Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The pathogenesis of the lesions of the Ramaria flavo-brunnescens poisoning in cattle was studied throughout a retrospective evaluation of selected tissues from nine spontaneous and four experimental cases of the disease. The pathogenesis of lesions observed in the tongue, esophagus, hoof, and tail was investigated analyzing microscopic lesions, histochemical and histochemical-ultrastuctural changes. Histochemical techniques utilized were Masson s Trichrome and Selective Oxidation of Keratin (SOK). The histochemicalultrastuctural study was acomplished throughout the Swift method under transmission electron microscopy. Hair shafts of the tip of the tail were analyzed under polarized light. Lesions of varying degrees of severity were observed. They were more severe in spontaneous than in experimental cases. In the tongue, most microscopic lesions showed keratinization defects, such as loss of the filiform papillae, thinning, irregular stratification, focal lamelar keratinization, and individual cell keratinization (dyskeratosis) in the dorsal epithelium. In the esophagus, there were thinness of superficial epithelium and multifocal ulcers. In the hoof, lesions were in the laminar stratum and characterized by different grades of fusion, shortness, multiple layers of non-keratinized cells in the laminar tip, irregular and discontinuous keratinization with nuclear persistency, individual cell keratinization with citoplasmic vacuolization of keratinocytes of the epidermal laminae. In the skin of the tip of the tail, changes could by separated in follicular wall lesions (affecting the outer [ORS] and the inner root sheets [IRS]) and changes of the hair shaft itself. The main changes observed in the follicular epithelium were disorganization, misalignment, and disceratosis of keratinocytes of the ORS. On tissue sections, main changes in the hair shafts showed irregular contour, tortuousness, and disintegration of shaft. Morphological changes similar to the ones observed on tissue sections and changes in polarizing patterns were seen on polarized light microscopy of hair shafts. Tissue sections stained by Masson s Trichrome technique (with picric acid) revealed defective hard keratinization of filliform papillae, of epidermal lamina of hoof, and of tail tip hair shafts. Sections stained by the SOK technique revealed strong loss of cistine contents, visualized as light staining of these same structures. On the histochemical-ultrastructural study of the hair cuticle, performed throughout the Swift technique under transmission electron microscopy, a low content of cistine was also observed. All changes observed in the keratinized structures studied, mostly in the hard keratin, showed defective keratinization. The morphologic study and the results obtained with SOK and Swift techniques showed that the defective keratinization results of low amounts of sulphur containing amino acids (cystine) in hard keratin structures. This is probably the main pathogenetic mechanism of the lesions observed in R. flavo brunnescens poisoning in cattle. / O estudo da patogênese da intoxicação pelo cogumelo Ramaria flavo-brunnescens em bovinos foi realizado através da avaliação retrospectiva de tecidos selecionados de nove casos espontâneos e quatro casos experimentais. Para a investigação da patogênese das lesões observadas na língua, esôfago, casco e cauda, foram avaliadas as alterações histopatológicas e aspectos histoquímicos e histoquímico-ultra-estruturais das lesões. As técnicas histoquímicas utilizadas foram o Tricrômico de Masson e a oxidação seletiva da ceratina (OSC). O estudo histoquímico-ultra-estrutural foi realizado através da técnica de Swift sob microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os pelos da vassoura da cauda foram examinados sob microscopia de luz polarizada. Nos tecidos examinados foram observados diferentes graus e estágios de lesões. Nos bovinos intoxicados espontaneamente as lesões foram mais acentuadas que nos casos experimentais. Na língua, a grande maioria das lesões histopatológicas observadas demonstrou defeitos na ceratinização como desaparecimento das papilas filiformes, adelgaçamento, estratificação irregular, ceratinização lamelar focal e ceratinização individual de células (disceratose) no epitélio de revestimento dorsal. No esôfago observaram-se adelgaçamento do epitélio superficial e úlceras multifocais. Nos cascos havia alterações no estrato laminar, caracterizadas por graus variáveis de fusão, encurtamento, múltiplas camadas de células não-ceratinizadas no topo, ceratinização irregular e descontínua com persistência de núcleos, ceratinização individual e vacuolização citoplasmática de ceratinócitos das lâminas epidérmicas. Na pele da região da vassoura da cauda, as alterações foram divididas em lesões da parede folicular (nas bainhas radicular externa e interna) e alterações nos pelos propriamente ditos. As principais alterações observadas no epitélio folicular foram desorganização, desalinhamento e disceratose de ceratinócitos da bainha radicular externa. Nas seções histológicas, as principais alterações nas hastes pilosas demonstraram contornos irregulares, tortuosidade e desintegração da haste. Alterações morfológicas semelhantes às descritas nas seções histológicas e alterações no padrão de birrefringência foram observadas através do exame polaroscópico dos pelos. Através da técnica do Tricrômico de Masson (com ácido pícrico) observou-se ceratinização dura defeituosa das papilas filiformes linguais, das lâminas epidérmicas do casco e dos pelos da cauda. A técnica da OSC revelou redução marcada do conteúdo de cistina, visualizado como fraca coloração rósea dessas mesmas estruturas. No estudo histoquímico-ultra-estrutural da cutícula pilosa, realizado através da técnica de Swift sob microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, observou-se também um baixo conteúdo de cistina. Todas as alterações observadas nas estruturas ceratinizadas estudadas, mas especialmente nas que sofrem ceratinização dura, revelaram defeitos na ceratinização. Aliando ao estudo morfológico os resultados obtidos através da técnica da OSC e da microscopia eletrônica/técnica de Swift pode-se associar os defeitos na ceratinização a uma redução na quantidade de aminoácidos sulfurados (cistina), principalmente nas estruturas que sofrem ceratinização dura, sendo este provavelmente o principal mecanismo patogenético na intoxicação por R. flavo brunnescens em bovinos.

