A variabilidade é um problema presente na maioria das malhas de controle de processos industriais, trazendo prejuízo ao causar perda de produtividade e utilização excessiva de matéria prima e energia. Muitas vezes ela é causada pela presença do atrito em válvulas de controle, os atuadores mais usados em processos industriais. Há uma série de métodos propostos para diagnosticar as perturbações causadas pelo atrito nas válvulas, classificados em intrusivos e não-intrusivos. Neste trabalho, foram estudados dois métodos intrusivos. Eles foram aplicados de maneira automática em simulações computacionais, que foram realizadas em um sistema híbrido de teste (HIL) de uma planta de vazão, com dois níveis de atrito da válvula, e também em um ambiente inteiramente simulado, visando analisar o desempenho dos dois métodos. Os resultados obtidos com ambos os métodos foram satisfatórios, muito embora um dos métodos tenha confundido os efeitos gerados pelo atrito com os produzidos por má sintonia do controlador da malha. / The variability is a problem present on the most of control loops in industrial processes. It causes losses in plant productivity and in material and energy usage. Many times it is caused by the presence of friction in control valves, the most used actuator in industrial processes. There are many methods proposed to diagnose the disturbances caused by control valve friction, which are classified in intrusive and non-intrusive. In this work, two intrusive methods are studied. They were applied automatically by computer simulations that were performed in a hybrid test system (HIL) of a flow plant, with two valve friction levels. Additionally they were applied in a completely simulated environment, aiming at analyzing the performance of both methods. The results with the two methods were satisfactory, although one of the methods has not separated the effects generated by the friction from the ones produced by a bad tuning of the loop controller.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Nilda Zulema Albornoz Jimenez.pdf: 3921402 bytes, checksum: d5048800eafffe468986f88461f460e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-07 / Phytoplasmas are wall-less prokaryotes associated with diseases in numerous plant species worldwide. In nature they are transmitted by phloem-sucking insects. Since phytoplasmas cannot be cultured in vitro, molecular techniques are needed for their diagnosis and characterization. In Brazil, chayote witches broom is a disease associated with ChWBIII phytoplasma, which can reduce the quality of chayote fruits. ChWBIII has other natural plant hosts, in the family Cucurbitaceae, and bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is the major alternative host. The present work aimed at (a) determine the transmissibility of ChWBIII to periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) through experimental methods; (b) study the symptomatology exhibited by C. roseus infected with ChWBIII phytoplasma; (c) evaluate two different strategies of plant tissue dehydration, to detect phytoplasma in naturally diseased plants of chayote, bitter melon and periwinkle; (d) study the putative presence and transmission of ChWBIII phytoplasma to seeds of M. charantia; and (e) verify phytoplasma variability in corn, passionfruit, poinsetia and C. roseus. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of ChWBIII through dodder and grafting was verified by the symptomatology developed in C. roseus, and by PCR with universal primer pairs specific to phytoplasmas 16S rDNA. Afterwards, the identity of ChWBIII in donor plants of bitter melon, in dodder and in C. roseus was confirmed by sequences analyses. Samples from diseased plants of bitter melon, periwinkle and chayote, that were submitted to desiccation with silica gel showed phytoplasmal 16S rDNA that was amplified with P1/P7 in PCR and reamplified in nested PCR with F2n/R2 yielding products of approximately 1.2 kb. Molecular assays demonstrated the presence of ChWBIII phytoplasma in seeds of symptomatic fruits of M. charantia, collected from plants with witches broom symptoms. The use of primers specific to 16SrIII group confirmed the identification of the phytoplasma associated with seeds as belonging to this group, what was further confirmed through sequencing. Sequences analyses revealed that the phytoplasma associated with bitter melon seeds is ChWBIII. The presence of phytoplasmas in symptomatic plants of corn, passionfruit, poinsetia and C. roseus was detected by PCR and nested PCR with universal primer pairs. Phytoplasmas isolated from passionfruit, poinsetia and C. roseus were classified as belonging to 16SrIII group, according to nested PCR with primers specific to this group. Analysis of the sequences of the phytoplasmas from passion fruit and C. roseus confirmed the identity of these organisms, revealing 99% homology with ChWBIII. The results determined are the following: (a) the transmissibility of ChWBIII to the experimental host C. roseus by inverse transmission through dodder, as well as by graft transmission; (b) the symptomatology exhibited