Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-07T18:40:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ArivaldoCarvalho.pdf: 4594687 bytes, checksum: c5792781a97f8174ae6dcd9a0bfbd359 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-07T18:40:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArivaldoCarvalho.pdf: 4594687 bytes, checksum: c5792781a97f8174ae6dcd9a0bfbd359 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / With the aim of the development of new nanodevices, there is great interest in understand the electronic properties of nanostructured materials. Above all, how to modify the electronic properties of nanostructures already well known in a controlled manner. With this goal, many methodologies and experiments has been developed. We studied the an entirely through computer simulation atomistic interaction of amino glycine with the surface of graphene using two methods, classical and quantum, for both modules use Materials Studio (Accelrys), and the Forcit Dmol3 states that are Art in atomistic simulations. From the classical point of view, we used force fields universal to describe the interactions, and the quantum point of view, the method of density functional. The methodology consisted basically realize a scan with glycine in different orientations on the surface of the graphene sheet grid in a considerable build a 3D map of potential interaction that enables us to accurately define where are enough sites and orientations of the amino acid glycine to more energetically favorable for adsorption. From the selection of the best candidates obtained from calculations in classical mechanics, we performed electronic structure calculations using the method DFT (Density Functional Theory) to estimate the binding energy and in that regime adsorption occurs. In addition, we obtained the electron density of the system and did Mulliken population analysis as well. / Com a finalidade do desenvolvimentos de novos nanodispositivos, há um grande interesse em conhecer as propriedades eletrônicas de materias nanoestruturados. Sobretudo, como modificar as propriedades eletrônicas de nanoestruturas já bem conhecidas de forma controlada. Com este objetivo, muitas metodologias e experimentos tem sido desenvolvidos. Estudou-se de forma inteiramente atomística através de simulação computacional a interação do aminoácido glicina com a superfície do grafeno utilizando dois métodos , clássico e quântico, para tanto utilizamos os módulos do Materials Studio (Accelrys), o Forcite e o Dmol3 que são estados de arte em simulações atomísticas. Do ponto de vista clássico, utilizou-se campos de força universal para descrever as interações; e do ponto de vista quântico, utilizamos o método do funcional da densidade. A metodologia consistiu basicamente em realizarmos um "scan"com a glicina em diversas orientações sobre a superfície da folha de grafeno num grid considerável, construímos uma mapa 3D do potencial de interação que nos possibilita conhecer com precisão suficiente onde são os sítios e as orientações do aminoácido glicina que mais favoráveis energeticamente para a adsorção. A partir da seleção dos melhores candidatos obtidos através dos cálculos de mecânica clássica, realizamos cálculos de estrutura eletrônica utilizando o método DFT (Density Functional Theory) a fim de estimar a energia de ligação e em que regime ocorre a adsorção. Além disso, nós obtivemos a densidade eletrônica do sistema e fizemos uma análise populacional de Mulliken também.

Les pesticides sont des molécules utilisées en grandes quantités en France et dans le monde entier pour la protection des cultures. Lorsque ces substances sont répandues une grande quantit é rejoint les sols. Dans cette thèse, le devenir de pesticides dans le sol est étudié. Pour cela, trois pesticides ont été sélectionnés : l'atrazine, la métamitrone et le fenhexamide ; et une argile de type montmorillonite a été choisie. Les simulations menées lors de cette thèse emploient le formalisme de la Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité (DFT). La première partie de cette thèse porte sur l'étude statique de l'interaction de l'atrazine avec la pyrophyllite et la montmorillonite. Dans les chapitres suivants, la Dynamique Moléculaire Car-Parrinello en DFT est utilisée. L'étude débute par les pesticides seuls, métamitrone et fenhexamide, puis leurs complexes avec un ou deux cations Na+ et Ca2+. Ensuite, l'adsorption de ces entités, en présence ou non d'eau, sur une surface de montmorillonite, est envisagée à l'aide de calculs périodiques. Dans le second chapitre de ce travail, des résultats issus d'optimisations de géométries en phase gazeuse sont présentés. La troisième partie développe les résultats obtenus pour l'adsorption de la métamitrone et du fenhexamide sur le modèle d'argile choisi. Dans le dernier chapitre, certaines des structures les plus stables de chaque pesticide adsorbé sur la surface ont été solvatées et une étude de la désorption du fenhexamide de la surface de montmorillonite a été réalisée à l'aide de la méthode Umbrella Sampling. Ce travail a permis de quantifier théoriquement la barrière d'énergie libre à franchir pour désorber le fenhexamide de la montmorillonite hydratée. / Pesticides are widely employed molecules for crop protection in France and all over the world. When these substances are spread an important quantity reaches soils. In the present thesis, pesticide fate is under study. For this purpose, three pesticides have been selected: atrazine, metamitron and fenhexamid ; and the most abundant smectite clay type, montmorillonite, has been chosen. The computational simulations conducted in this thesis use the Density Functional Theory (DFT) formalism. The first part of this thesis treats a static study of atrazine interaction with pyrophyllite and montmorillonite. In the following chapters, Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics through DFT is used. This study begins with isolated pesticides, metamitron and fenhexamid, then their complexes with one or two Na+ and Ca2+. Finally, the adsorption of these entities, in the presence of water or not, onto a montmorillonite surface, is considered using periodic calculations. Within the second chapter of the present work, results from geometry optimisations in gas phase are presented. The third part develops the obtained results on the adsorption of metamitron and fenhexamid over the chosen clay model. In the last chapter of this thesis, some of the most stable structures of each adsorbed pesticide onto the surface have been solvated and a study of fenhexamid desorption from the montmorillonite surface using Umbrella Sampling has been done. This work allowed to quantify theoretically the free energy barrier to overcome to desorb fenhexamid from the hydrated montmorillonite.