L’expression « nouveaux risques » est de plus en plus employée pour désigner les risques sanitaires et environnementaux liés au progrès scientifique et technique lorsque leurs conséquences dommageables bien qu’anticipées sont entourées d’un fort contexte d’incertitude scientifique. Cette incertitude est souvent invoquée par les professionnels créateurs de ces risques pour tenter d’échapper à leur responsabilité et, quand ils n’y parviennent pas, pour en faire supporter la charge par leur assureur de responsabilité, au risque d’accréditer l’idée que l’assurance déresponsabilise. C’est autour de la question de l’assurabilité des nouveaux risques, ou plutôt de leur inassurabilité, que cette thèse est construite. Il s’est agi d’étudier l’aptitude du système actuel de responsabilité du fait des produits, aidé par l’assurance de cette responsabilité, à satisfaire l’objectif social de prise en charge des victimes de nouveaux risques. Les solutions du droit français ont été éprouvées à la lumière de celles retenues par les droits américain et chinois qui sont confrontés aux mêmes problèmes. A cet égard, l’étude des nouveaux risques, en conduisant à revisiter la notion de risque assurable, fait prendre conscience des limites des systèmes actuels de prise en charge. Il apparaît opportun de revenir aux fondamentaux du droit de la responsabilité et du droit des assurances tout en recherchant des techniques complémentaires. Ce pourrait être le recours à la solidarité nationale (par la création d’un fonds d’indemnisation) ou aux marchés financiers. / The expression « emerging risks » is increasingly used to describe the health and environmental risks related to scientific and technical progress whenever their damaging consequences, although anticipated, are shrouded in an opaque veil of scientific uncertainty. The professionals, who created these risks, often use this uncertainty in an attempt to avoid any liability. When unable to do so, they try to have them covered by their liability insurance, even though such behavior fuels the idea that insurance promotes irresponsible behavior. This thesis is built around the question of the insurability, or to be more precise, the non-insurability of emerging risks. The aim was to study the capacity of the current products liability system, complemented by the relevant liability insurance, to meet the social goal of taking care of the victims of those « emerging risks ». The solutions provided by the French law system have been put up for a test by comparing them with those of the American and Chinese ones, while taking into account the contextual problems met by the latter. In this regard, the study of emerging risks leads us to review the concept of insurable risk, and to admit there are limits to the current system dealing with the victims’ compensation. It seems appropriate to refer back to the fundamentals of liability law and insurance law while seeking additional solutions. Appealing to national solidarity (through the setting up of a compensation fund) or to financial markets could be the solution.

