Na Amazônia, as políticas de destinação de terras públicas constroem-se a partir de aparelhamentos jurídicos que, comumente, sinalizam a situações bastante alheias aos camponeses e outras populações que ocupam a região. Historicamente, tais políticas tendem a se delinear em favor da construção das condições formais para a apropriação privada da terra pelo grande capital. Por outro lado, apresentam pouca e algumas vezes nenhuma vocação para dar conta da diversidade social e cultural das ocupações camponesas. O atuar desse aparelho jurídico e político, entretanto, não é linear, mas produtor de movimentos contraditórios, abrindo condições para recriação e reprodução das possibilidades de acesso à terra a posseiros, quilombolas, ribeirinhos, varjeiros, beiradeiros e diversos outros grupos da floresta. Esta pesquisa trata essencialmente dos caminhos e descaminhos das políticas de destinação de terras públicas na Amazônia, em especial, no oeste paraense. Pretende entender os processos que as engendram, suas diversas modalidades e suas contradições inerentes. Especial atenção é dada à prática ainda em voga de se entregar terra e recursos ao capital sob discursos sociais. Mais precisamente, ao estudo de como, pela implementação abrupta de uma gigantesca área de assentamentos de reforma agrária, serviuse, não aos clientes da reforma agrária, mas a madeireiros, grileiros e à fabricação de números fictícios para os índices de famílias assentadas. / Policies related to the destination of public lands in Amazonia are built upon judicial instruments that often derive from situations far removed from those lived by peasants and other populations who occupy the region. Historically such policies have tended to be shaped in favour of the construction of formal conditions that enable private appropriation of land by large-scale capital. On the other hand, these policies offer little and in some cases, no inclination to do justice to the social and cultural diversity of peasant occupations. Nonetheless, the actions by this judicial and political apparatus are not linear; rather they have produced contradictory movements, creating conditions which foster the re-creation and reproduction of possibilities of access to land by occupants who do not hold titles, descendants of runaway slaves, riverine dwellers, floodplain dwellers, riverbank dwellers and several other forest groups. This research essentially considers the ebbs and flows involved in the politics of public land destination in Amazonia, with a focus on the western portion of the state of Pará in the Brazilian Amazon. It aims to understand the processes that engendered them, their diverse modalities and inherent contradictions. Particular attention is paid to the still current practice of handing over land and resources to large-scale capital under the guise of social discourse. Specifically, a study has been conducted on how the abrupt establishment of an immense area destined for land reform settlements benefitted loggers and land grabbers and produced falsified lists of settled families, instead of real land reform clients.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Vinicius Sayeg Egydio De Oliveira.pdf: 558780 bytes, checksum: 3ca998c4582797a24e940ce4f7277d82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-05 / This thesis has as its main objective the clarification of the destination of revenues obtained by the Federal Government imposed as consequence of international trade disputes as well as the discussion on whether the delivery of any such revenues to the industries could be considered as an illegal subsidy by the other participants of the international trade regime / Esta tese tem como principal objetivo a clarificação do destino das receitas obtidas pelo Governo Federal instituída como conseqüência de conflitos comerciais internacionais, bem como a discussão sobre se a entrega de qualquer dessas receitas para as indústrias poderia ser considerada uma subvenção ilegal pelos outros participantes do regime de comércio internacional

O mercado de turismo está em plena expansão no mundo globalizado, diversificado mercadologicamente e competitivo internacionalmente, com um crescimento acelerado previsto para esta nova década. A consideração da marca-país, como sendo a percepção da imagem e as associações da marca de uma nação - vista pelos estrangeiros, é um aspecto frequentemente presente, seja no panorama econômico, político, social, acadêmico, na moda, no esporte, no cinema e, finalmente no turismo. Neste contexto multidimensional, o Brasil necessita de estudos sobre seu próprio conceito de país de origem e, principalmente, o fortalecimento de sua identidade de marca. Com a revisão da literatura obtida, verifica-se que há poucos trabalhos sobre a Marca Brasil, focados no incentivo aos negócios e, principalmente, para o turismo em um país alvo. Sendo assim, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi analisar a identidade da Marca Brasil com base na convergência entre as estratégias de comunicação definidas para a Marca Brasil pela Embratur no setor de turismo com as efetivamente utilizadas pelas agências de turismo nos Estados Unidos da América; país escolhido por estar em segundo lugar nos gastos com