The perovskite family of materials is extremely large and provides a template for designing materials for different purposes. Among them, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) are very interesting and have been recently identified as possible next generation light harvesting materials because they combine low manufacturing cost and relatively high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). In addition, some other applications like light emitting devices are also highly studied. This thesis starts with an introduction to the solar cell technologies that could use HOIPs. In Chapter 2, previously published results on the structural, electronic, optical and mechanical properties of HOIPs are reviewed in order to understand the background and latest developments in this field. Chapter 3 discusses the computational and experimental methods used in the following chapters. Then Chapter 4 describes the discovery of several hybrid double perovskites, with the formula (MA)$_2$M$^I$M$^{III}$X$_6$ (MA = methylammonium, CH$_3$NH$_3$, M$^I$ = K, Ag and Tl, M$^{III}$ = Bi, Y and Gd, X = Cl and Br). Chapter 5 presents studies on the variable presure and temperature response of formamidinium lead halides FAPbBr$_3$ (FA = formamidinium, CH(NH$_2$)$_2$) as well as the mechanical properties of FAPbBr$_3$ and FAPbI$_3$, followed by a computational study connecting the mechanical properties of halide perovskites ABX$_3$ (A = K, Rb, Cs, Fr and MA, X = Cl, Br and I) to their electronic transport properties. Chapter 6 describes a study on the phase stability, transformation and electronic properties of low-dimensional hybrid perovskites containing the guanidinium cation Gua$_x$PbI$_{x+2}$ (x = 1, 2 and 3, Gua = guanidinium, C(NH$_2$)$_3$). The conclusions and possible future work are summarized in Chapter 7. These results provide theoreticians and experimentalists with insight into the design and synthesis of novel, highly efficient, stable and environmentally friendly materials for solar cell applications as well as for other purposes in the future.

A condutância de fios quânticos definidos em uma geometria de \"split gate\" varia em platôs quantizados de 2e2/h em relação à ocupação dos seus modos transversais [van Wees et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 848 (1988) & Wharam et al. J. Phys. C: solid state phys. 21, L209 (1988)]. Em gráficos da condutância esta ocupação é dada pelo potencial aplicado aos eletrodos que formam o fio. Em 1996 observou-se experimentalmente nestes gráficos [Thomas et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 135 (1996)] que quando apenas um modo transversal é ocupado a condutância exibe um platô anômalo adicional em 0.7X2e2/h. Desde então, a origem desta anomalia 0.7 é associada a fenômenos dependentes de spin, porém sua descrição teórica permanece como importante objeto de pesquisa. Recentemente, observou-se que na presença de altos campos magnéticos, cruzamentos de modos transversais de spins opostos também geram estruturas anômalas no gráfico da condutância [Graham etal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 136404 (2003)]. Os análogos 0.7, assim chamados devido à semelhança com a anomalia 0.7, são usualmente relacionados ou como anti-crossings ou como transições de fase magnética. Motivado pela concordância quantitativa com experimentos de um trabalho anterior em magnetotransporte em 2DEGs e transições de fase de ferromagnetismo de efeito Hall quântico via teoria do funcional da densidade dependente de spin (SDFT) [Freire e Egues, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 026801 (2007) & Ferreira et al. Phys. Stat. Sol. (c) 3, 4364 (2006)], propomos aqui um modelo similar para estudar na magnetocondutância de fios quânticos. Utilizamos (i) a SDFT resolvendo as equações de Kohn-Sham autoconsistentemente dentro da aproximação de densidade local de spin para obter a estrutura eletrônica do fio quântico e (ii) o formalismo de Landauer-Büttiker para calcular a condutância do fio no regime de resposta linear. Em nosso modelo, a anomalia e os análogos 0.7 aparecem devido a transições ferromagnéticas que rearranjam de forma abrupta os modos transversais do fio quântico próximos ao nível de Fermi. Nossos resultados teóricos apresentam boa concordância com os dados de Graham et al. / At low temperatures the conductance of a quantum wires exhibits plateaus at integer multiples of 2e2/h due to the quantization of the transverse modes [van Wees et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 848 (1988) & Wharam et al. J. Phys. C: solid state phys. 21, L209 (1988)]. This conductance behavior is understood within an independent particles model. In 1996 Thomas et al.