by C. roseus infected with ChWBIII phytoplasma; (c) the viability of preserved tissue from chayote, bitter melon and periwinkle to detect phytoplasma, indicating the possible use of this kind of sample, for other botanical species infected with phytoplasmas; (d) the presence of phytoplasma in seeds of symptomatic fruits, from plants of bitter melon infected with ChWBIII, what suggests the putative transmission of the phytoplasma from the mother plants to the seeds; (e) the diversity of phytoplasma host plants, that was verified in corn, passionfruit, poinsetia and C. roseus. The results obtained in the present study lead to a better epidemiolgical understanding of the diseases caused by phytoplasmas, and may help to search for insect vectors and alternate plant hosts, enabling the design of effective disease management strategies. / Fitoplasmas s?o procariotos sem parede celular associados com in?meras enfermidades de esp?cies de plantas no mundo. Esses pat?genos na natureza s?o transmitidos por insetos que se alimentam do floema das plantas. Como os fitoplasmas n?o podem ser cultivados in vitro empregam-se t?cnicas moleculares para sua diganose e caracteriza??o No Brasil, o superbrotamento do chuchuzeiro ? uma doen?a associada ao fitoplasma ChWBIII, que pode causar redu??o da qualidade de frutos de chuchu. O ChWBIII tem outras esp?cies hospedeiras naturais, da fam?lia Cucurbitaceae, sendo a principal dessas, mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano (Momordica charantia). O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (a) determinar a transmissibilidade do ChWBIII por m?todos experimentais para vinca (Catharanthus roseus); (b) estudar a sintomatologia exibida por C. roseus infectado com o fitoplasma ChWBIII; (c) avaliar duas diferentes estrat?gias de desidrata??o de tecido vegetal para a detec??o de fitoplasmas de plantas naturalmente doentes de chuchuzeiro, mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano e vinca; (d) estudar a poss?vel presen?a e a transmiss?o do fitoplasma ChWBIII ?s sementes de M. charantia; e, (e) verificar a variabilidade de fitoplasmas em milho, maracuj?, poins?tia e C. roseus. A patogenicidade e a transmissibilidade do ChWBIII, mediante Cuscuta e enxertia, foi verificada pela sintomatologia em C. roseus e por PCR usando primers universais espec?ficos para o 16S rDNA de fitoplasmas. Posteriomente, a identidade do ChWBIII em plantas doadoras de mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano, em Cuscuta e em C. roseus foi confirmada por an?lise de seq??ncias. Amostras de plantas doentes de mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano, vinca e chuchuzeiro submetidas ? desseca??o com s?lica gel, continham 16S rDNA de fitoplasma, o qual foi amplificado por PCR com primersP1/P7 e reamplificado em nested PCR com os primers F2n/R2, fornecendo produtos de aproximadamente 1.2 kb. Testes moleculares demonstraram a presen?a do fitoplasma ChWBIII em sementes de M. charantia de frutos sintom?ticos, obtidos de plantas com superbrotamento do mel?o-de-S?o- Caetano . O emprego de primers espec?ficos ao grupo 16SrIII confirmou a identifica??o do fitoplasma associado ? sementes como pertencente a esse grupo, o que foi corroborado atrav?s do seq?enciamento. A an?lise das seq??ncias revelou que o fitoplasma associado a sementes de mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano ? o ChWBIII. A presen?a de fitoplasmas em plantas sintom?ticas de milho, maracuj?, poins?tia e C. roseus foi detectada atrav?s de PCR e nested PCR com iniciadores universais. Os fitoplasmas isolados de maracuj?, poins?tia e C. roseus foram inseridos no grupo 16SrIII, de acordo com nested PCR com primers espec?ficos a esse grupo. An?lise das seq??ncias dos fitoplasmas de maracuj? e de C. roseus confrrmou a identidade dos mesmos, revelando 99% de homologia com o ChWBIII. Com a presente pesquisa determinou-se: (a) a transmissibilidade de ChWBIII mediante a transmiss?o inversa por Cuscuta para a hospedeira experimental C. roseus e, tamb?m mediante a indexa??o biol?gica; (b) a sintomatologia exibida por C. roseus infectado com o fitoplasma ChWBIII; (c) a viabilidade do uso de tecidos preservados de chuchuzeiro, mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano e vinca, para a detec??o de fitoplasmas, indicando a possibilidade de uso desse tipo de amostras para outras esp?cies bot?nicas afetadas por fitoplasmoses; (d) a presen?a de fitoplasmas nas sementes de frutos sintom?ticos provenientes de plantas de mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano infectadas com o ChWBIII, o que sugere a poss?vel transmiss?o do fitoplasma da planta m?e para as sementes; (e) a diversidade de plantas hospedeiras de fitoplasmas no Brasil, que foi verificada em milho, maracuj?, poins?tia e C. roseus. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo possibilitam o maior entendimento epidemiol?gico das enfermidades incitadas por fitoplasmas e podem auxiliar na descoberta de insetos vetores e de plantas hospedeiras alternativas, favorecendo o estabelecimento de estrat?gias de controle dessas doen?as.