turismo no mundo e como segundo maior emissor de turistas ao Brasil nos últimos sete anos, com decréscimo gradual anualmente. A pesquisa foi qualitativa e exploratória a partir da revisão da literatura, de entrevistas em profundidade, primeiramente com a Embratur, seguido de vinte agências/operadoras de turismo norte-americanas, e finalmente, com quatro especialistas. Com base nos dados qualitativos coletados, então, foi elaborada a análise de conteúdo através da triangulação. Como tema original, a pesquisa abordou a transposição do conceito de identidade de marca para uma marca-país, especificamente, a Marca Brasil, tangenciando a área de marketing internacional em busca de posicionar o Brasil como um destino turístico competitivo. A partir de quatro proposições definidas e analisadas, conclui-se que a Marca Brasil apresenta relações incompletas e divergências conceituais com a teoria, cujo conceito firma-se que a identidade da marca é a visão estratégica da marca, entendimento distorcido teoricamente pela Embratur e não experimentado nas respostas dos entrevistados. Portanto, a identidade central da marca Brasil que deveria ser a alma da marca corresponde parcialmente à desejada pela Embratur, trazendo apenas a diversidade como característica. Além disso, nota-se que a identidade expandida, cujos elementos dimensionais da identidade da marca são organizados em quatro perspectivas, não proporcionaram textura e integridade da marca Brasil. No entanto, a Marca Brasil proporciona associações com a representação visual per se, com temas presentes na cultura brasileira, dos destinos turísticos, produtos e serviços, e ainda, por meio da mídia. Sendo assim, uma das principais contribuições desta investigação é dar continuidade às pesquisas sobre a gestão de marca de países, especificamente da Marca Brasil, tanto para ações de estratégias, em diversos setores da economia, para o posicionamento, para a comunicação ou para a ascensão no mercado internacional. Cada experiência com a Marca Brasil em contextos diversos proporciona associações com a reputação e a imagem do país. / The tourism market is booming in the globalized, diversified and internationally competitive business market, with rapid growth expected for this decade. Considering that the country brand is the image and perception of the brand associations of a nation as seen by foreigners, it is often found in the following spheres: economic, political, social, academic, fashion, sport, movies, and finally, in tourism. In this multidimensional context, Brazil requires studies on its own concept of country of origin, and especially, strengthening its brand identity. According to literature, it appears that there are few studies about the Brazil´s Country Brand focused on encouraging businesses and specifically for tourism in a target country. Therefore, this study was developed to analyze the Brazil Brand identity based on the convergence of communication strategies defined by Embratur for the tourism sector with those effectively used by travel agencies in the United States of America. The United States of America were chosen because it is the second-highest spender on tourism worldwide, and it was the second-highest sender of tourists to Brazil in the last seven years, with a gradual decrease since. This research was qualitative and exploratory, based on the literature review and in-depth interviews with three samples: Embratur, twenty agencies/tour operators in North America and a group of three experts. Based on the qualitative data collected, the content analysis was performed by triangulation. Regarding its original theme, the research focuses on the implementation of the concept of brand identity for a country brand, specifically, the Brazil Brand, slightly overlapping the field of international marketing in order to promote Brazil as an attractive tourist destination. After four defined and analyzed propositions, the conclusion is that Brazil has an incomplete brand relationship and conceptual differences with the theory, whose concept states that brand identity should be settled on the strategic vision of the brand. Embratur understands a theoretically-distorted version, which was not experienced in the respondents\' answers. Therefore, the central identity of the Brazil Brand, which should be the soul of the brand, corresponds only partially to the image desired by Embratur, featuring only the diversity attribute. Furthermore, the expanded identity, whose dimensional elements of the brand identity are organized into four perspectives, provided no texture or integrity to Brazil´s Country Brand. However, Brazil´s brand provides associations with the visual representation itself, with characteristics from the Brazilian culture, tourist destinations, products, services, and the media. In this way, one of the contribution of this investigation is to move forward to research lines about country branding, specifically about Brazil Brand; regarding not only strategies actions in special economy sectors, for its positioning, for its communication and for its growth in the international market. Each experience with Brazil Brand, throughout diversified contacts offers associations with Brazil´s both reputation and image.