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 135 (1996)] showed experimentally that when only one transverse mode is occupied, the conductance displays an additional plateau at 0.7 X 2e2/h the so-called 0.7 anomaly. Further experiments have shown that in the presence of high in-plane magnetic fields, similar structures also appear in the conductance near the crossings of spin-split transverse modes [Graham et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 136404 (2003)]. These so-called 0.7 analogs, due to their similarity to the 0.7 anomaly, are usually related to either anti-crossings or magnetic phase transitions. Motivated by the quantitative agreement with experiments of a previous theoretical work on magnetotransport in 2DEGs and quantum Hall ferromagnetic phase transitions via the Spin Density Functional Theory (SDFT) [Freire and Egues, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 026801 (2007) & Ferreira et al. Phys. Stat. Sol. (c) 3, 4364 (2006)], here we propose a similar model to investigate the magnetoconductance of interacting quantum wires. We use (i) the SDFT via the Kohn-Sham self-consistent scheme within the local spin density approximation to obtain the quantum wire electronic structure and (ii) the Landauer-Büttiker formalism to calculate the conductance of a quantum wire in the linear response regime. Our results show good agreement with the data of Graham et al.

Nanotubos de carbono e polímeros condutores são fortes candidatos à miniaturização dos componentes eletrônicos disponíveis atualmente. Estudos teóricos afirmaram que 1/3 dos nanotubos seriam metálicos, enquanto que os outros seriam semicondutores, mas alguns grupos reportaram medidas experimentais evidenciando um pequeno gap eletrônico em tubos considerados metálicos. Protótipos de transístores compostos de nanotubos e moléculas orgânicas conjugadas foram propostos e foi observado que o recobrimento dos tubos por moléculas de pentaceno tornava os dispositivos menos suscetíveis à deposição de impurezas, o que diminuía a histerese na curva característica i x V, ao mesmo tempo que a formação de cristais de pentaceno era favorecida. Neste trabalho estudamos a estrutura eletrônica dos nanotubos (5,5) e (9,0) través de DFT e observamos presença de um gap nesses sistemas, assim como uma deformação de suas estruturas de ligações químicas, evidenciando a distorção de Peierls. O efeito do termo de troca de Hartree-Fock introduzido no funcional B3LYP foi avaliado variando-se seu peso e observando as propriedades destes sistemas. Em uma segunda etapa, utilizamos mecânica molecular e dinâmica molecular clássica com o campo de forças CVFF 950 e observamos a formação de estruturas de pentaceno em volta dos tubos, evidenciando o favorecimento da formação de cristais do mesmo quando depositado sobre os nanotubos. / Carbon Nanotubes and conducting polymers are strong candidates for use in nanoscale electronic devices. Theoretical studies claimed that 1/3 of the nanotubes are metallic, while the others are semiconductors, but some groups have reported experimental measurements of a small electronic gap in tubes considered metallic. Prototype transistors made of nanotubes and organic conjugated molecules were proposed and it has been noticed that the coverage of the tubes by pentacene molecules made those trasistors less susceptible to impurity deposition, reducing the hysteresis in the characteristic I x V curve, while the formation of pentacene cristals was favored. In this work, we studied the electronic structure of the nanotubes (5,5) and (9,0) using DFT and noticed an electronic gap in those systems, as well as a deformation of their structures, similar to a Peierls distortion. The effect of the Hartree-Fock exchange included in the B3LYP functional was studied, as we varied its weight to obtain some properties of those systems. Later, we used molecular mechanics and classical molecular dynamics with the CVFF 950 force field and obtained structures compatible with pentacene crystals around the tubes, showing that the tubes in fact favor the formation of of these structures around them.