Author: Bc. Antonín Mařík Title: Capture of the abduction contracture of the hip joint as a biomechanical cause of idiopathic scoliosis The theme of the thesis is based on lectures and numerous publications by Professor Tomasz Karski, MD, PhD from Lublin, published in international journals (from the 1990s to the present). The work is based on the biomechanical cause of the "so-called idiopathic" scoliosis, the cause of which is considered primarily the restriction of adduction in the right hip joint - so-called an abduction contracture. This contracture is one of the symptoms of "Syndrome of Contracture" according to Prof. Hans Mau (Tübingen, Germany). The years-long prevailing "standing easy" attitude on the right lower limb is a manifestation of the abduction contracture in the right hip joint and the cause of scoliosis in two groups and three types of classification of "biomechanical" scoliosis according to Karski. The main object of the thesis is an objective assessment of the relationship between the abduction contracture of the right hip joint and the idiopathic scoliosis (IS) of the spine in the examined set of probands. Clinical and anthropological examinations were performed in a group of 20 patients with idiopathic scoliosis and 16 control probands, including specialized tests on the...

Author: Bc. Antonín Mařík Title: Capture of the abduction contracture of the hip joint as a biomechanical cause of idiopathic scoliosis The theme of the thesis is based on lectures and numerous publications by Professor Tomasz Karski, MD, PhD from Lublin, published in international journals (from the 1990s to the present). The work is based on the biomechanical cause of the "so-called idiopathic" scoliosis, the cause of which is considered primarily the restriction of adduction in the right hip joint - an abduction contracture. This contracture is one of the symptoms of "contractures and deformity syndrome" according to Prof. Hans Mau (Tübingen, Germany). The years-long prevailing "standing easy" attitude on the right lower limb is a manifestation of the restriction of abduction - the abduction contracture in the right hip joint and the cause of scoliosis in two groups and three types of classification of "biomechanical" scoliosis according to Karski. The main object of the thesis is an objective assessment of the relationship between the abduction contracture of the right hip joint and the idiopathic scoliosis of the spine in the examined set of probands. The thesis focuses, among other things, on the recent overview of the knowledge about idiopathic scoliosis, especially on diagnostics and...

Following X-Ray, Ultrasound is now the most common of all the medical imaging technologies specifically in obstetrics and cardiology. Plus that the ultrasound hazards perceived to be insignificant compared with X-rays. Considering the fact that the study of cardiovascular diseases, blood flow patterns and the fetal development is essential for human life, the accuracy and proper functioning of ultrasonic systems is of great importance. Hence quality control of ultrasonic transducers is necessary. In this thesis, a system to standardize the acceptance criteria for quality control of ultrasonic transducers is described. On this ground a study on ultrasound images conducted to compare and evaluate the quality resulted from different types of transducers in different conditions, i.e. defective or functional. A clinical study was also carried out to evaluate our hypothesis in real cases at department of Cardiology and department of genecology. Results from this study show that the perception of quality is somewhat subjective and clinical studies are time-consuming. But quality factors such as the ability to accurately identify anatomical structure and functional capabilities are of great importance and help.

En la actualidad, en la industria de alimentos se ha diagnosticado un exponencial crecimiento en la demanda, en todos los rubros pertenecientes a este sector. Uno de estos es la industria de panificación, en la que el principal motivo de desarrollo, crecimiento y cambio son las exigencias de los clientes vinculados a criterios como precios reducidos, aumento de la calidad, variedad de productos entre otras variables que una empresa debe tener en cuenta para ser competitiva en el sector, y a su vez mantener un nivel de rentabilidad y margen de contribución. Para ello, es indispensable tener una correcta planificación de cada proceso considerando con igual importancia tanto al proceso de producción como a los adyacentes a este. Dichos procesos se vinculan a la compra de las materias primas en calidad, precio o tiempos de recepción, el cálculo preciso del pronóstico de la demanda y la correcta gestión de inventarios que son indispensables para asegurar un producto final de calidad al alcance del cliente. El presente artículo propone un nuevo modelo que se basa en el uso del enfoque lean y técnicas combinadas para lograr un competitivo manejo de los procesos mencionados anteriormente. Para ello, se plantea el uso conjunto de herramientas tales como la homologación de proveedores, MRP, lote económico de compra de materiales (EOQ) y estandarización de proceso de trabajo, para mejorar los problemas relacionados a una producción defectuosa por una mala gestión de materiales que asciende a un índice actual de 11.43%. Luego de la implementación de la propuesta se obtuvo una reducción de aproximadamente el 58% de ella como sustento de la efectividad del método y su corroboración a la mejora continua con una simulación llegando a verificar los resultados. / Currently, an exponential growth in demand has been diagnosed in the food industry, in all items belonging to this sector. One of these is the baking industry, in which the main reason for development, growth and change are the demands of customers linked to criteria such as reduced prices, increased quality, variety of products, among other variables that a company must have. in account to be competitive in the sector, and in turn maintain a level of profitability and contribution margin. For this, it is essential to have a correct planning of each process considering with equal importance both the production process and those adjacent to it. These processes are linked to the purchase of raw materials in quality, price or reception times, the precise calculation of the demand forecast and the correct inventory management that are essential to ensure a quality final product available to the customer. This article proposes a new model that is based on the use of the lean approach and combined techniques to achieve a competitive management of the processes mentioned above. For this, the joint use of tools such as supplier approval, MRP, economic materials purchase lot (EOQ) and standardization of the work process is proposed, to improve the problems related to defective production due to poor material management which amounts to a current rate of 11.43%. After the implementation of the proposal, a reduction of approximately 58% was obtained in support of the effectiveness of the method and its corroboration to continuous improvement with a simulation, verifying the results. / Trabajo de investigación