Essa dissertação analisa a questão dos resíduos sólidos na região metropolitana de São Paulo. O estudo parte de uma recomposição histórica dos serviços de limpeza pública e das características das diversas soluções para o destino final do lixo. Em seguida, realizamos uma extensa pesquisa empírica junto às administrações municipais, de forma a levantar a situação dos serviços de coleta e especialmente das soluções de destino final. A pesquisa mostra uma crescente dificuldade na definição de novas áreas para destino final pelas restrições espaciais para esse uso, considerando-se o processo de urbanização. A investigação aponta como possível caminho para a solução de tal impasse, a gestão integrada para a operação de áreas de destino final comum para vários municípios. / This work analyzes the issue of solid waste in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The study is based on a historical reward from public cleaning services and the characteristics of the various solutions to the final destination of waste. After that, we carried out an extensive empirical research with the municipal administrations, in order to know the situation of the collection services and especially the solutions of final disposal. The survey shows a growing difficulty to defining areas for final disposal by spatial constraints for such use, according to urbanization process. The research points out as a solution of this deadlock, an integrated management for operation of final disposal common area for several municipalities.

The aim of this thesis is to examine women's educational attainment and social mobility in contemporary South Korea. This study seeks to answer to the following key research questions: 1) how much parents' characteristics such as occupational status and educational attainment, are important to their children's education and class; 2) the roles of educational qualification to occupational attainment in contemporary South Korea; 3) whether South Korea has become a more equal society with improved mobility chances for people of different social origins; and, 4) if there is a general pattern of social mobility and social fluidity in South Korea, how it is related to the change in the occupational positions of women. This research uses the Korean Labour and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) from 1998 to look at the changing relationship between social origin, education, and destination and what it indicates the role of education in the social mobility in Korea. The following tools are used for the analysis: I adopt Goldthorpe's class schema and CASMIN scales of educational qualifications. I then separately look at the association for men and women separately. Various statistical methods are subsequently employed to explore the substantive research questions: I use descriptive analysis for changes of Korea's educational attainment and look at absolute rates of mobility. Disparity ratios and odds ratios are used for describing the relative patterns and chances of educational attainment and mobility and regression model are used for analysing the impact of a range of factors on educational attainment and class destination. Finally, I draw on log-linear and log-multiplicative analysis for the trends in relative mobility and social fluidity. I find that access to education is still influenced by social background. Although the disparities between men and women become narrower across cohort, class and gender differentials in general educational attainment still apply to South Korea. Regarding the relative mobility rates, the results from disparity ratios show that the social class and gender differentials in class mobility still exist and the results of odds ratios confirm that social origin has a significant effect on children's social class destination. Looking at the origin-education (OE) association, class differences are still considerable and the relationship between class origins and educational attainment remains. Turning to the association between educational attainment and occupational destination (ED), qualifications continue to play a critical role in entry into the labour market remains, but there is no evidence that the association between education and destination has strengthened over time. Looking at the direct association between origins and destination (OD), the evidence shows the continuing association of origins on destinations. Regression analysis shows that the origin class effects upon educational attainment and occupational destinations were not dramatically decreased, but there were significant changes for women but not for men. The findings from the log-linear and log-multiplicative analysis suggest that there is trendless fluctuation and a stronger link between education and destination for women than for men.