<p>I den här uppsatsen studeras vilken betydelse och funktion ett specifikt boendestöd har åt psykiskt funktionshindrade personer, specifikt åt personer med funktionshindret Aspergers syndrom. Uppsatsen tar också upp boendestödjarnas perspektiv på verksamheten och deras arbete. Detta gjordes för att få en breddare förståelse kring vilken betydelse den här verksamheten har.<strong> </strong>Brukare fick delta i en enkätundersökning och kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med personalen och en brukare. Genom det insamlade materialet fick jag ta del en mängd intressanta tankar och åsikter kring boendestödet, det visade sig också att diagnosen roll var en central problematik för så väl brukare som personal. Genom de valda teoretiska utgångspunkterna problematiserade och teoretiserade jag kring mitt material, där jag använde mig av empowerment som begrepp och tankemodell, Gidddens begrepp självet, tillit, ontologisk trygghet och abstrakta system, Beckers stämplingsteori samt Layders teori om de fyra sociala domänerna. Det jag kommit fram till är att boendestödet är av stor betydelse för brukare med Aspergers, då boendestödjarna kan hjälpa brukaren till att stärka dennes empowerment. Empowerment ger brukaren kraften och självförtroendet till att känna att denne själv har kontrollen över sin livssituation. Samtidigt fann jag att diagnosen motarbetar empowermentprocessen, då brukaren blir stämplad som avvikare i samhället på grund av diagnosen och blir tvungen att underordna det abstrakta systemets normer för att få rätten till stöd och hjälp.<strong></strong></p> / <p>This study sets out to explore how a living support for mentally impaired individuals functions and its contribution for these individuals. The focus of the study concentrates on individuals with the mental disability, the Aspergers syndrome. The study centers around on these individuals perspective on the living support and the personnel working at the living support. In addition, the study also examines the personnel’s perspective on their work and the living support activity. This focus was chosen in order to give a broader perspective about the living support. Users participated in a smaller survey and qualitative interviews were carried out with the personnel and one user at one living support establishment. Through the collected material the study enabled to achieve many interesting and valuable opinions about the living support. The study showed that the diagnose alone of mental disability both played a central part for both the individual and the personnel. The theoretical viewpoints that serve as starting point and model for the sociological problematisation were empowerment, Gidden’s concepts of the self-identity, trust and basic conviction and abstract systems, Howard Beckers labelling theory as well as Layder’s domain theory about the four social domains. The analysis of the study has shown that the living support has a great contribution for users with Asbergers syndrome, since the personnel can strengthen the individuals’ empowerment.  The empowerment process gives the users power and self confidence to take control over his/her’s situation in life. Another finding from the study shows that the individuals diagnose oppose the empowerment process, when the individual is being labelling into a deviant, thus also force into submissive norms of an abstract society in order to receive the right of support and aid.</p>

<p>Sammandrag</p><p>Denna uppsats handlar om vad Aspergers syndrom är och vad det innebär för barnen i skolan. I texten ges en förklaring till de olika kriterierna som experterna följer för att ställa diagnosen Aspergers syndrom och även hur föräldrar, förskolan och skolan kan hjälpa barnen med Aspergers syndrom att lära sig samhällets samspel och regler.</p><p>Uppsatsen har genomförts med hjälp av litteratur från tidigare forskningar och samtal med lärare och specialpedagogen. Det som jag lägger tyngdpunkten på, är min egen undersökning med observation och samtal med en flicka i 11 års ålder som har diagnostiserats ADHD och Aspergers syndrom.</p><p>Undersökningen visar att barnen med Aspergers syndrom behöver ha struktur samt tydliga och okomplicerade regler, samt att de kan ha vissa svårigheter med språket och det sociala beteendet. Men med hjälp av tålamod och vilja kan de lära sig att samspela med omgivningen även om de inte förstår varför.</p><p>Nyckelord: Aspergers syndrom, diagnos, specialpedagogik.