O manejo nutricional adequado é fator determinante na produtividade e na qualidade dos frutos de macieira. Dentre os métodos para diagnóstico nutricional das plantas, destacam-se o critério de faixa de suficiência e o sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação (DRIS). Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o DRIS como método de interpretação de resultados de análises de folhas de plantas de macieira, estabelecendo normas adequadas para a cultura, e compará-lo com o método de diagnose nutricional, baseado no critério de faixa de suficiência, atualmente utilizado no Sul do Brasil. Buscou-se determinar, também a melhor época de amostragem de folhas de macieira para a aplicação do método DRIS. O estudo foi realizado na região produtora de maçã dos Campos de Cima da Serra, no Rio Grande do Sul, e nas regiões do Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe e Planalto Serrano, em Santa Catarina, em 70 pomares selecionados quanto à produtividade e técnicas de manejo do pomar, onde foram obtidas informações sobre a produtividade, espaçamento, porta-enxertos e realizada a amostragem de folhas e solo. Foram determinadas as concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, boro, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco nas amostras de folhas e os valores de pH e os teores de matéria orgânica, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio nas amostras de solos. Também foram utilizados resultados de experimentos de adubação potássica e nitrogenada para avaliar a eficiência dos métodos DRIS, bem como de resultados de sazonalidade de nutrientes em três cultivares de macieira, para avaliar a época adequada de coleta de folhas para o método DRIS. Os índices DRIS foram calculados utilizando-se dois critérios para a escolha da ordem da razão dos nutrientes (Letzsch, 1985 e Walworth et al., 1986; Nick, 1998) e três formas de cálculo das funções dos nutrientes (Beaufils, 1973; Jones, 1981; Elwali & Gascho, 1984). Os resultados indicaram que: (i) A concentração dos nutrientes apresentou correlação positiva e significativa (p<0,01) com os respectivos índices DRIS, com exceção do N; (ii) O critério do “valor F” (Letzsch, 1985 e Walworth et al., 1986) mostrou-se mais eficiente que o “valor R” (Nick, 1998) para a escolha da ordem da razão dos nutrientes para a cultura da macieira; (iii) O Índice de Balanço Nutricional (IBN), calculado a partir das normas geradas, apresentou correlação negativa e significativa (p<0,01) com a produtividade para a população de referência, em todas as combinações de métodos testados; (iv) O método DRIS descrito por Elwali & Gascho (1984), utilizando o “valor F”, quando comparado com o critério de faixas de suficiência, apresentou diagnóstico nutricional mais eficiente que os demais métodos de cálculo do DRIS; (v) O método de cálculo do DRIS, com base no somatório das funções, descrito por Elwali & Gascho (1984), utilizando o “valor F” é o mais indicado para a cultura da macieira, por apresentar valores de IBN que melhor indicam o estado nutricional das plantas e pela eficiência no diagnóstico nutricional da cultura; (vi) A melhor época de coleta de folhas para o método DRIS esta situada entre a quinta e a décima quinta semana após a plena floração; (vii) As normas DRIS geradas neste trabalho foram adequadas para o diagnóstico nutricional da macieira, para as condições do Sul do Brasil. / The appropriate nutritional management is a decisive factor in fruit productivity and quality of apple trees. Among the several methods for nutritional diagnosis of the plants, the most important are the sufficiency range approach and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). The objective of this work was evaluate DRIS as an interpretation method of results of analyses of apple tree leaves, establishing appropriate norms for the culture and comparing it with the sufficiency range approach currently used in the Southern Brazil, and determine the best sampling time of apple tree leaves for the application of the DRIS method. The study was carried out in the apple producing area of Campos de Cima da Serra (RS, Brazil), and in the areas of Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe and Planalto Serrano (SC, Brazil), in 70 orchards selected on basis of productivity and management techniques, where information on productivity, spacing, rootstock was obtained and leaf and soil sampling were performed. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc were determined in the leaf samples as well as the pH values and the concentrations of organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the samples of soils. Results of fertilization experiments with potassium and nitrogen were also used to evaluate the efficiency of DRIS methods, as well as results of nutrient seasonally in three apple tree cultivars, to evaluate the appropriate leaf collection time for the DRIS method. The DRIS indices were calculated using two criteria to choose the order of the nutrient ratio (Letzsch, 1985 and Walworth et al., 1986; Nick, 1998) and three forms of calculating of the nutrient functions (Beaufils, 1973; Jones, 1981; Elwali & Gascho, 1984). The results indicated that: (i) the nutrient concentration presented positive and significant correlation (p<0.01) with the respective DRIS indices, except for N; (ii) the criterion of the "F value" (Letzsch, 1985 and Walworth et al., 1986) was shown to be more efficient than the "R value” (Nick, 1998) to choose the order of the nutrient ratio for apple tree culture; (iii) the Nutritional Balance Index (NBI), calculated from the generated norms, presented a negative and significant correlation (p <0.01) with productivity for the reference population in all combinations of methods tested; (iv) the DRIS method described by Elwali & Gascho (1984), using the "F value", when compared with the sufficiency range approach, presented a more efficient nutritional diagnosis than the other methods of DRIS calculation; (v) the method of DRIS calculation, based on the sum of the functions, described by Elwali & Gascho (1984), using the "F value" is the most suitable for apple tree culture, for presenting NBI values that best indicate the nutritional state of the plants and for the efficiency in the nutritional diagnosis of the culture; (vi) the best leaf sampling time for the DRIS method is between the fifth and the fifteenth week after full blossom; (vii) The DRIS norms generated in this work were appropriate for the nutritional diagnosis of apple trees, for the conditions of Southern Brazil.

O Papilomavírushumano (HPV) é um DNA vírus do grupo papovavírus, que é altamente transmissível sexualmente, sendo bastante encontrado na região anogenital e mucosa oral. A sua implantação oral pode ser por auto-inoculação ou pelo contato oro-sexual. As principais manifestações orais associadas ao HPV são: papiloma, condiloma acuminado, verruga vulgar e hiperplasia epitelial focal. O papiloma é uma lesão epitelial associada ao HPV e pode ocorrer em vários locais da mucosa oral. Histopatologicamente, o papiloma oral é caracterizado por coilocitose, disceratose, papilomatose, hiperceratose e acantose. A literatura ressalta a importância do estudo dessas lesões, uma vez que estudos demonstram que mesmo com os achados macroscópicos e histológicos serem compatíveis com a presença do vírus, somente técnicas de detecção podem comprovar a presença viral.O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presença do HPV, por meio das técnicas de hibridização in situ e PCR, em lesões diagnosticadas histopatologicamente como papilomas e comparar esses resultados com características clínicas e histológicas. Cinqüenta casos foram selecionados da Disciplina de Patologia Bucal e da Disciplina de Estomatologia Clínica da FOUSP. Esta seleção de 50 casos foi submetida à reação de hibridização in situ, e 10 casos dentre os mesmos por técnica da PCR e 100% casos foram negativos. Nenhuma das características histológicas previamente analisadas puderam formar estreita relação com a hibridização in situ e PCR. Conclui-se que a análise histopatológica ao HE não se correlaciona com os resultados das técnicas de hibridização in situ e PCR, porém importante ressaltar para detecção do HPV nas lesões estudadas é imprescindível o uso de técnicas de Biologia Molecular otimizadas como a hibridização in situ e PCR realizadas nesse estudo. / The Humanpapillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus from the group of papovavirus, which is highly sexually transmitted and it can be often found in the anogenital area and in the oral mucosal. The oral implantation can be by self-inoculation or by the oral sexual contact. The main oral appearances associated to HPV are: papilloma, condylomata acuminata, verruca vulgaris and focal epithelial hyperplasia. Papilloma is an epithelial lesion that is associated to HPV and can occurs in many places of the oral mucosal. Histopathologically, the oral papilloma is characterized by koylocitosis, dyskeratosis, papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. The literature shows the importance of these lesions once studies show that macroscopic and histologic founds suggest the presence of the virus, only detection technics can prove the viral presence. The target of this study is to check the presence of HPV, by means of In situ hybridization and PCR, in lesions diagnosed histopathologically as papillomas and compare these results with clinic and histologic features. Fifty cases were selected from the Discipline of Oral Pathology and the Discipline of Oral Diagnose of FOUSP. This selection of 50 cases were submitted to the reaction of In situ hybridization, and 10 cases among the same by PCR and 100% of the cases were negative. None of the histologic features were previously analyzed could form a narrow relation with the In situ hybridization and PCR. Therefore it is concluded that the histopathologic analysis to HE do not correlate with the results of the In situ hybridization and PCR, however the detection of the HPV in the studied lesions it is absolutely necessary the use of Molecular Biology techniques as the In situ hybridization and PCR done in this study.

Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 2008

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_rls_dr_jabo.pdf: 208998 bytes, checksum: 21b5242c368648451dc909e05961b33e (MD5) / Funep / As plantas de aceroleira apresentam intenso crescimento na Região do Nordeste brasileiro, onde produzem de quatro a seis safras por ano. Em função disso, é de se esperar que o teor de nutrientes das folhas e as exportações de elementos minerais pela colheita dos frutos variem em função da época do ano e dos distintos genótipos, entre outros fatores. O conhecimento destas variações é importante para balizar a diagnose foliar e o manejo da cultura. Por isso, este trabalho foi conduzido no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, em Pacajus, CE (4º10’ S; 38º27’ W), no ano agrícola 1999/2000, com o objetivo de determinar a variação sazonal do teor de nutrientes nas folhas e a exportação por frutos de diferentes genótipos de aceroleira. Foram avaliadas as folhas e os frutos de seis progênies, plantas com 2,5 anos de idade, cultivadas em sistema de sequeiro, em seis épocas do ano. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas (6 progênies) subdivididas no tempo (6 épocas de colheita), com 4 repetições. Foram observadas poucas diferenças no teor de macronutrientes das folhas das distintas progênies de aceroleiras. O período de junho a outubro apresenta boa estabilidade nos teores de macronutrientes em progênies de aceroleira no Estado do Ceará. O mês de junho é o mais indicado para amostragem de folhas visando à diagnose foliar. As progênies de aceroleira têm habilidades diferenciadas na manutenção dos teores de Cu, Mn e Zn nas folhas. A maior exportação de nutrientes ocorreu nos meses de maior precipitação (Fevereiro e abril). De forma geral as progênies estudadas não diferiam entre si quanto à habilidade em exportar macronutrientes. As progênies P-52, P- 93 e P-97 exportaram maior quantidade de Cu e Zn. A seqüência de exportação de nutrientes por tonelada de frutos frescos de aceroleira foi: K>N>P>Mg>Ca>S>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu. / The West Indian cherry plants show intense growth in the brazilian northeast region, and fruits are harvested in four to six times along the year. Then, it is expected that nutrient concentrations in the leaves and their exportation by fruits may vary among progenys and harvest times, and this knowledge are important for plant nutritional diagnosys and culture management. Thus, this work was carried out at the experimental field of the Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, located in Pacajus - CE (4º10’ S; 38º27’ W), Brazil, on 1999/2000 cicle, aiming to determine the sazonal variations of levels of nutrients in the leaves and exportation by fruits harvested from six progenys, and six harvest times on plants of 2.5 years old, without irrigation. It was utilized a complete randomized block design, with split plot in time (progenys in plots, and harvest times as sub-plots) with four replications. It was observed little difference on macronutrients in leaves of distinct progenys studied. The period from june to October showed good stability of macronutrients in the leaves. June was the most suitable month for leaf sampling aiming to plant nutritional diagnosys. The studied lineages presented different habilities to keep Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations in leaves. Nutrient exportation was greater in the period with more volume of rains (from February to April). Progenys do not induced important difference on macronutrients exportations by fruit harvests. Progenys P-52, P- 93 e P-97 exported greater amounts of Cu and Zn. Also, the exportation sequence of nutrients was: K>N>P>Mg>Ca>S>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu.