Droit de propriété et liberté contractuelle fondent le droit pour tout propriétaire de choisir la personne à laquelle il souhaite, le cas échéant, vendre son bien. Il est pourtant des hypothèses où le législateur a accordé d’autorité à certaines personnes un droit de préemption qui leur permet d’être préférées à d’autres lors de la conclusion du contrat de vente. Cela étant, le droit de préemption demeure une institution mal connue et discutée. En effet, le législateur a institué de très nombreux droits de préemption en fonction de ses ambitions politiques, en dotant chacun d’eux d’un régime juridique spécifique. Le fait qu’il ne se soit guère préoccupé de conférer une quelconque cohérence à cet ensemble génère de nombreux conflits entre droits de préemption ou entre un droit de préemption et une autre institution juridique. Par ailleurs, l’intérêt général qui justifie le droit de préemption et exige que le domaine de celui-ci soit cantonné au strict nécessaire ainsi que l’octroi de garanties aux personnes concernées, ne dissuade pas le législateur de renforcer constamment l’emprise de cette institution. Ces données, qui illustrent les finalités du droit de préemption, influencent nécessairement la notion. Elles conduisent en effet à considérer que la prestation attendue du vendeur, à savoir proposer par priorité l’acquisition de son bien au bénéficiaire, constitue l’essence du droit de préemption. Le régime et l’effectivité de tous les droits de préemption reposent sur cette prestation. Il est alors possible de suggérer une nouvelle définition du droit de préemption et d’établir sa nature juridique à partir du droit des biens. Deux critères de délimitation du droit de préemption peuvent également être proposés, le premier reposant sur sa source légale, le second résultant de la détermination du moment de son intervention, ce qui n’est pas sans conséquence pratique. / Property right (jus proprietatis) and contractual freedom establish the right for every owner to choose the person to whom he may wish to sell his property. There are nevertheless hypotheses where the legislator granted to some persons, by his own authority, a right of pre-emption which allows them to be preferred to others when concluding the sale contract. Right of preemption remains, however, a badly known and controversial institution, as the legislator established a very great quantity of rights of preemption, according to his political ambitions, and endowed each of these rights of a specific legal regime. The fact that he hardly worried to confer on them any coherence generates many conflicts between rights of preemption, or between a right of preemption and another legal institution. Besides, general interest, which justifies right of preemption and requires that its domain be limited to strict minimum as well as the guarantees granted to the concerned persons, does not dissuade the legislator to strengthen constantly the influence of this institution. These data, which illustrate the purposes of right of preemption, do inevitably influence its notion : indeed, they lead to consider that the service expected from the seller, which is to propose by priority the acquisition of his property to the beneficiary, is constituting the basis of right of preemption. The regime and the effectiveness of all the rights of preemption are based upon that service. It becomes then possible to suggest a new definition of right of preemption and to establish its legal nature from property right. Two criteria of delimitation of right of preemption can be also proposed, the first one resting on its legal source, the second resulting from the determination of the moment of its intervention, which is not without practical consequence.

Apresenta-se um procedimento para estimativa da matriz origem-destino (O/D) a partir de um modelo de escolha discreta em combinação com uma matriz O/D de transporte público, a qual pode ser estimada de maneira relativamente fácil e rápida. O modelo de escolha discreta utilizado para realizar a divisão modal é o modelo logit multinomial. A calibração do modelo logit é realizada com base em 505 observações e considerando três situações: a população de viajantes sem segmentação, com segmentação segundo posse de automóvel no domicílio, e com segmentação segundo a distância de viagem. Analisa-se a precisão da estimativa do número de viagens quando as zonas de controle que formam a área de estudo são divididas segundo o critério de distância de acesso às linhas de ônibus. Na verificação realizada são empregados dados obtidos da pesquisa domiciliar realizada na cidade de Bauru, SP. Os erros cometidos na estimativa são medidos e comparados com os resultados obtidos na pesquisa domiciliar sem expansão. O trabalho demostrou experimentalmente que o procedimento proposto é uma alternativa viável para se obter a distribuição de viagens e, portanto, para determinar a matriz O/D. / A procedure is presented for estimating an origin-destination (O/D) matrix using a discrete choice model jointly with a public transport O/D matrix; the latter being relatively easy and fast to obtain. A multinomial logit discrete choice model is used to determine the mode split of travelers among several available modes. The model is estimated using a sample of 505 observations chosen from a household 0/D survey in the city of Bauru, state of Sao Paulo. This survey is used throughout to verify the results of the proposed methodology. Three different models are considered: one without segmentation of the population, one with segmentation according to car ownership and one with segmentation according to travel distance. An examination is made of the changes on the level of precision of the number of trips estimated with the division of the control zones that conform the study area; the aforementioned division was carried out on the basis of an access distance to the bus network criterion. The estimation errors are measured and compared to the unexpanded O/D survey results. The research shows empirically that the proposed procedure can be used to obtain the distribution of trips and hence to determine an aggregate O/D matrix.