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>This diploma work is about the diagnose Aspergers syndrome and what it means for the children in school. In the text it is given an explanation to the different criteria that the experts are following when they set the diagnose Aspergers syndrome and how parents, preschool and school can assist the kids to learn the interplay and rules of the society.</p><p>The diploma work has been done with the help of literature from previous research and by discussing with teachers and special educationalist. I do however emphasize my own research with observations and discussions with a girl at the age of 11 that has been diagnosed ADHD and Aspergers syndrome.</p><p>My research shows that children with Aspergers syndrome need structure and clearly stated and uncomplicated rules, and that these children might have difficulties with their language and the social behavior. They can learn to interplay with the environment with some patience and willingness, even though they can not understand why.</p><p>Keywords: Aspergers syndrome, diagnose, special education.</p>

Complete protection against flood risks by structural measures is impossible. Therefore flood prediction is important for flood risk management. Good explanatory power of flood models requires a meaningful representation of bio-physical processes. Therefore great interest exists to improve the process representation. Progress in hydrological process understanding is achieved through a learning cycle including critical assessment of an existing model for a given catchment as a first step. The assessment will highlight deficiencies of the model, from which useful additional data requirements are derived, giving a guideline for new measurements. These new measurements may in turn lead to improved process concepts. The improved process concepts are finally summarized in an updated hydrological model. In this thesis I demonstrate such a learning cycle, focusing on the advancement of model evaluation methods and more cost effective measurements. For a successful model evaluation, I propose that three questions should be answered: 1) when is a model reproducing observations in a satisfactory way? 2) If model results deviate, of what nature is the difference? And 3) what are most likely the relevant model components affecting these differences? To answer the first two questions, I developed a new method to assess the temporal dynamics of model performance (or TIGER - TIme series of Grouped Errors). This method is powerful in highlighting recurrent patterns of insufficient model behaviour for long simulation periods. I answered the third question with the analysis of the temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity (TEDPAS). For calculating TEDPAS, an efficient method for sensitivity analysis is necessary. I used such an efficient method called Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test, which has a smart sampling scheme. Combining the two methods TIGER and TEDPAS provided a powerful tool for model assessment. With WaSiM-ETH applied to the Weisseritz catchment as a case study, I found insufficient process descriptions for the snow dynamics and for the recession during dry periods in late summer and fall. Focusing on snow dynamics, reasons for poor model performance can either be a poor representation of snow processes in the model, or poor data on snow cover, or both. To obtain an improved data set on snow cover, time series of snow height and temperatures were collected with a cost efficient method based on temperature measurements on multiple levels at each location. An algorithm was developed to simultaneously estimate snow height and cold content from these measurements. Both, snow height and cold content are relevant quantities for spring flood forecasting. Spatial variability was observed at the local and the catchment scale with an adjusted sampling design. At the local scale, samples were collected on two perpendicular transects of 60 m length and analysed with geostatistical methods. The range determined from fitted theoretical variograms was within the range of the sampling design for 80% of the plots. No patterns were found, that would explain the random variability and spatial correlation at the local scale. At the watershed scale, locations of the extensive field campaign were selected according to a stratified sample design to capture the combined effects of elevation, aspect and land use. The snow height is mainly affected by the plot elevation. The expected influence of aspect and land use was not observed. To better understand the deficiencies of the snow module in WaSiM-ETH, the same approach, a simple degree day model was checked for its capability to reproduce the data. The degree day model was capable to explain the temporal variability