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CE-märkta stålbalkar byggdes in i två konstruktioner innan det upptäcktes att det fanns porer i hattbalkarnas svets. Den defekta svetsen innebar att byggnadernas bärförmåga inte kunde garanteras. Kunskapen kring inbyggt stål stommaterial med defekt svets är liten. Det är dessutom svårt att reparera och undersöka stålbalkarnas svets när de är inbyggda i konstruktionen. Syftet med examensarbetet är att hitta förstärkningsmetoder och därmed främja kortare hanteringstid vid händelse av att defekta stålbalkar byggs in i en konstruktion. Metoden består av litteraturstudie och intervjuer. Först granskas litteratur för att förstå problematiken med defekt svets i stål stommaterial. Därefter utförs intervjuer med personer erfarna inom stål och byggteknik. Examensarbetets resultat är ett flertal förstärkningsmetoder för inbyggda stålbalkar med defekt svets. Några av förstärkningsmetoderna är möjliga att utföra med den kunskap som finns idag medan andra behöver undersökas och värderas innan de kan implementeras. Förstärkningsmetoderna som är möjliga att utföra med dagens kunskap är: att svetsa om balken från insidan eller att placera en balk/fackverksbalk under den befintliga balken. De metoder som behöver undersökas och värderas vidare är: skruvförband genom balken, efterspänna balken med vajrar eller GWS-stag och sedan fylla den med betong, föra in en balk inne i balken och fylla balken med betong och att kolfiberförstärka svetsen. Slutsatsen är att den här studien kan ligga till grund för framtagning av åtgärder för inbyggda stålbalkar med defekt svets med mål att uppnå den dimensionerade hållfastheten och en lösning som är tidseffektiv, kostnadseffektiv och har låg klimatpåverkan. / Before the discovery of pores in the weld, CE-certified steel beams were embedded in two constructions. Since the weld was defective, the carrying capacity of the two buildings was questioned. There is a lack of knowledge about embedded steel beams with a damaged weld. It is difficult to repair and analyze the weld when the beams are embedded in the construction. The aim of the study is to find reinforcement methods for steel beams. The expectation is to shorten time in the production in case that defective steel beams are detected in the construction. The method consists of a literature study complemented by interviews. Literature is examined to understand the problem of defective welding in the steel framework. Subsequently, interviews are conducted with professionals within steel and building technology. The result of the report is multiple reinforcement methods for embedded steel beams with a defective weld. Some of the methods are possible to implement with the knowledge available today. Other methods need to be examined and assessed before executed. The reinforcement methods that are possible to perform are: weld the beam from the inside or place a beam underneath the existing beam. The methods that need further analysis are: drill a screw joint through the beam, strain the beam with steel-wires and fill the inside with concrete, place a beam inside the existing beam and fill the inside with concrete and last to reinforce the weld with carbon fibers. The conclusion is that this study can be used when reinforcement methods are needed for embedded steel beams with a defective weld. The objective with these methods is to restore the load-bearing capacity as well as finding a solution that is time efficient, economic and has low climatic influence.

No description available.

This work analyses producer‘s and service supplier‘s grounds of exoneration from liability for damage, caused by defective products and services. Author presents the conception of producer‘s and service supplier‘s exonerating grounds and designates their place in Lithuanian civil liability system. Thurthermore, work presents an explanation of relationship between circumstances exonerating from liability those of defective product producer and defective service supplier, also their relationship with other circumstances exonerating from civil liabity.