A química computacional apresenta a grande vantagem de prover informações fundamentais para espécies moleculares propostas, antes mesmo de sua síntese em laboratório. A Teoria do Funcional da Densidade é bastante utilizada nesta área, produzindo resultados satisfatórios para um grande número de propriedades e sistemas, mas com uma menor demanda por recursos computacionais que métodos mais avançados. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de funcionais que incluem efeitos relativísticos ainda se encontra num estágio inicial. Em geral, tais efeitos são importantes em compostos de átomos pesados, embora devam ser considerados também em sistemas com átomos mais leves se a propriedade em estudo for particularmente sensível, como é o caso do gradiente de campo elétrico na posição de núcleos em moléculas. Assim, na primeira etapa desta dissertação foi avaliado o desempenho de funcionais comuns de troca-correlação não relativísticos, quando utilizados em conjunto com o formalismo de quatro componentes (tratamento relativístico), no estudo dos gradientes de campo elétrico em núcleos de átomos (índio, antimônio, iodo, lutécio e háfnio) constituindo moléculas diatômicas. Foram investigados funcionais baseados nas aproximações da densidade local e do gradiente generalizado, funcionais híbridos e que incluem correções em termos da atenuação com a distância. Nossos resultados, que estão em acordo com observações da literatura, ressaltam o melhor desempenho de funcionais híbridos e com correções de atenuação para esta propriedade e demonstram a importância do uso do método indireto. Posteriormente, foi feita uma nova parametrização de alguns dos melhores funcionais não relativísticos selecionados na etapa anterior (B3LYP, PBE0 e CAM-B3LYP), dentro do formalismo de quatro componentes, para uso no cálculo destes mesmos gradientes num grupo teste de átomos (cobre, iodo, lantânio e ouro) em moléculas lineares. Nestes casos, os funcionais modificados propostos tiveram um bom desempenho geral e foram particularmente bem sucedidos para cobre e ouro. Finalmente, é possível destacar o funcional híbrido PBE0 e sua modificação, proposta neste estudo, por conta de seu desempenho excelente, tanto para os metais como para os demais elementos que tiveram seus EFGs investigados aqui. / The computational chemistry has the great advantage of providing fundamental information for proposed molecular species even before their synthesis in laboratory. The Density Functional Theory is widely used in this area, producing satisfactory results for a large number of properties and systems, but with a lower demand for computational resources than that of more advanced methods. However, the development of functionals that include relativistic effects is still at an early stage. In general, these effects are important in compounds containing heavy elements, but they must also be considered in systems of lighter atoms if the studied property was particularly sensitive, as occurs for the electric field gradient at the position of nuclei in molecules. Thus, the first step of this dissertation was to evaluate the performance of common non-relativistic exchange-correlation functionals when used in conjunction with the four component formalism (relativistic treatment) in the study of electric field gradients at the nuclei of atoms (indium, antimony, iodine, lutetium and hafnium) forming diatomic molecules. Functionals based on the local density approximation and generalized gradient approximation, hybrid functionals and the ones that include attenuation corrections were investigated. Our results, which are in agreement with observations in the literature, highlight the best performance of hybrid functionals and attenuation corrections for this property and demonstrate the importance of using the indirect approach. Subsequently, there was a new parameterization of some of the best non-relativistic functionals selected in the previous step (B3LYP, PBE0 and CAM - B3LYP) within the four component formalism for calculations of these same gradients in a trial group of atoms (copper, iodine, lanthanum and gold) into linear molecules. In these cases, the modified functionals proposed had a satisfactory overall performance and were particularly successful for copper and gold. Finally, it is possible to mention the excellent performance of the hybrid functional PBE0 and its modification proposed in this study for both metals and the other elements that had their EFGs investigated here.

