With the fast pace that technology is currently developing, technology forms a bigger part of our day to day lives. Technological advancement has an impact on all aspects of life, including how we communicate with one another. This has caused an increase in social media usage. South Africa is in no way an exception to this growing trend. The escalation of the use of social media platforms has brought with it the rise in the wrongful use of social media. The growth in wrongful use would lead to the proliferation of legal consequences for defamatory statements with regard to social media situations. The question arises if South Africa‘s current legislation is able to regulate the new phenomena of defamatory statements on social media platforms. The conclusion was reached that South Africa‘s current legislation is more than adequate to regulate this new form of defamation. With the qualification that that judges apply the current legal principles of the law of delict to this new form of defamation correctly. Educating and informing judges, as well as the public is vital in preventing this new form of defamation to become problematic. / LLM, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Background: The patient with a substance abuse often felt ignored and mistrusted in the caring relation with the nurse. To recreate and maintain the patient´s dignity in the caring relation the nurse needs to create a relationship that is characterized by togetherness. Aim: To illustrate the nurse’s experiences of treating patients with a substance abuse in the somatic health care. Method: To illustrate the contemporary state of knowledge related to the aim the authors carried out a literature review. The findings are based on ten scientific articles published during the last ten years. The articles where collected from the databases Cinahl Complete and Pubmed.  Results: The findings are presented in five themes; Mistrust mainly covered the nurses perceived difficulties to find trust in the patients self valuation of pain and information about taken substances; Fear that brought up how the nurses feeling of insecurity related to the patients actions; Feeling of being manipulated that described how the nurses perceived that the patient in a deceitful way tried to turn things into their own advantage in the caring relationship; The patients responsibility described how the nurses perceived that the abusing patients didn’t take responsibility for their own health; Ignorance where the nurses described how they feel that they lack of adequate education and knowledge to provide good care for patients with substance abuse. Discussion: Both the nurse´s and the patient´s dignity is affected in the caring relationship.  Insecurity, lack of knowledge and trust creates patterns that make both parties act in ways that damages their own and the others dignity either knowingly or subconsciously. / Bakgrund: Den missbrukande patienten känner sig ofta ignorerad och misstrodd i vårdrelationen med sjuksköterskan. För att återskapa och bibehålla patientens värdighet i vårdrelationen krävs att sjuksköterskan skapar en relation som är karaktäriserad av gemenskap. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av hur det är att vårda patienter med ett substansmissbruk inom den somatiska sjukvården ur ett vårdetiskt perspektiv. Metod: För att belysa det aktuella kunskapsläget relaterat till syftet har författarna gjort en litteraturöversikt. Resultatet grundar sig i tio vetenskapliga artiklar som publicerats under de senaste tio åren. Artiklarna är hämtade från databaserna Cinahl Complete och Pubmed. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fem teman; Misstro som främst handlade om sjuksköterskans upplevda svårighet att finna tillit till patientens självskattade smärta; Rädsla som tog upp sjuksköterskans känsla av osäkerhet kring patientens agerande; Känsla av att bli manipulerad som beskrev hur sjuksköterskan upplevde att patienten på ett oärligt sätt försökte vända saker till sin egen fördel i vårdsituationen; Patientens ansvar beskrev hur de missbrukande patienterna inte tog ansvar för sin egen hälsa; Okunskap där sjuksköterskor beskriver hur de känner att de saknar tillräcklig utbildning och kunskap inför att kunna ge god vård till patienter med substansmissbruk. Diskussion: Både patientens och sjuksköterskans värdighet påverkas i vårdrelationen. Osäkerhet, okunskap och brist på tillit skapar mönster som gör att båda parter handlar på sätt som skadar sin egen och den andres värdighet antingen medvetet eller omedvetet.

