Magister Philosophiae - MPhil (Law) / When Zambia got its independence in 1964, there was neither a constitutional reference to local government nor constitutional provisions for local government finance. However, the new Zambian government inherited a relatively stable local government finance system. One year after Independence, councils operated under a new effected Local Government Act of 1965. The period 1965 to 1973 was a period of great success for local government, as it continued to enjoy stable and strong fiscal resources. Councils raised adequate own revenues from sources such as local electricity, water, housing and motor vehicle licensing. Local government also received adequate grants from the central government which were targeted for the development of each Council.

Esta tese estuda o processo da implantação do Programa de Turismo Solidário pelo governo de Minas Gerais no Vale do Jequitinhonha - MG, bem como as características e os significados que o mesmo adquiriu, tanto junto aos moradores das localidades alvo quanto junto aos chamados turistas solidários, e avalia o estado da arte de modos de turismo semelhantes ao que ocorre no Vale, com ênfase em alguns casos nas favelas cariocas. A tese focaliza a apropriação pela população das diretrizes e dos aspectos teórico-metodológicos da proposta desse Programa; a percepção dos moradores em relação ao turismo que ali ocorre; o enquadramento em que os encontros no turismo solidário ocorrem; os significados do turismo solidário; os indicadores do turismo solidário. Traz, de um lado, uma visão abrangente, discutindo questões relacionadas às políticas públicas no campo do turismo, e de outro lado, uma abordagem de caráter etnográfico, relativa ao encontro intersubjetivo entre ―turistas solidários‖ e a população local. A construção da linha argumentativa da tese fundamenta-se nos seguintes pressupostos: as propostas de descentralização por meio da ideia de governança apresentadas pelas políticas públicas que sustentam a ideologia do Programa de Turismo Solidário são ferramentas importantes para o desenvolvimento local; o encontro entre pessoas com diferentes formas de vida, com reconhecimento recíproco entre si, suscita em ambas as partes um alargamento da percepção de mundo e uma possibilidade para redescrição dos sujeitos; o enquadramento em que a interação ocorre e o nível de intimidade entre os participantes influenciam na possibilidade do individuo repensar valores e atitudes. O documentário ―Retrato Brasil‖ filmado durante as pesquisas de campo, foi elaborado na perspectiva de auxiliar na promoção do que é chamado de turismo solidário, entre outras possibilidades. / This thesis studies the process of implementation of a Program of the state government of Minas Gerais called Turismo Solidário in the Jequitinhonha Valley- MG, as well as the characteristics and meanings that this program has acquired to the people who live in this region and to the so called solidary tourists. This thesis also evaluates the state of the art in similar ways of turism to the one that occurs in the Valley, such as the turism in Favelas in Rio de Janeiro. The thesis focuses on the appropriation by the local population of the guidelines and the theoretical and methodological aspects of this proposed program, the perceptions of the inhabitants towards tourism that takes place there, the framework in which the meetings occur in Turismo Solidário, the meanings of solidarity tourism, and the indicators of this kind of turism. The thesis bring on a comprehensive discussion of public policies in tourism and makes an ethnographic approach, on the meeting between solidary tourists and the local population. The construction of the line of argument of this thesis is based on the following assumptions: the decentralization proposals through the idea of governance provided by public policies that support the ideology of Turismo Solidário program are important tools for local development; meeting between people with different forms of life, with mutual recognition between them, raises on both sides of a widening perception of the world and a chance for redescription of the subjects, the framework in which the interaction occurs and the degree of intimacy between the participants influence the ability of the individual to reconsider values and attitudes. The documentary "Retrato Brasil" filmed during the research was prepared to help spread this this way of making tourism.

Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence) / Since gaining independence in 1964, Zambia has embarked on a number of reforms, including legislative, aimed at improving the effectiveness of its decentralised system of government. Local government received constitutional recognition in 1996. In 2002, the national government adopted the National Decentralisation Policy (NDP) which was reviewed in 2013. The NDP established Ward Development Committees (WDCs) as the lowest tier of government. It also defined the roles and responsibilities of local authorities, provinces, and national government. The NDP aimed to address, among other things, the problem of poor service delivery in Zambia that was partially attributed to a high concentration of power at the centre. Despite these various legislative and policy reforms, service delivery remained largely poor in many parts of Zambia. Local government still failed to supply potable water, maintain roads, provide proper sanitation and collect refuse on time, among other service delivery failures.

Esta tese estuda o processo da implantação do Programa de Turismo Solidário pelo governo de Minas Gerais no Vale do Jequitinhonha - MG, bem como as características e os significados que o mesmo adquiriu, tanto junto aos moradores das localidades alvo quanto junto aos chamados turistas solidários, e avalia o estado da arte de modos de turismo semelhantes ao que ocorre no Vale, com ênfase em alguns casos nas favelas cariocas. A tese focaliza a apropriação pela população das diretrizes e dos aspectos teórico-metodológicos da proposta desse Programa; a percepção dos moradores em relação ao turismo que ali ocorre; o enquadramento em que os encontros no turismo solidário ocorrem; os significados do turismo solidário; os indicadores do turismo solidário. Traz, de um lado, uma visão abrangente, discutindo questões relacionadas às políticas públicas no campo do turismo, e de outro lado, uma abordagem de caráter etnográfico, relativa ao encontro intersubjetivo entre ―turistas solidários‖ e a população local. A construção da linha argumentativa da tese fundamenta-se nos seguintes pressupostos: as propostas de descentralização por meio da ideia de governança apresentadas pelas políticas públicas que sustentam a ideologia do Programa de Turismo Solidário são ferramentas importantes para o desenvolvimento local; o encontro entre pessoas com diferentes formas de vida, com reconhecimento recíproco entre si, suscita em ambas as partes um alargamento da percepção de mundo e uma possibilidade para redescrição dos sujeitos; o enquadramento em que a interação ocorre e o nível de intimidade entre os participantes influenciam na possibilidade do individuo repensar valores e atitudes. O documentário ―Retrato Brasil‖ filmado durante as pesquisas de campo, foi elaborado na perspectiva de auxiliar na promoção do que é chamado de turismo solidário, entre outras possibilidades. / This thesis studies the process of implementation of a Program of the state government of Minas Gerais called Turismo Solidário in the Jequitinhonha Valley- MG, as well as the characteristics and meanings that this program has acquired to the people who live in this region and to the so called solidary tourists. This thesis also evaluates the state of the art in similar ways of turism to the one that occurs in the Valley, such as the turism in Favelas in Rio de Janeiro. The thesis focuses on the appropriation by the local population of the guidelines and the theoretical and methodological aspects of this proposed program, the perceptions of the inhabitants towards tourism that takes place there, the framework in which the meetings occur in Turismo Solidário, the meanings of solidarity tourism, and the indicators of this kind of turism. The thesis bring on a comprehensive discussion of public policies in tourism and makes an ethnographic approach, on the meeting between solidary tourists and the local population. The construction of the line of argument of this thesis is based on the following assumptions: the decentralization proposals through the idea of governance provided by public policies that support the ideology of Turismo Solidário program are important tools for local development; meeting between people with different forms of life, with mutual recognition between them, raises on both sides of a widening perception of the world and a chance for redescription of the subjects, the framework in which the interaction occurs and the degree of intimacy between the participants influence the ability of the individual to reconsider values and attitudes. The documentary "Retrato Brasil" filmed during the research was prepared to help spread this this way of making tourism.