Le potentiel des nanoparticules d'or (AuNPs) pour améliorer l’efficacité de la radiothérapie est démontré par de nombreuses études expérimentales in vivo et in vitro. Ces particules métalliques augmentent significativement l’effet de la radiosensibilisation. La réaction en jeu est la radiolyse de l’eau: une fois excitées par un rayon X, elles génèrent des espèces réactives oxygénées qui amplifient les dégâts d’ADN et mènent à une plus grande destruction des cellules cancéreuses. Cependant, pour une efficacité thérapeutique plus optimale, plusieurs propriétés des AuNPs doivent être prises en compte lors de la synthèse comme leur taille, leur forme et leur surface qui sont suspectibles d’influencer ses effets catalytiques dans l’environnement biologique (majoritairement de liquide d’eau). Ces aspects structuraux ne sont pas encore examinés dans l’état de l’art, ni expérimentalement ni théoriquement. Ce travail de thèse a pour but de rationaliser la stabilité de AuNPs dans un environnement chimique ou biologique avant l’irradiation par des outils de modélisation théorique. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la stabilité des AuNPs dans la gamme de 1- 3.4 nm. Nous étudions ensuite le comportement de ces nanoparticules dans un environnement biologique (hydratation) et chimique modèle (PEGylation), et la combinaison des deux environnements. Quand les nanoclusters de 0.9-1.8 nm sont en interaction avec une couche de molécules d’eau à saturation, nous avons montré qu’il y a une transformation de NPs métastables (dans le vide) telles que l'ino-décaèdre en NPs métastables plus favorables telles que l'icosaèdre. Alors qu’en présence d’une couche de ligands PEG, la liaison forte Au-S et les liaisons hydrogène entre les ligands entraînent une déformation significative de la morphologie de la nanoparticule, à savoir une stellation du décaèdre Au54. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que les ligands PEG promeuvent le confinement de quelques molécules d’eau à proximité des AuNPs. Nos conclusions ouvrent des perspectives intéressantes pour la modélisation théorique de la radiolyse de l’eau. Parallèlement à ces études, nous nous sommes intéressés à la caractérisation de différents types de lésions d’ADN. Deux projets ont été menés: premièrement, nous démontrons l’interaction d’un peptide trilysine avec un oligonucléotide qui pourrait conduire à la formation de pontage d’ADN-polyamine. Ensuite, le deuxième projet porte sur la rationalisation de différents taux de réparation de dimères de cyclobutanemathide iochella pyrimidine en présence de l’enzyme de reconnaissance DDB2 à l’échelle atomique. / The potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to improve the performance of radiotherapy is demonstrated by numerous in vivo and in vitro experimental studies. These metallic particles increase significantly the radiosensitization effect. Upon water radiolysis, AuNPs generate reactive oxygen species that amplify DNA damage and lead to a greater destruction of cancerous cells. Nevertheless, for a more optimal therapeutic efficacy, several properties of AuNPs must be taken into account during the synthesis, such as their size, shape and surface which can tune their catalytic effects in the biological environment (mainly liquid water). These structural aspects are not yet examined in the state-of-the-art, either experimentally or theoretically. This thesis aims to rationalize the stability of AuNPs in the presence of chemical or biological environment before irradiation by using theoretical approaches. Firstly, we have modeled the stability of AuNPs in the range 1- 3.4 nm. We have then studied the behavior of these nanoparticles in a biological (hydration) and chemical (PEGylation) model environment, and the combination of the two environments. When 0.9-1.8 nm nanoclusters interact with a complete shell of water molecules, we have shown that metastable ino-decahedrons (in vacuum) are transformed into more favourable metastable icosahedrons. While in the presence of monoshell of PEG ligands, the strong Au-S bond and the hydrogen bonds between the ligands induce a significant deformation on the nanoparticle morphology, i.e. stellation of the Au54 decahedron. In addition, we have shown that PEG ligands promote the confinement of a few water molecules in the vicinity of AuNPs. Our conclusions open interesting perspectives for the theoretical modeling of water radiolysis. In parallel with these studies, we have focused on the characterization of different types of DNA lesions. Two projects have been performed: firstly, we have studied the interaction of a trilysine peptide with an oligonucleotide which could lead to the formation of DNA-polyamine cross link. Then, the second project focuses on rationalizing different repair rates of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the presence of the DDB2 recognition enzyme at the atomic scale.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions deux aspects de la dynamique d'impuretés atomiques interagissant avec des nanogouttes d'hélium superfluide (He) : la photo-excitation d'alcalins sur une nanogoutte et le dopage de nanogouttes contenant des tourbillons (vortex) quantiques avec des atomes de gaz rares. Nous utilisons la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité d'hélium ainsi que sa version dépendante du temps pour en faire la description théorique. Le premier aspect a été effectué dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec des expérimentateurs sur la photo-excitation du rubidium (Rb). Les alcalins sont une sonde très intéressante des gouttelettes d'hélium car ils résident dans leur zone de surface, où il a été prédit qu'un taux de condensation de Bose-Einstein de 100% était possible en raison d'une densité inférieure à celle de l'hélium superfluide. Nos simulations montrent que les états excités 5p et 6p désorbent à des échelles de temps très différentes, séparées par 2 ordres de grandeur (~100 ps et ~1 ps pour 5p et 6p respectivement). Ces résultats sont en accord avec ceux de l'expérience pompe-sonde à l'échelle femtoseconde qui a étudié la photodesorption