O Papilomavírushumano (HPV) é um DNA vírus do grupo papovavírus, que é altamente transmissível sexualmente, sendo bastante encontrado na região anogenital e mucosa oral. A sua implantação oral pode ser por auto-inoculação ou pelo contato oro-sexual. As principais manifestações orais associadas ao HPV são: papiloma, condiloma acuminado, verruga vulgar e hiperplasia epitelial focal. O papiloma é uma lesão epitelial associada ao HPV e pode ocorrer em vários locais da mucosa oral. Histopatologicamente, o papiloma oral é caracterizado por coilocitose, disceratose, papilomatose, hiperceratose e acantose. A literatura ressalta a importância do estudo dessas lesões, uma vez que estudos demonstram que mesmo com os achados macroscópicos e histológicos serem compatíveis com a presença do vírus, somente técnicas de detecção podem comprovar a presença viral.O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presença do HPV, por meio das técnicas de hibridização in situ e PCR, em lesões diagnosticadas histopatologicamente como papilomas e comparar esses resultados com características clínicas e histológicas. Cinqüenta casos foram selecionados da Disciplina de Patologia Bucal e da Disciplina de Estomatologia Clínica da FOUSP. Esta seleção de 50 casos foi submetida à reação de hibridização in situ, e 10 casos dentre os mesmos por técnica da PCR e 100% casos foram negativos. Nenhuma das características histológicas previamente analisadas puderam formar estreita relação com a hibridização in situ e PCR. Conclui-se que a análise histopatológica ao HE não se correlaciona com os resultados das técnicas de hibridização in situ e PCR, porém importante ressaltar para detecção do HPV nas lesões estudadas é imprescindível o uso de técnicas de Biologia Molecular otimizadas como a hibridização in situ e PCR realizadas nesse estudo. / The Humanpapillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus from the group of papovavirus, which is highly sexually transmitted and it can be often found in the anogenital area and in the oral mucosal. The oral implantation can be by self-inoculation or by the oral sexual contact. The main oral appearances associated to HPV are: papilloma, condylomata acuminata, verruca vulgaris and focal epithelial hyperplasia. Papilloma is an epithelial lesion that is associated to HPV and can occurs in many places of the oral mucosal. Histopathologically, the oral papilloma is characterized by koylocitosis, dyskeratosis, papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. The literature shows the importance of these lesions once studies show that macroscopic and histologic founds suggest the presence of the virus, only detection technics can prove the viral presence. The target of this study is to check the presence of HPV, by means of In situ hybridization and PCR, in lesions diagnosed histopathologically as papillomas and compare these results with clinic and histologic features. Fifty cases were selected from the Discipline of Oral Pathology and the Discipline of Oral Diagnose of FOUSP. This selection of 50 cases were submitted to the reaction of In situ hybridization, and 10 cases among the same by PCR and 100% of the cases were negative. None of the histologic features were previously analyzed could form a narrow relation with the In situ hybridization and PCR. Therefore it is concluded that the histopathologic analysis to HE do not correlate with the results of the In situ hybridization and PCR, however the detection of the HPV in the studied lesions it is absolutely necessary the use of Molecular Biology techniques as the In situ hybridization and PCR done in this study.

Thesis (MSc MedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background The QuantiFERON In-Tube (QFT IT) assay is an Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) which is currently used to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection. It however cannot differentiate between latent infection and active tuberculosis (TB) disease. In an attempt to improve this tool to accurately diagnose active TB, the release of a variety of markers should be assessed in combination with Interferon gamma (IFN- γ). Luminex analysis was previously done on QFT plasma and promising candidates were identified which could be of great value in treatment response studies. IFN-γ ELISpot, are not only used to detect M.tb infection, but is also implicated in vaccine trails to assess immunogenicity. The IFN-γ ELISpot and flow cytometry are the most common assays to assess these phenomena during clinical trials. Our aim therefore was to develop a multi platform immune analysis assay using the QFT IT system. Study design and method The first approach of this study was to optimize the QFT IT assay for flow cytometry applications. The following questions formed part of the optimization study: How does the QFT whole blood assay (QFT-WBA) compare to the currently used WBA? Is antigen re-stimulation required after the initial incubation time and for how long should cells be re-stimulated in the presence of Brefeldin