for plots with a continuous snow pack over the entire snow season, if parameters were estimated for single plots. However, processes described in the simple model are not sufficient to represent multiple accumulation-melt-cycles, as observed for the lower catchment. Thus, the combined spatio-temporal variability at the watershed scale is not captured by the model. Further tests on improved concepts for the representation of snow dynamics at the Weißeritz are required. From the data I suggest to include at least rain on snow and redistribution by wind as additional processes to better describe spatio-temporal variability. Alternatively an energy balance snow model could be tested. Overall, the proposed learning cycle is a useful framework for targeted model improvement. The advanced model diagnostics is valuable to identify model deficiencies and to guide field measurements. The additional data collected throughout this work helps to get a deepened understanding of the processes in the Weisseritz catchment. / Modelle zur Hochwasservorhersage und –warnung basieren auf einer bio-physikalisch Repräsentation der relevanten hydrologischen Prozesse. Eine Verbesserungen der Beschreibung dieser Prozesse kann zuverlässigere Vorhersagen ermöglichen. Dazu wird die Benutzung eines Lernzykluses bestehend aus einer kritische Beurteilung eines existierenden Modells, der Erhebung zusätzlicher Daten, der Bildung eines vertieften Verständnis und einer Überarbeitung des Modells vorgeschlagen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein solcher Lernzyklus aufgegriffen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf einer verbesserten Modellanalyse und kosteneffizientere Messungen liegt. Für eine erfolgreiche Modellbeurteilung sind drei Fragen zu beantworten: 1) Wann reproduziert ein Modell die beobachteten Werte in einer zufriedenstellenden Weise (nicht)? 2) Wie lassen sich die Abweichungen charakterisieren? und 3) welches sind die Modellkomponenten, die diese Abweichungen bedingen? Um die ersten beiden Fragen zu beantworten, wird eine neue Methode zur Beurteilung des zeitlichen Verlaufs der Modellgüte vorgestellt. Eine wichtige Stärke ist, dass wiederholende Muster ungenügender Modellgüte auch für lange Simulationsläufe einfach identifiziert werden können. Die dritte Frage wird durch die Analyse des zeitlichen Verlaufs der Parametersensitivität beantwortet. Eine Kombination der beiden Methoden zur Beantwortung aller drei Fragen stellt ein umfangreiches Werkzeug für die Analyse hydrologischer Modelle zur Verfügung. Als Fallstudie wurde WaSiM-ETH verwendet, um das Einzugsgebiet der wilden Weißeritz zu modellieren. Die Modellanalyse von WaSiM-ETH hat ergeben, dass die Schneedynamik und die Rezession während trockener Perioden im Spätsommer und Herbst, für eine Beschreibung der Prozesse an der Weißeritz nicht geeignet sind. Die Erhebung zusätzlicher Daten zum besseren Verständnis der Schneedynamik bildet den nächste Schritt im Lernzyklus. Daten über Schneetemperaturen und Schneehöhen wurden mit Hilfe eines neuen, preisgünstigen Verfahrens erhoben. Dazu wurde die Temperatur an jedem Standort mit unterschiedlichen Abständen zum Boden gemessen und mit einem neuen Algorithmus in Schneehöhe und Kältegehalt umgerechnet. Die Schneehöhe und Kältegehalt sind wichtige Größen für die Vorhersage von Frühjahrshochwassern. Die räumliche Variabilität der Schneedecke auf der Einzugsgebietsskala wurde entsprechend der Landnutzung, der Höhenzone und der Ausrichtung stratifiziert untersucht, wobei lediglich der Einfluss der Höhe nachgewiesen werden konnte, während Ausrichtung und Landnutzung keinen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss hatten. Um die Defizite des WaSiM-ETH Schneemodules für die Beschreibung der Prozesse im Weißeritzeinzugsgebiets besser zu verstehen, wurde der gleiche konzeptionelle Ansatz als eigenständiges, kleines Modell benutzt, um die Dynamik in den Schneedaten zu reproduzieren. Während dieses Grad-Tag-Modell in der Lage war, den zeitlichen Verlauf für Flächen mit einer kontinuierlichen Schneedecke zu reproduzieren, konnte die Dynamik für Flächen mit mehreren Akkumulations- und Schmelzzyklen im unteren Einzugsgebiet vom Modell nicht abgebildet werden. Vorschläge zur Verbesserung des Modells werden in der Arbeit gemacht. Zusammenfassend hat sich das Lernzyklus-Konzept als nützlich erwiesen, um gezielt an einer Modellverbesserung zu arbeiten. Die differenzierte Modelldiagnose ist wertvoll, um Defizite im Modellkonzept zu identifizieren. Die während dieser Studie erhobenen Daten sind geeignet, um ein verbessertes Verständnis der Schnee-Prozesse an der Weißeritz zu erlangen.