d'atomes de Rb. Cependant, dans nos simulations, l'excitation vers 5pPi_{3/2} aboutit à un exciplexe RbHe lié à la surface, contrairement à l'expérience où RbHe est éjecté. L'introduction de la relaxation de spin de Pi_{3/2} à Pi_{1/2} nous a permis de résoudre ce désaccord, l'exciplexe RbHe ayant alors assez d'énergie pour désorber. Le deuxième aspect concerne une investigation purement théorique inspirée par les travaux récents de Gomez et Vilesov et al., où les tourbillons quantiques étaient visualisés en dopant les nanogouttes d'hélium avec des atomes d'argent, puis en les faisant atterrir en douceur (soft landing) sur un écran de carbone. Les images au microscope électronique montrent de longs filaments d'agrégats d'atomes d'argent qui s'étaient accumulés le long des coeurs des vortex. La formation de réseaux de tourbillons quantiques à l'intérieur de nanogoutelettes dopées par du xénon est également mise en évidence par diffraction de rayons X qui montrent des pics de Bragg caractéristiques d'agrégats de xénon piégés dans les coeurs des vortex. Nous avons d'abord étudié des collisions frontales entre un atome de xénon, héliophile, et une nanogoutte de 1000 héliums, et comparé les résultats à ceux d'une étude précédente sur le même processus avec le césium (Cs), qui est héliophobe. Dans le cas de Xe une «boule de neige» se forme autour de lui quand il entre dans la nanogoutte, et il lui faut beaucoup plus d'énergie qu'au Cs pour qu'il puisse en ressortir. Quand il le fait, il emporte des héliums avec lui, contrairement au Cs. Nous avons ensuite simulé des collisions entre Ar/Xe et des nanogouttes d'hélium superfluides pour différentes vitesses initiales et paramètres d'impact afin de déterminer leur section efficace de capture. Ces simulations ont ensuite été répétées pour des gouttelettes hébergeant un vortex quantique. On observe que l'impact des impuretés induit de grandes déformations de flexion et de torsion de la ligne de vortex, allant jusqu'à la génération d'ondes de Kelvin hélicoïdales qui se propagent le long du coeur du vortex. Ar/Xe est bien finalement capturé par le vortex, mais pas dans son coeur. Nous avons également découvert que l'existence d'un réseau de 6 lignes de vortex dont les noyaux sont remplis d'atomes d'Ar donne une rigidité accrue à la nanogoutte qui permet de stabiliser le système nano-goutte + vortex même à de faibles vitesses angulaires. Nos simulations impliquant des nanogouttes d'hélium comportant des tourbillons quantiques ouvrent la voie à d'autres investigations sur des nanogouttes hébergeant un ensemble de vortex, en collision avec de multiples impuretés. / In this thesis we investigate two aspects of the dynamics of atomic impurities interacting with superfluid helium (He) nanodroplets, namely the photo-excitation of alkalis on a nanodroplet and the doping process of nanodroplets hosting quantised vortices with noble gas atoms. For the theoretical investigations we use He density functional theory and its time-dependent version. The first aspect involves a joint experimental and theoretical collaboration that focusses on the photo-excitation of the alkali rubidium (Rb). Alkalis are a very interesting probe of He droplets since they reside in their surface region, where it has been argued that almost 100% Bose-Einstein condensation could be achieved due to a density that is lower than in bulk superfluid He. In our simulations we find that states excited to the 5p and 6p manifold desorb at very different timescales, separated by 2 orders of magnitude (~100 ps and ~1 ps for 5p and 6p respectively). This is in good agreement with experimental results where the desorption behaviour of photo-excited Rb atoms is determined using a femtosecond pump-probe scheme. However, in our simulations excitation to the 5pPi_{3/2}-state results in a surface-bound RbHe exciplex, contrary to the experimental case where the RbHe exciplex desorbs from the droplets surface. Introducing spin-relaxation from Pi_{3/2} to Pi_{1/2} into the simulations, the RbHe exciplex is able to desorb from the droplet's surface, which resolves this contradiction. The second aspect concerns a purely theoretical investigation that is inspired by recent work of Gomez and Vilesov et al., where quantised vortices were visualised by doping He nanodroplets with silver atoms, subsequently "soft landing" them on a carbon screen. Electron-microscope images show long filaments of silver atom clusters that accumulated along the vortex cores. Also the formation of quantum-vortex lattices inside nanodroplets is evidenced by using X-ray diffractive imaging to visualise the characteristic Bragg patterns from xenon (Xe) clusters trapped inside the vortex cores. First, head-on collisions between heliophilic Xe and a He nanodroplet made of 1000 He atoms are studied. The results are then compared with the results of a previous study of an equivalent kinematic case with cesium (Cs), which is heliophobic. Xe acquires a "snowball" of He around itself when it traverses the droplet and much more kinetic energy is required before Xe is able to pierce the droplet completely. When it does, it takes away some He with it, contrary to the Cs case. Next, collisions between argon (Ar)/Xe and pristine superfluid He nanodroplets are performed for various initial velocities and impact parameters to determine the effective cross-section for capture. Finally, the simulations are then repeated for droplets hosting a single quantised vortex line. It is observed that the impact of the impurities induces large bending and twisting excitations of the vortex line, including the generation of helical Kelvin waves propagating along the vortex core. We conclude that Ar/Xe is captured by the quantised vortex line, although not in its core. Also we find that a He droplet, hosting a 6-vortex line array whose cores are filled with Ar atoms, results in added rigidity to the system which stabilises the droplets at low angular velocities. Our simulations involving droplets hosting quantum vortices open the way to further investigations on droplets hosting an array of vortices, involving multiple impurities.