The subject of this diploma thesis is analysis of the structure, value and development of expenditure by municipalities in the CZ with emphasis on municipalities in the South Bohemian Region for the purpose of objectification of local public expenses. The analysis was performed on a representative sample of 179 municipalities within the scope of the South Bohemian Region. The source of data was municipal budgets during the period from 2005 {--} 2007, refined by removal of transfers to own funds. The representative sample was divided into seven size categories according to the number of inhabitants in the municipality. The average annual percentage of six key budget forming expense groups, of the overall current expenditure for each municipality of the representative sample, each size category and collectively for the South Bohemian Region and the whole CZ was expressed (in percent and value) by means of a vertical analysis. The next step was a more detailed analysis of selected budget forming branch classification expense groups (1, 5, 6), sections (33, 34), sub-sections (363) and paragraphs (2212), by means of conversion to requirement indicator unit (for instance per 1 inhabitant, hectare area, km of road). The average annual current expenditure for every group (section, sub-section, paragraph) of the budget per every requirement indicator unit was determined, initially individually for each municipality and subsequently for each of the size categories. The same procedure was applied to the collective current expenditure of the South Bohemian Region and the Czech Republic. The estimates of the fiscal (expenditure) requirements of municipalities and fiscal requirement indexes were also calculated in the interests of dealing with the issue of the size of local public expenditure comprehensively. By mutual comparison of the results, differences in the size of local public expenditure of specific municipalities were revealed, which may be the result of ineffective economic management and therefore require increased attention and more detailed analysis. This diploma thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, value and development of local public expenditure by municipalities in the South Bohemian Region (by means of public inspection), opportunities for increasing efficiency in provision of local public goods and services.

Decentralisation, meaning the delegation of responsibilities from central to lower government levels is generally assumed to improve the delivery of local public services. The theoretical assumption is that local authorities are encouraged by decentralisation to behave in a more accountable and entrepreneurial fashion. At the same time, accountability and (public) entrepreneurship are distinct concepts and may even be considered to involve conflicting behaviours. Therefore, decentralisation outcomes may vary depending on which behavioural pattern predominates. Previous research has focused on using large data sets to examine the impact of decentralisation on outcomes such as economic growth, disparities, poverty reduction and government performance. But there is also a need to better understand how decentralisation, and specifically fiscal decentralisation, may promote accountability and public entrepreneurship in specific settings. To contribute to closing this gap, this dissertation examines both fiscal decentralisation policies and contemporaneous changes in political arrangements. It identifies the incentives these changes create for Mexican local authorities to behave in more accountable and entrepreneurial ways and which may lead to differences in government performance. The study focuses on rural municipalities where achieving the predicted decentralisation outcomes is highly challenging. A mixed methods research design was used with two phases. In the first stage, the relationship between fiscal decentralization and changes in government accountability and entrepreneurship was investigated through statistical analysis based on fixed effects estimation using a sample of 505 rural municipalities. For that purpose a longitudinal dataset was developed, comprising municipal level information between the years 1990 and 2009, including indices for accountability and public entrepreneurship. Phase two involves multiple case studies of individual municipalities that were selected based on performance. The empirical evidence suggests that decentralisation policy has tended to work against accountability but has increased entrepreneurial behaviour in rural municipalities, highlighting the potential tension between the two. The extent to which these effects occur seems to depend on the particular fiscal arrangement. In addition, political competition seems to reinforce accountability and has an impact in entrepreneurship in a different way to the effects expected theoretically, though the effects are not as strong as with fiscal decentralisation. This study advances the public entrepreneurship literature and expands the understanding of fiscal decentralisation. Additionally, it provides suggestions for which policy arrangements are likely to promote accountability and entrepreneurial actions by public authorities.