This thesis examines what effect the economic discourse in EU migration policy might have on the view of migrants’ human rights in the European public opinion. The study is carried out as a qualitative content analysis of two central EU migration policy documents: The Global Approach to Migration and Mobility (2011), and A European Agenda on Migration (2015). The objective of the analysis is to determine whether the economic discourse have a dominant position in the documents and how this might affect the rights of the most vulnerable migrants. The analysis is based on a deductive approach in which existing theory have been analysed to identify key concepts upon which predetermined discourses have been decided and analysed in the documents. The analysis establishes that the economic discourse has a dominant position in the two documents, and that human rights are conditional. The analysis shows that migrants are stripped of their basic human rights due to the fact that they are not members of a community. The conclusion of the analysis is that human dignity is dependent upon your skills, competences and economic capital. It is expressed through the lack of political will to propose initiatives aimed at the most vulnerable migrants. The EU and is Member States are proposing stronger actions when it comes to attracting third country nationals to the EU that might contribute to economic growth.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study describes and analyses the problem of termination of pregnancy, with special attention to its prevalence in Kenya, where more than seven hundred abortions are performed daily on girls between fifteen and seventeen years of age. Although pregnancy termination is illegal in Kenya, its practice goes on in the rural villages, in homes, in urban streets and in private clinics. The research focuses on the ethical quest for human dignity in the context of the church’s response to the challenge of termination of pregnancy. It examines the perceptions and attitudes of various cadres of Christians, such as church ministers, doctors and lawyers, towards the problem. The study has been mainly through literature review of books, journals, magazines and newspapers, as well as through structured interviews and focus group discussions in Kisumu County of Kenya. Various viewpoints have been discussed and analysed with regard to the problem. The research proposes Martin Benjamin’s ethical theory of compromise as the most suitable means by which the church in Kenya can approach the challenge of termination of pregnancy. The theory finds support from Norman Geisler’s theory of graded absolutism as well as from a biblical analysis. Through the compromise theory, the research proposes that the church should lead in public advocacy for legalising pregnancy termination within the first six weeks of pregnancy in order to deal with pregnancies arising out of rape and incest. Findings from structured interviews and focused group discussions support the current legal framework that prohibits pregnancy termination, but reveal a desire for change in the way the church deals with members who get unplanned pregnancies and those who terminate the same. The research suggests, in addition, that the church’s role should emphasize counselling, teaching and pastoral care, rather than ex-communication and public rebuke. The church should avoid activism which seeks to keep abortion illegal at the expense of numerous Kenyans who do not necessarily submit to the church’s position. Within the church, and among those whom the church seeks to convert, the researcher upholds the church’s teaching of chastity and abstinence as the most effective preventive measures against abortion. The thesis proposes these measures as the means to ensuring human dignity within the church in relation to the ethical challenge of termination of pregnancy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie beskryf en ontleed die probleem van die beëindiging van swangerskap, met spesiale aandag aan die voorkoms daarvan in Kenia, waar meer as sewe-honderd aborsies daagliks uitgevoer word op meisies tussen vyftien en sewentien jaar oud. Hoewel swangerskap-beëindiging onwettig is in Kenia, vind dit steeds plaas in die plattelandse dorpies, in huise, in stedelike strate en in private klinieke. Die navorsing fokus op die etiese strewe na menswaardigheid in die lig van die kerk se reaksie op die uitdaging van die beëindiging van swangerskap. Dit ondersoek die persepsies en houdings van verskillende kaders van Christene, soos predikante, dokters en prokureurs, ten opsigte van die probleem. Die studie is hoofsaaklik gedoen deur ‘n literatuuroorsig van boeke, artikels, koerante en tydskrifte, sowel as deur middel van gestruktureerde onderhoude en fokus-groep besprekings in die distrik van Kisumu, Kenia. Verskillende standpunte word bespreek en ontleed met betrekking tot die probleem. Die navorsing stel Martin Benjamin se etiese teorie van kompromie voor as die mees geskikte manier waarop die kerk in Kenia die uitdaging van die beëindiging van swangerskap kan benader. Die teorie word ondersteun deur Norman Geisler se teorie van gegradeerde absolutisme sowel as deur 'n Bybelse analise. Deur die kompromie-teorie stel die navorsing voor dat die kerk leiding moet neem in openbare voorspraak vir die wettiging van swangerskap-beëindiging binne die eerste ses weke van swangerskappe wat voortspruit uit verkragting en bloedskande. Bevindinge van gestruktureerde onderhoude en gefokusde groepbesprekings ondersteun die huidige regsraamwerk wat swangerskap-beëindiging verbied, maar openbaar 'n begeerte vir 'n verandering in die manier waarop die kerk optree teenoor lede wat onbepland swanger raak en diegene wat aborsies kry. Die navorsing dui verder daarop dat die kerk se rol eerder moet fokus op berading, onderrig en pastorale sorg, as op ekskommunikasie en openbare teregwysing. Die kerk moet aktivisme vermy wat poog om aborsie onwettig te hou ten koste van die talle Keniane wat hulle nie noodwendig aan die kerk onderwerp nie. Binne die kerk, en onder diegene wat die kerk wil bekeer, ondersteun die navorser die kerk se lering van kuisheid en onthouding as die mees doeltreffende voorkomende maatreëls teen aborsie. Die tesis stel hierdie maatreëls voor as middele om menswaardigheid, met betrekking tot die etiese uitdaging van die beëindiging van swangerskap, binne die kerk te verseker.