A? The second approach was to use the optimized QFT-WBA for community controls (CTRL), household contacts (HHC) and TB cases, which were recruited from the high TB incidence areas Ravensmead, Uitsig and Elsies River. The infection status of each participant was determined by IFN-γ ELISA and Luminex analysis was performed to measured wide range of cytokine expression. In addition immune cell markers like CD14, CD4, CD8, CD19, and T cell receptor gamma delta (TCRγδ) were characterized; polyfunctional characteristics (IFN-γ, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-2 (IL-2)) and proliferation (Ki-67+) of T cells determined by flow cytometry. Results After stimulating the whole blood of the study participants for 22 hours with the M. tb specific antigens, early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa (ESAT-6), culture filtrate protein-10 kDa (CFP-10) and TB7.7 the levels of TNF-α producing CD4 T cells were elevated in TB cases compared to HHCs. After stimulating the whole blood for 6 days TNF-α producing T cells declined in TB cases and HHC showed a higher expression. CD40L+CD4+ (p=0.0225) was increased in HHC while IL-9+CD8+ (0.3230) was decreased in HHC compared to TB cases. Other markers such as IL-5(AG-NIL), IL-13(Ag- NIL), FGF basicAg, GM-CSFNIL, VEGFNIL/(Ag-NIL), MIP-1βAg and MCP-1Ag/(Ag-NIL) showed significant differences between HHC and TB cases. Conclusions The responses in the QFT-based assay were generally comparable to the WBA that is routinely used. The differences of TNF-α expression seen in QFT-WBA and QFTLPA could be explained by the fact that effector T cell responses were measured in the short term assay and the central memory T cell responses in the long term assay. Our study therefore shows that the QFT-based tests can be used to simultaneously assess a wide range of immunological markers and not only IFN-γ expression. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond Die QuantiFERON In Tube (QFT IT) toets is ‘n Interferon-gamma vrystellingstoets (IGRA) wat huidiglik dien as ‘n maatstaf van Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infeksie. Hierdie toets kan egter nie onderskei tussen latente infeksie en aktiewe tuberkulose (TB) nie. ‘n Noemenswaardige verbetering in die vermoë van hierdie toets om aktiewe TB te diagnoseer, berus op die studie van ‘n verskeidenheid vrygestelde merkers, insluitend Interferon gamma (IFN-γ). In vorige Luminex studies op QFT plasma, is belowende kandidate geïdentifiseer wat van groot waarde kan wees vir studies wat fokus op die reaksie tot behandeling. Die IFN-γ ELISpot dien nie net as ‘n maatstaf van M.tb infeksie nie, maar word ook in vaksienproewe betrek om die aard van immuniteit te ondersoek. Die IFN-γ ELISpot toets sowel as vloeisitometriese toetse, is van die mees algemene toetse om hierdie verskynsels te meet, tydens kliniese proewe. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om die QFT IT sisteem te ontwikkel as ‘n basis vir ‘n multiplatform immunologiese analiseringstoets. Studie ontwerp en metode Die inleidende benadering van hierdie studie was die optimisering van die QFT IT toets, vir vloeisitometrie doeleindes. Die volgende vrae het deel uitgemaak van die optimiseringstudie: Hoe vergelyk die QFT heelbloedtoets (QFT-WBA) met huidige WBAs wat in gebruik is? Word meermalige antigeenstimulasies benodig na die oorspronklike inkubasieperiode en hoe lank moet die tydperk wees vir sellulêre opvolgstimulasie, in die teenwoordigheid van Brefeldin A? As ‘n tweede benadering, was om die geoptimiseerde QFT-WBA te gebruik vir gemeenskapskontroles (CTRL), huishoudelike kontakte (HHC) en TB gevalle. Al drie hierdie groepe was opgeneem uit Ravensmead, Uitsig en Elsies Rivier, areas met betreklik hoë vlakke van TB infeksie. Elke persoon in die studie se vlak van infeksie is vasgestel met behulp van die IFN-γ ELISA en Luminex analiese was uitgevoer, om ‘n wye verskeidenheid uitdrukkingsvlakke van sitokiene te meet. Dies meer, was immuunselmerkers soos CD14, CD4, CD8, CD19 en T sel reseptor gamma delta (TCRγδ) gekarakteriseer. Meervuldige funskionele karakteristieke (IFN-γ, Tumor nekrose faktor-alpha (TNF-α) en Interleukin-2 (IL-2)) en vermenigvuldiging van T-selle, was vasgestel deur middel van vloeisitometrie. Resultate Nadat die heelbloed van studiedeelnemers gestimuleers was met M. tb spesifieke antigene, vroeë afskeidings antigeniese teiken 6kDa (ESAT-6), kultuurfiltraatproteïn 10kDa (CFP-10) en TB7.7, vir 22 uur, was gevind dat vlakke van TNF-α produserende CD4 T selle hoër was in TB pasïente, in vergelyking met HHCs. Nadat die heelbloed vir 6 dae gestimuleer was, het die vlak van TNF-α produserende T-selle afgeneem in TB pasïente, terwyl dit hoër was in HCC. CD40L+CD4+ (p=0.0225) het hoër vlakke bereik in HHC, terwyl IL-9+CD8+ (0.3230) vlakke afgeneem het, in vergelyking met TB pasïente. Ander merkers soos,onder andere, IL-5(AG-NIL), IL-13(Ag-NIL), FGF basicAg, GMCSFNIL, VEGFNIL/(Ag-NIL), MIP-1βAg and MCP-1Ag/(Ag-NIL), het noemenswaardige verskille geopenbaar tussen HHC en TB pasïente.