L’objet de cette thèse est de questionner les modes de construction d’une action publique décentralisée. Plus spécifiquement, ce travail s’intéresse aux modalités d’institutionnalisation d’une politique foncière régionale volontariste en Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur au-delà du bloc de compétences transférées à la Région en 1983. Dans cette perspective, il s’agit d’étudier une forme originale de régionalisation à la marge du noyau dur des compétences régionales, jouant cependant un rôle important dans la construction de la Région et la structuration d’un domaine d’action. Adoptant une démarche de recherche croisant sociologie de l’action publique et sociologie politique, on appréhende les règles de cet espace d’action publique régional en privilégiant l’étude d’un champ d’action constitué au-delà du cadre fixé par la loi. L’on fait ainsi l’hypothèse que la politique foncière, à la croisée de multiples secteurs et de niveaux d’action déjà institutionnalisés, constitue un espace d’interactions privilégié pour l’analyse des processus de construction et d’institutionnalisation de la Région au travers d’une politique à laquelle elle participe. En adoptant une perspective diachronique et multi-niveaux, c’est-à-dire en privilégiant l’analyse du changement en longue durée au sein de l’espace régional, et en attachant une attention particulière aux jeux sociaux interdépendants qui interconnectent différents niveaux d’action publique, la thèse ambitionne de contribuer à l’étude sociologique des processus de régionalisation de l’action publique sous dynamique de décentralisation / The object of this thesis is to question the mode of construction of a decentralized public action. More specifically, this work is interested in the methods of institutionalization of a voluntarist regional land policy in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur beyond the block of skills transferred to the Region in 1983. In this perspective, it is a question of studying an original shape of regionalization outside of the hard core of the regional skills, playing however an important role in the construction of the Region and the structuring of a sphere of action. Adopting an approach of search crossing sociology of the public action and the political sociology, we arrest the rules of this regional public space of action by favoring the study of a radius of action established beyond the frame fixed by the law.We so make the hypothesis as the land policy, between multiple sectors and between already institutionalized levels of action, constitutes a space of interactions favored for the analysis of the processes of construction and institutionalization of the Region through a policy in which it participates. By adopting a diachronic and multilevel perspective, that is by favoring the analysis of the change in long lasting within the regional space, and by attaching a particular attention on the interdependent social games which interconnect various levels of public action, the thesis aspires to contribute to the sociological study of the processes of regionalization of the public action under dynamics of decentralization

Orientador: José Roberto Rus Perez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T11:16:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avelar_MarinaCamposde_M.pdf: 1893831 bytes, checksum: ff3c79714b8c0069d0168df4d91d2173 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Apesar de ser um país famoso por seu Estado de Bem-Estar Universal e sua educação igualitária, a Suécia é comumente referida na literatura como um país que tenha passado por uma "reforma educacional radical" com princípios de mercado e competição, fazendo com que se pergunte o que teria levado ao país a adotar tais medidas. Neste âmbito, este estudo teve por objetivo compreender o processo pelo qual passou a política de descentralização educacional, a primeira política da reforma da educação do país, entre 1970 e 1994, bem como identificar os diferentes atores e arenas políticos e seus interesses e ações. Para isto, esta pesquisa, que se trata de uma análise de política pública, adotou o modelo analítico do Ciclo de Política Pública de Bowe and Ball (1992), focando a formulação, ou o Contexto de Influência. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de pesquisa bibliográfica, significando que as informações utilizadas tenham sido provenientes de fontes secundárias, incluindo livros, artigos e relatórios internacionais e do governo sueco, produzidos tanto em meio à reforma quanto após. Após a análise da política, o presente estudo questiona a disseminada narrativa de que seria a coalizão conservadora eleita em 1991 a responsável pela introdução de uma reforma neo-liberal radical; pois vê-se que frente à insatisfação popular com a educação e em meio ao contexto internacional do Novo Gerancialismo Público e a tendência em direção a uma educação democrática, a descentralização da educação no país foi adotada pelo governo como resposta a uma crise educacional. Assim, uma reforma marcada pela descentralização teria sido gradualmente discutida e implementada pelo próprio Partido Social Democrata (PSD) desde os anos de 1970, tendo a desregulamentação e currículo por objetivos como marca. Estas mudanças na política educacional teriam proporcionado uma gradual mudança no discurso da política, saindo do foco igualitário para o foco da eficiência do Novo Gerencialismo. Esta mudança teria, então, possibilitado a entrada de políticas de mercado na década de 1990, com financiamento por vouchers e princípios de competição e privatização na educação / Abstract: Even though Sweden is a country famous for its Welfare State and egalitarian education, it is said to have gone through a "radical reform", provoking one to wonder how and why Sweden adopted neoliberal policies. In this sense, this study aimed to understand the policy-making process that Sweden went through while decentralising its education, which was the first adopted policy of the reform, between the 1970s and the 1990s, as well as to identify the main political arenas, stakeholders and their interests and actions. For this, this research, which is a public policy analysis study, used the Bowe and Ball (1992) Policy Cycle model and focused on the policy formulation, or the Context of Influence of the education decentralisation policy. The data collection was done through bibliographic research, meaning that the gathered information was found in published materials, including books, articles and Swedish and international reports, written both during the reform and afterwords. After the analysis, this dissertation questions the frequently advocated narrative that the Conservative-led coalition government, that came to power in 1991 is to be blamed for introducing radical market-led policies into the education, as one can see that when facing popular dissatisfaction with the public education and amidst the international context of the New Public Management and a trend towards democratic education, the decentralisation of education was chosen as the government answer to an educational crisis. So the education reform was gradually discussed and implemented by the Social Democratic Party since the 1970s and that Sweden implemented a rolling reform based on decentralising trends, with deregulation and curriculum guided by goals. This policy changes gradually changed the policy discourse from the egalitarian focus to an efficiency and new managerial focus, which opened way to the marked-led policies during the 1990s, such as voucher-like funding system and competition principles / Mestrado / Politicas, Administração e Sistemas Educacionais / Mestra em Educação