I den här uppsatsen studeras vilken betydelse och funktion ett specifikt boendestöd har åt psykiskt funktionshindrade personer, specifikt åt personer med funktionshindret Aspergers syndrom. Uppsatsen tar också upp boendestödjarnas perspektiv på verksamheten och deras arbete. Detta gjordes för att få en breddare förståelse kring vilken betydelse den här verksamheten har. Brukare fick delta i en enkätundersökning och kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med personalen och en brukare. Genom det insamlade materialet fick jag ta del en mängd intressanta tankar och åsikter kring boendestödet, det visade sig också att diagnosen roll var en central problematik för så väl brukare som personal. Genom de valda teoretiska utgångspunkterna problematiserade och teoretiserade jag kring mitt material, där jag använde mig av empowerment som begrepp och tankemodell, Gidddens begrepp självet, tillit, ontologisk trygghet och abstrakta system, Beckers stämplingsteori samt Layders teori om de fyra sociala domänerna. Det jag kommit fram till är att boendestödet är av stor betydelse för brukare med Aspergers, då boendestödjarna kan hjälpa brukaren till att stärka dennes empowerment. Empowerment ger brukaren kraften och självförtroendet till att känna att denne själv har kontrollen över sin livssituation. Samtidigt fann jag att diagnosen motarbetar empowermentprocessen, då brukaren blir stämplad som avvikare i samhället på grund av diagnosen och blir tvungen att underordna det abstrakta systemets normer för att få rätten till stöd och hjälp. / This study sets out to explore how a living support for mentally impaired individuals functions and its contribution for these individuals. The focus of the study concentrates on individuals with the mental disability, the Aspergers syndrome. The study centers around on these individuals perspective on the living support and the personnel working at the living support. In addition, the study also examines the personnel’s perspective on their work and the living support activity. This focus was chosen in order to give a broader perspective about the living support. Users participated in a smaller survey and qualitative interviews were carried out with the personnel and one user at one living support establishment. Through the collected material the study enabled to achieve many interesting and valuable opinions about the living support. The study showed that the diagnose alone of mental disability both played a central part for both the individual and the personnel. The theoretical viewpoints that serve as starting point and model for the sociological problematisation were empowerment, Gidden’s concepts of the self-identity, trust and basic conviction and abstract systems, Howard Beckers labelling theory as well as Layder’s domain theory about the four social domains. The analysis of the study has shown that the living support has a great contribution for users with Asbergers syndrome, since the personnel can strengthen the individuals’ empowerment.  The empowerment process gives the users power and self confidence to take control over his/her’s situation in life. Another finding from the study shows that the individuals diagnose oppose the empowerment process, when the individual is being labelling into a deviant, thus also force into submissive norms of an abstract society in order to receive the right of support and aid.

In my composition, I have choosen to examine the question: What value does the diagnoses have for the teacher when it comes to organizing the work with children troubled by apprehensive disabilities? The method I used to examine my question was qualitative interview. The teachers’ I have interviewed are either pre-schoolteachers or schoolteachers. Most of the teachers speak highly of using methods like Komet or SET in the work with the pupils troubled by deficits in their ability to concentrate. During my investigation, I have learned that the teachers think that methods like the above mentioned may help preventing some of the problems at school. Former research as well as the interviewed teachers are saying that rules and structure are very important when you are teaching children troubled by deficits in their ability to concentrate. The teachers are feeling just like me, a little bit insecure when it comes to the diagnoses and most of the time the diagnoses just confirm what the teacher already knows. My intention with this study was to aquire a deeper understanding of what it means to have concentration disabilities and to broaden my knowledge of what the teacher can do to ease the years at school for these children. Keywords: Concentration disabilities, teachers, diagnose, educational planning / Sammanfattning Jag har i min uppsats valt att undersöka frågan: Vilket värde har diagnosen för den pedagogiska planeringen kring elever med koncentrationssvårigheter? För att undersöka min fråga valde jag att som metod använda mig av kvalitativa intervjuer. De pedagoger som medverkat i min undersökning undervisar elever i grundskolan( F-6). De flesta av pedagogerna har anammat nya metoder som Komet och SET i sitt arbete med barn som har koncentrationssvårigheter. I min undersökning kom jag fram till att de tror att de här metoderna kan vara till hjälp i ett förebyggande syfte. Både pedagogerna och litteraturen säger att det är mycket viktigt med fasta regler, tydlighet och struktur i arbetet med de barn som har koncentrationssvårigheter. Pedagogerna känner precis som jag själv en kluvenhet till diagnoser och många gånger bekräftar diagnos det som pedagogen redan vet. Mitt syfte med undersökningen var att få en djupare förståelse för vad det kan innebära att ha koncentrationssvårigheter samt att få en inblick i vad pedagogen kan göra för att underlätta skolgången för elever med dessa svårigheter. Nyckelord: Koncentrationssvårigheter, pedagoger, diagnos, pedagogisk planering

Aus der Einleitung: A wide range of epidemiological community studies worldwide converge on several incontrovertible facts regarding anxiety disorders: they occur frequently, begin at an early age, significantly impair multiple areas of development and life, and are associated with numerous adverse correlates and consequences. Furthermore, evidence clearly points to the fact that the majority of patients who have anxiety disorders still go undetected and undertreated, despite considerable efforts over the last two decades to improve this situation. Less than half receive any treatment at all and only a fraction of those receive what can be considered even "minimally adequate treatment."