<p>In my composition, I have choosen to examine the question: What value does the diagnoses have for the teacher when it comes to organizing the work with children troubled by apprehensive disabilities?</p><p>The method I used to examine my question was qualitative interview.</p><p>The teachers’ I have interviewed are either pre-schoolteachers or schoolteachers.</p><p>Most of the teachers speak highly of using methods like Komet or SET in the work with the pupils troubled by deficits in their ability to concentrate.</p><p>During my investigation, I have learned that the teachers think that methods like the above mentioned may help preventing some of the problems at school.</p><p>Former research as well as the interviewed teachers are saying that rules and structure are very important when you are teaching children troubled by deficits in their ability to concentrate.</p><p>The teachers are feeling just like me, a little bit insecure when it comes to the diagnoses and most of the time the diagnoses just confirm what the teacher already knows.</p><p>My intention with this study was to aquire a deeper understanding of what it means to have concentration disabilities and to broaden my knowledge of what the teacher can do to ease the years at school for these children.</p><p>Keywords: Concentration disabilities, teachers, diagnose, educational planning</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Jag har i min uppsats valt att undersöka frågan: Vilket värde har diagnosen för den pedagogiska planeringen kring elever med koncentrationssvårigheter?</p><p>För att undersöka min fråga valde jag att som metod använda mig av kvalitativa intervjuer.</p><p>De pedagoger som medverkat i min undersökning undervisar elever i grundskolan( F-6).</p><p>De flesta av pedagogerna har anammat nya metoder som Komet och SET i sitt arbete med barn som har koncentrationssvårigheter.</p><p>I min undersökning kom jag fram till att de tror att de här metoderna kan vara till hjälp i ett förebyggande syfte.</p><p>Både pedagogerna och litteraturen säger att det är mycket viktigt med fasta regler, tydlighet och struktur i arbetet med de barn som har koncentrationssvårigheter.</p><p>Pedagogerna känner precis som jag själv en kluvenhet till diagnoser och många gånger bekräftar diagnos det som pedagogen redan vet.</p><p>Mitt syfte med undersökningen var att få en djupare förståelse för vad det kan innebära att ha koncentrationssvårigheter samt att få en inblick i vad pedagogen kan göra för att underlätta skolgången för elever med dessa svårigheter.</p><p>Nyckelord: Koncentrationssvårigheter, pedagoger, diagnos, pedagogisk planering</p>

<p>The aim of this essay is to examine how students in 6-9 grade with reading and writing difficulties are treated and supported by teachers and staff at Ideskolan, a community school north of Stockholm. I have chosen to answer the following question:</p><p>- How does Ideskolan cope with and support students with reading and writing difficulties</p><p>This has in turn generated the following questions:</p><p>- How is special education organized at Ideskolan?</p><p>- Is a diagnose always needed in order to deploy extra support?</p><p>The method I have employed is observation while participating, together with informal talks and interviews. I have visited Ideskolan twice, one week at the time. The material that the visits have generated is the foundation of the essay, supported by previous research in the field.</p><p>The essay clarifies what right to special support students have according to law, regulations, curriculum and teaching plans and what they look like in reality at Ideskolan. This paper questions why schools focus on the individual student in these matters instead on the schools organisation and way of working. It might not automatically be the students’ difficulties with reading and writing that limits their continued learning, but rather the schools attitude towards students with special needs. Some ways of working might minimize the difficulties while some can increase them. If so, perhaps a change is in order?</p><p>The essay also discusses the role of the special teacher – should she be supporting the students or her colleagues, or both. It also discusses if the teacher training should evolve to better suite the need to handle students with reading and writing difficulties.</p><p>Even though Ideskolan recognizes the fact that two – three students in each class suffers with reading and writing difficulties the support to these students are inadequate. The school can excuse it self by saying that there is no “right way to go”, for each student with reading and writing difficulties are unique and there for require different support.</p>