Ein limitierender Faktor der Leitfähigkeit ist die Wechselwirkung der Ladungsträger mit polaren Phononenmoden; das resultierende Quasiteilchen wird als Polaron bezeichnet. Die Stärke der Elektron-Phonon (el-ph)-Wechselwirkung bestimmt die Stärke der Lokalisierung des Polarons, die z.B. die Charakteristik der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Mobliltät definiert. Wir fokussieren uns auf Metalloxide mit starker (el-ph)-Kopplung, bei der sich kleine Polaronen bilden. Die Dichtefunktionaltheorie wird häufig für zur Simulation von Polaronen verwendet. Jedoch treten hierbei zwei Schwierigkeiten auf: Die Sensitivität der berechneten Eigenschaften in Abhängigkeit der Fehler im Austausch-Korrelations (XC)-Funktional und der Effekt der endlichen Superzellgröße. Beide Probleme werden in dieser Arbeit untersucht. Die Polaroneneigenschaften werden auf einer modifizierten Potentialoberfläche (PES) berechnet. Durch Variierung des Anteils der exakten Austauschenergie im hybriden HSE-Funktional zeigen wir, dass das modifizierte PES-Modell deutlich die Abhängigkeit der Polaroneneigenschaften vom XC-Funktional reduziert. Basierend auf dem Potential der el-ph-Kopplung von Pekar leiten wir das korrekte elastische langreichweitige Verhalten des Polarons und darauf aufbauend eine Korrektur für den Fehler durch die endliche Superzellgröße her. Diese Erkenntnisse werden durch ausgiebige Tests an MgO und Rutil TiO2 überprüft. Die oben beschriebene Methode wird zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der Kristallstruktur auf die Bildung von Polaronen in Rutil und Anatas TiO2 und in der β- und κ-Phase von Ga2O3 angewendet. Während in Rutil nur kleine Elektronpolaronen stabil sind, finden wir in Anatas nur stabile Lochpolaronen. Hingegen existieren in beiden Phasen von Ga2O3 nur stabile Lochpolaronen, jedoch mit deutlich unterschiedlichen Bindungsenergien. Dadurch kann durch Verwendung unterschiedlicher Kristallstrukturen Eigenschaften wie Leitfähigkeit und Mobilität der Ladungsträger beeinflusst werden. / An important factor limiting the conductivity is the interaction of the charge carrier with polar phonon modes. Such a phonon-dressed charge carrier is called polaron. The strength of the electron-phonon (el-ph) interaction determines the localization of the polaron, which in turn e.g. defines its characteristic temperature dependence for the charge-carrier mobility. We focus on metal oxides with strong el-ph coupling, where small polarons are formed. Density-functional theory is often used for calculating properties of polarons. However, there are two challenges: sensitivity of the calculated properties to the errors in exchange-correlation (XC) treatment and finite-size effects in supercell calculations. In this work, we develop an approach that addresses both challenges. The polaron properties are obtained using a modified neutral potential-energy surface (PES). By changing the fraction of exact exchange in the hybrid HSE functional we show that the modified PES model significantly reduces the dependence of the polaron properties on the XC functional. Based on Pekar's potential for the long-range el-ph coupling, we derive the proper elastic long-range behavior of the polaron and a finite-size correction for the polaron properties. These findings are proofed by an extensively test for rock salt MgO and rutile TiO2. Finally, the approach is used to investigate the influence of the crystal structure on the polaron properties for rutile and anatase TiO2, as well as for the monoclinic β- and orthorhombic κ-phase of Ga2O3. While in rutile TiO2 only small electron polarons are stable, only small hole polarons are found in anatase. Further, small hole polarons exist in both Ga2O3 polymorphs but have significantly different binding energies. Thus, we conclude that growing crystals of the same material but with different structure can be used to manipulate conductivity and charge-carrier mobility.