Ph.d.-afhandling. University of Helsinki, 2005. / Også elektronisk adgang via Internetttet.

Bakgrund I Sverige ökar antalet insjuknanden i bröstcancer årligen. Diagnostisering med hjälp av mammografi och självundersökning bidrar till tidig upptäckt av cancertumörer vilket ger bättre prognos. För att alla kvinnor ska självundersöka brösten och gå på erbjuden mammografi är kunskap om bröstcancer en god förutsättning. Syfte Syftet med denna forskningsstudie var att undersöka kvinnors kunskap om bröstcancer och självundersökning av brösten. Syftet var också att undersöka huruvida sådan kunskap skiljer sig mellan kvinnor i och utanför det nationella screeningsprogrammet för bröstcancer samt huruvida det finns en skillnad i förekomst av självundersökning. Hänsyn togs även till de eventuella faktorer i kvinnornas bakgrund och vanor som kan ha en inverkan på resultatet. Metod En empirisk studie med kvantitativ ansats. Datainsamling genomfördes via enkäter, vilka besvarades av 130 kvinnliga deltagare. Enkäterna syftade till att undersöka kvinnornas vanor kring självundersökning och mammografi, demografisk bakgrund samt kunskap om bröstcancer. Resultat Resultatet av kunskapstestet visar att kvinnor har god kunskap om bröstcancer och självundersökning då över 80% av kvinnorna svarade rätt på 10 av 14 frågor. En signifikant skillnad i kunskapen mellan de två grupperna kunde ses i en fråga. Fler kvinnor i screeninggruppen än utanför screeninggruppen som utfört självundersökning av brösten. Flera faktorer i kvinnornas bakgrund och vanor hade en påverkan på kunskapen. Slutsats Kunskapen om bröstcancer bland deltagarna i studien var god. Kunskapen mellan kvinnor i och utanför screeningprogrammet skilde sig i få områden. Förekomsten av självundersökning var högre av kvinnor som erhållit undervisning från skola och/eller sjukvård. Därav behövs fortsatt utbildning inom det aktuella området för att främja kvinnors hälsa. / Background In Sweden and the number of breast cancer diagnosis is increasing annually. Diagnosis using mammography and breast self-examination contributes to the early detection of cancerous tumors, which gives a better prognosis. In order to get all women to self-examine their breasts and to get the offered mammography, knowledge about breast cancer is a good precondition. Aim The purpose of this research study was to investigate women's knowledge about breast health and breast self-examination. The aim was also to investigate whether such knowledge differ between women in and outside the national screening program for breast cancer and whether there is a difference in the incidence of self- examination. Consideration was also taken of the potential factors in the women's background and habits that may have an impact on earnings. Methods An empirical study with a quantitative approach. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires, which were answered by an amount of 130 female participants. The questionnaires aimed to investigate women's habits related to self- examination and mammography, demographic background and knowledge of breast cancer. Results The results of the knowledge test shows that women have a good knowledge about breast cancer and self-examination, since over 80% of women answered correctly in 10 out of 14 questions. A significant difference in knowledge between the two groups was seen in a query. There were more women in the screening group than in the non-screening group who performed breast self-examination. Several factors in women's history and habits had an influence on their knowledge. Conclusion Knowledge about breast health among the study participants was overall good. The knowledge among women in and outside the screening program differed in few areas. The prevalence of self-examination was higher among women who received instruction from school and/or medical care. Therefore continued education within the area is necessary in order to promote women's health.