Past focus in the panel gravity literature has been on multidimensional fixed effects specifications in an effort to accommodate heterogeneity. After introducing conventional multidimensional fixed effects, we find evidence of cross-sectional dependence in flows. We propose a simultaneous dependence gravity model that allows for network dependence in flows, along with computationally efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimation methods that produce a Monte Carlo integration estimate of log-marginal likelihood useful for model comparison. Application of the model to a panel of trade flows points to network spillover effects, suggesting the presence of network dependence and biased estimates from conventional trade flow specifications. The most important sources of network dependence were found to be membership in trade organizations, historical colonial ties, common currency and spatial proximity of countries. / Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

Sammanfattning Titel: Kärlek till anime – en tillräcklig reseorsak? En kvalitativ studie om anime-fans motiv till att besöka anime-destinationer Författare: Linda Smedberg Handledare: Jasmina Beharic Examinator: Hans Wessblad Ämne: Turismvetenskap III, examensarbete (kandidat) 15 HP, HT 18 Datum: 14/1–2019   Syfte och forskningsfråga Syftet med denna uppsats är att ge en förståelse till vilka resemotiv anime-fans har för att besöka en anime-destination. Uppsatsen förklarar vilka dessa resemotiv är. Således ställdes forskningsfrågan:   Vad motiverar anime-fans att besöka en destination som använts i en japansk animerad serie?   Metod Uppsatsen utgår utifrån en kvalitativ metod och följer en deduktiv ansats. Vilket betyder att teorier presenteras som sedan mynnar ut i en analys av mitt empiriska material. Vilket är grundat i en kvalitativ, webb-baserad enkätundersökning.   Resultat Studiens resultat visar att anime-fans besöker anime-destinationer av flera olika orsaker. Alla dessa är grundade i en förkärlek till anime-kulturen. Resultaten visar också att anime-landskap samt turisternas identitet kan forma och påverka deras resemotiv. / Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to create an understanding of what motivates anime fans to visit an anime destination. This thesis aims to enlighten the reader to what these motives are by trying to answer the question: What motivates anime fans to visit a destination that has been used in a Japanese animated series?   The method used is a qualitative one and the thesis follows a deductive approach. Which means that theoretical theories were first presented. These were then tested in an analysis of my empirical material. The empirical data was collected from a qualitative web-based survey.     The study’s results show that the primary reasons anime fans visit an anime destination is because they love anime. It also shows that destinations and anime landscapes together with one’s identity can influence tourists travel motivations.

Syfte och Forskningsfråga Följande flerfallsstudie behandlar relationen mellan fenomenet filmturism och destinationsvarumärken. Utifrån fenomenet ställer studien frågan vilka förutsättningar film skapar för uppbyggnad av destinationsvarumärken. Syftet med studien är därmed att göra en inventering av destinationers möjligheter och begränsningar vid varumärkesbyggande vid filmturism.   Metod Flerfallsstudien har härletts ur en deduktiv ansats, där tre fall har utgjort analysobjekt. Insamling av empirisk data har skett genom fem intervjuer med informanter knutna till studiens fall där turismaktörens perspektiv representeras. De tre studerade fallen har utgjorts av Ystad med filmerna om Wallander, Skopelos med filmen Mamma Mia! och Arendal med filmen Frozen. En andra metod som genomförts är webbaserad enkätundersökning med 161 respondenter som representerar turistens perspektiv.   Resultat och Slutsats Studien har kunnat visa på vilket sätt fallen arbetar med sina destinationsvarumärken och vilken påverkan filmerna haft på destinationerna. Det har även framgått att flera förutsättningar uppstått som går att arbeta med vid uppbyggnad av destinationsvarumärken. Slutligen har ett tydligt band mellan film och destination identifierats inom studiens fall och även att redan existerande förutsättningar som funnits på destinationerna är av vikt vid etablering av filmturism. En slutsats som har dragits är att förutsättningar för varumärkesbyggande av destinationer är komplexa och kan påverkas av faktorer som gör varje destinations förutsättningar unika. Studien har kunnat visa på att filmturism inte är ett passivt marknadsföringsverktyg utan måste aktivt arbetas med för att bygga upp destinationens varumärke. / Purpose and research question The following multiple case study is treating the relationship between the phenomena of film tourism and destination branding. Within the subject, the thesis is asking the question which prerequisites films creates for building destination brands. The purpose of the study is therefore to do an inventory of destinations possibilities and limitations when building a brand through film tourism.   Method The study has been carried out with a deductive approach, where three cases has been the objects for analysis. Gathering of empirical data has been done by conducting five interviews with informants bound to the cases, representing the tourism actors perspective. The three cases of the study is Ystad with the movies about Wallander, Skopelos with the movie Mamma Mia! and Arendal with the movie Frozen. A second method which has been conducted is a web-based survey with 161 respondents, representing the perspective of the tourist.   Result and Conclusions The study has shown in what ways the cases are working with destination brands and which impact the films has made on the destinations. Findings has also been found in how multiple prerequisites has emerged, which can be used in the work with building a destination brand. As a conclusion, a clear bond between a film and a destination has been identified within the cases of the study, and also how the already existing prerequisites at the destinations is of importance when establishing film tourism. A conclusion which has been drawn is how prerequisites for building a destination brand, are complex and can be influenced by factors which makes every destination’s prerequisites unique. The study has shown how a film is not a passive tool for marketing, but has to be used actively by destinations to build a brand.