Cocristais fármaco-fármaco envolvem a junção de dois ou mais insumos farmacêuticos ativos (IFAs), preservando seu caráter neutro e sem a necessidade de quebra ou formação de ligação covalente, mantendo desta maneira sua eficácia. Propriedades dos IFAs em estado sólido, como as interações entre grupos farmacofóricos e receptores, são determinadas pela polaridade dos grupos funcionais e potencial eletrostático assim como pelas interações intermoleculares, que por sua vez dependem das características eletrônicas e moleculares do arranjo tridimensional. Propriedades eletrônicas moleculares e sua relação com a topologia da densidade de carga eletrônica é parte dos estudos teóricos apresentados neste trabalho. Estes estudos envolvem cálculos da distribuição da densidade de carga eletrônica e sua topologia por meio da Teoria Quântica de Átomos em Moléculas AIM (do inglês, atoms in molecules) de Bader. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho apresentou cálculos teóricos da densidade de carga em um sistema periódico tridimensional, utilizando como modelo de partida os dados cristalográficos do cocristal fármaco-fármaco constituído da 5-Fluorocitosina (antimetabólito) e da Isoniazida (tuberculostático), nomeado por 5FC-INH. A função de onda deste sistema foi calculada por meio da teoria do funcional da densidade DFT (do inglês, density functional theory), com alguns níveis de teoria em conjunto com funções de base, utilizando o pacote de programas CRYSTAL14. A distribuição da densidade de carga, resultante destes cálculos, foi analisada por meio da AIM utilizando alguns descritores topológicos, como densidade de carga, Laplaciano da densidade de carga e a elipticidade nos pontos críticos das ligações de enlace covalentes e as interações intermoleculares da unidade assimétrica. Uma análise preliminar dos valores da densidade de carga eletrônica, calculada nos pontos críticos de ligação da 5FC-INH, permitiu selecionar o nível de teoria e conjunto de funções base que melhor reproduziu os dados experimentais, como sendo o B3LYP/6-311++G**. Os valores dos descritores, obtidos dos cálculos com este nível de teoria, foram comparados com os provenientes dos experimentos de difração de raios X de alta resolução e resultaram em boa concordância na descrição da topologia da densidade de carga eletrônica. Os descritores apresentaram valores muito próximos dos reportados na literatura para os grupos funcionais da 5-FC e da INH. Imagens dos mapas das trajetórias do gradiente e do Laplaciano da densidade de carga, dos caminhos de ligação e dos contornos das bacias atômicas, permitiram visualizar as regiões de depleção e acúmulo da densidade de carga. Por meio destas representações foi possível descrever as ligações de hidrogênio responsáveis pela estabilização do cocristal, as ligações químicas covalentes, as deformações das bacias atômicas que caracterizam as polarizações e os mapas do Laplaciano que permitem observar os pares solitários de elétrons, como dos átomos de flúor, oxigênio e nitrogênio. / Drug-drug cocrystals involve the formation of crystals of two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) preserving their original chemical characteristics since no breakage or formation of covalent bonds is observed, thus maintaining their effectiveness. APIs solid state properties, such as pharmacophoric and receptor group interactions are determined by the polarity of functional groups, electrostatic potential and potential intermolecular interactions, which in turn depend on the electronic and molecular characteristics of the three-dimensional arrangement. Molecular electron properties and their relationship with charge density topology is part of the theoretical studies presented in this dissertation. These studies involve electron charge density distribution calculations and their topology through the Bader’s quantum theory of atoms in molecules (AIM). To that aim, the present work presents theoretical calculations of the charge density in a three-dimensional periodic system, using crystallographic data of the drug-drug cocrystal involving the antimetabolite prodrug 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) and the tuberculostatic drug Isoniazid (INH), namely, 5FC-INH, as a starting model. The wave function of this system was calculated through density functional theory (DFT), with some levels of theory together with an adequate basis set, using the CRYSTAL14 program package. The charge density distribution resulting from these calculations was analyzed for the asymmetric unit using the AIM model where topological descriptors such as charge density, charge density Laplacian and ellipticity at bond critical points (for covalent bonds and intermolecular interactions). A preliminary analysis of the electronic charge density values, calculated at the bond critical points of 5FC-INH, allowed us to select the level of theory and basis set that best reproduced the experimental data, in this case B3LYP/6-311++G**. The values of the descriptors obtained from the calculations with this level of theory were compared with those obtained from the high resolution X-ray diffraction experiments and resulted in good agreement in the description of the topology of the electronic charge density. The descriptors presented values are very close to those reported in the literature for the functional groups in the 5-FC and INH molecules. Images of the maps of the gradient trajectory and Laplacian of charge density, bond paths and atomic basins contours, allowed visualizing the regions of depletion and accumulation of charge density. Through these representations it was possible to describe the hydrogen bonds responsible for the stabilization of the cocrystal, the covalent chemical bonds and the deformations of the atomic basins that characterize the polarizations and the maps of the Laplacian that allow to observe the pairs of isolated electrons, such as those in fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen atoms.