Inherited disorders of platelet function are a rare and heterogeneous group of diseases usually characterised by a mild to moderate bleeding tendency. Typical bleeding symptoms are easy bruising, epistaxis, menorrhagia as well as mucocutaneous and perioperative bleeding. The performance of platelet function diagnostics in children is hampered by age-dependent restriction of blood sample size, poor venous access, and the lack of reproducible test reference ranges for children of different age groups. Platelet function testing is limited to specialised centres, because platelet function test procedures are complicated and time-consuming, which most likely results in a relevant number of undiagnosed and incorrectly classified children with clinically relevant platelet function defects. Evaluation of bleeding history and bleeding symptoms is essential for a rational step-bystep approach to diagnosis. Platelet function diagnostics should be preceded by the exclusion of thrombocytopenia, von Willebrand disease, and secondary haemostasis defects. Light transmission aggregometry is still considered the standard for the assessment of platelet function. Every effort should be made to classify the specific platelet function defect in the patient, because this is essential for accurate treatment and counselling. / Angeborene Thrombozytenfunktionsstörungen stellen eine seltene und heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungen dar, welche meist durch eine leichte bis mittelschwere Blutungsneigung auffallen. Typische Blutungssymptome sind Hämatomneigung, Epistaxis, Menorrhagien sowie Schleimhaut- und perioperative Blutungen. Die Durchführung der Thrombozytenfunktionsdiagnostik bei Kindern wird erschwert durch die altersabhängig begrenzte Blutprobenmenge, schwierige Venenverhältnisse und das Fehlen von Referenzbereichen für Kinder unterschiedlichen Alters. Aufgrund der meist komplizierten und zeitaufwendigen Tests ist die Thrombozytendiagnostik auf spezialisierte Zentren begrenzt. Mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit wird eine relevante Anzahl von Kindern mit nichtdiagnostizierten bzw. unkorrekt klassifizierten, klinisch relevanten Thrombozytopathien übersehen. Die Erhebung der Blutungsanamnese und die Bewertung der Blutungssymptome sind erforderlich für eine stufenweise erfolgreiche Gerinnungsdiagnostik. Vor Durchführung einer Thrombozytenfunktionsdiagnostik sollten das Vorliegen einer Thrombozytopenie, einer von-Willebrand-Erkrankung und sekundärer Gerinnungsstörungen ausgeschlossen werden. Die Lichttransmissionsaggregometrie gilt noch immer als Standardmethode für die Beurteilung der Thrombozytenfunktion. Nach Möglichkeit sollte stets versucht werden, den vorliegenden spezifischen Thrombozytenfunktionsdefekt zu klassifizieren, da dies für eine adäquate Behandlung und eine gezielte genetische Beratung notwendig ist. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Fungos fitopatogênicos veiculados por sementes de soja podem causar sérios prejuízos à cultura, bem como danos diretos reduzindo o poder germinativo, vigor e emergência das sementes. A detecção e identificação precisa de fitopatógenos é uma das estratégias mais importantes para iniciar as medidas preventivas ou curativas no controle de doenças de plantas. Para se evitar a introdução e propagação de patógenos em áreas onde ainda não ocorrem, uma atenção especial deve ser tomada na detecção de agentes patogênicos em sementes. Os métodos tradicionalmente utilizados para detectar e identificar fungos em sementes são, muitas vezes, demorados, laboriosos e exigem um conhecimento extenso de taxonomia clássica. Métodos moleculares têm sido utilizados para detectar, identificar e quantificar uma longa lista de fungos fitopatogênicos. A técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) é atualmente considerada a mais eficiente para a detecção de fitopatógenos, não exigindo conhecimentos taxonômicos especializados para interpretar seus resultados. Considerando a importância