: ●išskirti ikimokyklinio ugdymo teorinius ugdymo principus; ●išskirti individualizuotų ugdymo(si) programų kūrimo etapus; ●pagrįsti individualizuotų ugdymo(si) programų kūrimo svarbą vaikų ugdymui; ●išryškinti individualizuotų ugdymo(si) programų įgyvendinimo ypatumus; ●parengti individualizuotų ugdymo(si) programų kūrimo modelį. Šiai problemai spręsti buvo parinktas aprašomasis kiekybinis ir kokybinis tyrimas. Aprašomojo tyrimo pagalba buvo aiškinamasi konkreti tyrėją dominanti problema, suformuluoti ir pritaikyti galimi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Pre-school institutions are in the crossroads of changes today. Every pre-school institution has prepared its own educational programme for the 2008/09 school year. This programme will be followed in the future educational work. Creating of the individualized programmes has put higher responsibility on pedagogues, encouraged them to improve and raise the level of their personal competence. The majority of pedagogues of our country, however, are not totally reorientated to change the style of their work into individualized educational activity. The problem of the research: are the educational programmes being individualized in education of pre-school children? The object of the research: the importance of individualized educational programmes in education of pre-school children. The question of the research: are the educational programmes being individualized in education of pre-school children? The aim of the research: to investigate the influence of individualized educational programmes on education of pre-school children. The objectives of the research: ● to distinguish the major educational principles of pre-school education from educational theories; ● to distinguish the stages of the creation of individualized educational programmes; ● to justify the importance of the creation individualized educational programmes to child’s upbringing; ● to highlight the peculiarities of the implementation of individualized educational programmes; ● to prepare the model for the... [to full text]

Šio magistrinio darbo tikslas - nustatyti, kokias įgyvendinimo problemas akademinė bendruomenė įžvelgia. Valstybinė švietimo strategija priimta 2003 m. liepos 4 d. Seime, kurioje numatyta įgyvendinimo krypčių sistema. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į kokybišką išsilavinimą, valdymo kultūrą ir galimybes mokytis visą gyvenimą. Išskiriamos penkios Valstybinės švietimo strategijos įgyvendinimo kryptys: valdymas, infrastruktūra, parama, turinys ir personalas. Empirinis tyrimas parodo, kad svarbiausi Valstybinėje švietimo strategijos siekių kontekste yra aukštojo mokslo finansavimas, mokymo modernizavimas, dabartinis studentų krūvis, priklausantis nuo informacinių technologijų diegimo, kurios palengvintų studentų mokymosi kokybę. Nuo 2009 m. įvedamas studentų krepšelis ( valstybės lėšos), kuris visiškai padengs studentų studijų išlaidų didesniąją dalį. Švietimo įstaigos turi padėti asmenims įgyti tokią kvalifikaciiją, kuri tenkintų šių dienų poreikius, atitiktų šiuolaikines technologijas. / The main aim of this work is to determine what problems of realization the academic community perceives. The system of realization trends was projected in the state education strategy enacted on the 4th of July in 2003 by Parliament. It is paid attention to the calibre, the management culture and the opportunity to learn all the life. There are five the realization trends of state education strategy: the management, the infrastructure, the support, the content and the personnel. The analysis of the research shows that the finance of higher education, the modernization of teaching, the present learning load of students which belongs to the implementation of information technology are the main trends of state education strategy. The finances of a state will be introduced in 2009 which will offset the best part expenses of students learning. The educational institution should have to help persons to gain the qualification which should meet the requirements of these days and satisfy modern technology.

Teismo sprendimų vykdymas yra baigiamoji civilinio proceso stadija, kurios metu siekiama įvykdyti teismo sprendimą, o isieskotojas ir skolininkas realiai patiria teisinį ir materialinį teismo sprendimo poveikį. Vykdant teismo sprendimus, svarbu griežtai laikytis įstatymo nustatytos priverstinės teismo sprendimų vykdymo tvarkos, kad nebūtų pažeidžiamos išieskotojo, skolininko bei trečiuju asmenų teisės ir teisėti interesai. 2003 m. sausio 1d. įsigaliojo naujieji vykdymo procesą reglamentuojantys įstatymai. Šiandien jau galime daryti pirmas išvadas, dėl naujos antstolių darbu reglamentuojančios tvarkos. Darbe aptariami turto realizavimo būdai ir aktualiausios jų taikymo problemos. Populiariausiu turto realizavimo vykdymo procese būdu yra turto pardavimas iš varžytiniu. Kiti būdai, kaip parodė autorės atliktas tyrimas yra praktiskai nenaudojami. / The implementation of court judgements is the final stage of civil procedure during which a court judgment comes into force. Further a plaintiff as well as a debtor faces juridical and real actions concerning the property. The implementation of court judgements requires following the order accurately. Lawful concerns and rights of a plaintiff, a debtor and a third person mustn’t be violated. New laws that regulate the enforcement of judgments came into force in 1 January 2003. The first inferences maybe drown today concerning the new order that regulates bailiff actions. The main issue discussed in this research is the ways of the realization of property and the problems arising in the process of realization. It is considered that the most popular means of realization of property is bidding in an auction. The other means, as it was demonstrated in this research, are not used in the real life.

Darbas skirtas suprojektuoti ir realizuoti kuriamam kosminiam žingsniniam strateginiam žaidimui reikalingos grafinio varikliuko statinės dalies aukšto lygio objektų atvaizdavimo funkcijas, su kuriomis būtų galima atvaizduoti visus reikalingus objektus. Buvo išanalizuotas „3D Orion“ žaidimo modelis ir suprojektuota grafinio varikliuko statinė dalies objektų aukšto lygio realizavimo funkcijų prototipai. / This work is for development of turn-based space strategy game of static graphic engine needed high level visualization objects functions, which shows all needed objects. There was analyzed "3D Orion" game model and design static game graphic engine objects of the high level realization function prototypes.

No description available.

This essay examine how temporal claims (past, present and future) are used in two Official Government Reports (SOU) in Sweden considering rape and sexual assault. The Official Government Reports constitute an important and particular system for long-term planning, and the reports are used as an instrument to achieve desirable changes within the nation. The temporal pretensions in SOU 1976:9 Sexual offences: proposed new wording of Penal provisions against virtue, and SOU 1982:61 Rape and other sexual assaults, are analyzed in relation to the concepts realization of the possible and actualization of the virtual, in order to see how the concepts correspond to the process of desirable change in the reports. The temporal claims are used in a spatially sense where space is assimilated to the concept of time which in return create notions of spatio-temporal images of the past, the present and the future. This is partly a problem for the reports in their aspiration to transform old norms and create innovatory values and ideals.

This report is a hermeneutic analytical study of a practical pedagogical situation. For three occasions I observed my own practice as a dance teacher and how a moment, choreographic approach in the governing documents for upper secondary school GY11 was executed in a group of dance students. The part is formulated in the course objectives for the courses on the arts program under the topic Dansgestaltning with focus on choreographic approach. The study is based on a socio-cultural thinking but also takes into account the prevailing gender theories and focuses on how the process of formulation level, through the transformation level is portrayed in the realization level of the dance regarding choreographic approach. The study illustrates educational research from both a dance perspective and a school development perspective. The intention of this study was to raise the awareness of how a pedagogical situation was designed and what is realized in the dance studio. Some pedagogical models are described as useful in raising awareness of the process and the realization of the aspect of moment in a dance studio. The methodology used for the study was participant observation and focus conversations. The results are reported in a discussion on a larger awareness of my own practice, and the benefits it can bring to learning, dancing and school development.