The aim of this study is to investigate and compare teachers’ attitudes to the current testing regimes for the 14-19 age cohorts in England and Sweden. A literature review reveals the historical and political contexts to the prevalent testing regimes in the two countries. One important finding is that the central tests in Sweden have clearly defined objectives whereas the tests’ objectives in England are, at best, insufficiently communicated but at worst not clearly thought through. The study also comprises a questionnaire with the purpose of collecting comparable material of teachers’ attitudes in both countries. Despite the small sample, the results clearly highlight significant discrepancies between objectives and achievements on the one hand and between English and Swedish attitudes on the other. Differences arose between the two countries on how well the objectives of tests are being met. English respondents are more positive towards external marking; meanwhile teaching to the test is seen as a lesser problem in Sweden. Many of these discrepancies and differences in attitudes can be explained from historical and cultural differences to education and assessment systems.

This thesis explores the relations between democracy and decentralization in Venezuela during the period from 1989 to 2000. In particular it explores the emergence of political decentralization as the spatial distribution of power and its links with the process of democratization within political spaces. The spatial distribution of power has impacts upon both political institutions and civil society. This is where its central importance lies. Because of this, the framework of ideas underlying the thesis is followed within a methodologicalf ocus that emphasizesb oth the potency of the spatial, as a guiding element of politics and the political, and the local scale and the political practice of individuals. The backgroundt o the study is establishedth rough an explorationo f territoriality and the spatiality of power in Venezuela during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This is followed by an analysis of the centralist form of the state and the state reforms which were promoted at the end of the 1980s and which gave rise to the political decentralization of 1989 at the level of states and municipalities. The main period of study (1989-2000) is divided into three stages according to the dynamics of the process of democratization itself. Finally, the changes occurring at the local level through the application of decentralization are analyzed through a case study at the level of the municipality and of the parish: the Libertador municipality of the state of Mdrida and the parish of J. J. Osuna Rodriguez. The specific local examples explored in the thesis allow highlighted the ways in which clientelism can be associated with the vertical structures of power that have predominated in Latin America. Nevertheless, whilst its importance has been highlighted here through an understanding of the process of democratisation on the South American continent, it is interesting to note that it is not often explicitly considered as another mode of power in western political theory.