e as implicações da diagnose rápida e bem sucedida de agentes patogênicos em sementes de soja, este estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer uma metodologia para elevar a eficiência de detecção dos fungos fitopatogênicos Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum truncatum, Phomopsis spp. e Corynespora cassiicola, encontrados com maior frequência em sementes de soja, por meio de qPCR. Iniciadores e sondas de hidrólise TaqMan&reg; foram projetados para os diferentes patógenos e avaliados quanto à sua especificidade e sensibilidade. Curvas padrões, baseando-se em diluições seriadas dos DNAs alvos de iniciadores e sondas específicas, foram estabelecidas para a quantificação desses patógenos. Amostras de sementes de soja naturalmente infectadas, provenientes dos Estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais e Paraná, foram submetidas a testes de detecção por meio de qPCR e métodos tradicionais, para fins de comparação. De todos os iniciadores e sondas projetados, apenas os de Phomopsis spp. e S. sclerotiorum apresentaram-se específicos e sensíveis, viabilizando sua utilização na detecção desses patógenos. Por meio dos testes tradicionais de detecção, Phomopsis spp. apresentou incidência máxima de 2,75% em uma amostra de Minas Gerais e S. sclerotiorum não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras avaliadas. O método de qPCR proporcionou a detecção de Phomopsis spp. em todas as amostras testadas, alcançando o nível de incidência máximo de 6,75%. em amostra de Minas Gerais. S. sclerotiorum não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras avaliadas pelo método de qPCR. Comparando-se os métodos de detecção testados, a qPCR foi mais sensível na detecção de Phomopsis spp. em sementes de soja. / Seed-born pathogenic fungi in soybean can cause serious damage to the crop, as well as direct damage by reducing seeds germination, vigor and emergence. The detection and accurate identification of plant pathogens is one of the most important strategies to initiate preventive and curative measures in the management of plant diseases. Particular attention should be taken in the detection of pathogens in seeds in order to avoid introduction and spread of pathogens in areas where they do not occur. The traditionally used methods for detection and identification of seed-born pathogenic fungi are often time consuming, laborious and require extensive knowledge of classical taxonomy. Molecular methods have been used to detect, identify and quantify a long list of plant pathogenic fungi. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is currently considered the most efficient technique for the detection of pathogens because it does not require specialized taxonomical knowledge to interpret its results. Given the importance and implications of rapid and successful diagnosis of seed-born pathogenic fungi in soybean, this study aimed to establish a qPCR methodology to increase the detection efficiency of plant pathogenic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum truncatum, Phomopsis spp. and Corynespora cassiicola, the most commonly occurring seed-born pathogenic fungi. Primers and TaqMan&reg; hydrolysis probes were designed for these four pathogens and tested for specificity and sensitivity. Standard curves were established to quantify these pathogens, based on serial dilutions of the target DNA and specific primers and probes. Samples of naturally infected soybean seed from the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais and Paraná were subjected to detection tests using qPCR and traditional methods, for comparison purposes. From all primers and probes designed, only those for Phomopsis spp. and S. sclerotiorum showed up specificity and sensitivity, enabling their use to detect of these pathogens. Detection by traditional tests, resulted in a maximum Phomopsis spp. incidence of 2.75% in a sample from Minas Gerais and S. sclerotiorum was not detected in any of the samples. The detection and quantification of these pathogens by qPCR revealed the presence of Phomopsis spp. in all tested samples, the highest incidence level of 6.75% in a sample from Minas Gerais. S. sclerotiorum was not detected in any sample assessed by qPCR method. In comparison with traditional methods, qPCR was more sensitive in detecting Phomopsis spp. in soybean seeds.