Sammanfattning Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur enhetschefer inom äldreomsorgen resonerar kring begreppet värdighet hos äldre personer som bor på särskilt boende, samt hur de ser till att deras personal omsätter värdighet i det praktiska arbetet. Värdighetsbegreppet diskuteras främst i förhållande till komponenterna bemötande och självbestämmande. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod i form av semisstrukturerade intervjuer med fem enhetschefer inom äldreomsorgen. I analysen användes fyra olika teorier om värdighet, nämligen (I) meritvärdighet, (II) värdighet som moralisk resning, (III) identitetsvärdighet samt (IV) människovärde. Studien visar att begreppet värdighet rymmer en mängd olika beståndsdelar enligt enhetschefer för äldreomsorgen. Bland annat nämns individualitet, god omvårdnad, respektfullhet och gott bemötande som viktiga delar av värdigheten. Enhetschefer inom äldreomsorgen lägger också mycket vikt vid sin personal och huruvida de uppfyller dessa komponenter i sitt praktiska arbete kring äldre. Studien indikerar även att begreppet identitetsvärdighet bör uppmärksammas och lämnas mer utrymme inom verksamheter som rör äldre. / Abstract This study aims to examine how unit managers in eldercare reason about the concept of the dignity of older people living in residential care, and how they ensure that their staff turnover of dignity in the practical work. Dignity concept is discussed mainly in relation to the components of treatment and self-determination. The study was a qualitative research in the form of semi-structured interviews with five heads of units in elderly care. The analysis used four different theories of dignity, namely (I) merit dignity, (II) dignity as moral stature, (III) the identity and dignity and (IV) human dignity. The study shows that the concept of dignity can accommodate a variety of ingredients according to unit managers for their care. Among others mentioned individuality, good care, respectfulness and good treatment as essential elements of dignity. Heads of Unit in elderly care also places much emphasis on their staff and their compliance with these components in the practical work around the elderly. The study also indicates that the concept of dignity as identity should be recognized and given more space in the activities related to the elderly.

This integrating essay is based on an Aristotelian-Thomism in exploring ethical decisionmaking and corporate governance mechanisms to address issues of corporate deviant behaviour, and ultimately, human flourishing. Eight (8) peer-reviewed journal articles analyse the causes of moral failings of corporate governance and ethical decision-making mechanisms, and propose to address these ethical deficits: (1) Virtue Theory as a Dynamic Theory of Business proposes a meta-theory of business that links the concepts of virtues, the common good, and the dynamic economy, (2) A Communitarian Model of Business: A Natural Law Perspective offers a communitarian view of business in defining the business organisation as one that incorporates its social purpose that acknowledges the primacy of people over profits, (3) Corporate Governance: An Ethical Perspective makes the distinction between ethical and legal compliance approaches to corporate governance in arguing the necessity and importance of the former approach as a basis for an effective legal compliance culture, (4) Striking a Balance between Rules and Principles-Based Approaches for Effective Governance: A Risks-Based Approach highlights the drawbacks of an excessively heavy reliance on rules-based approaches to corporate governance, (5) Ethical Decision-Making: A Case for the Triple Font Theory offers a comprehensive, systematic, practical approach to ethical decisionmaking that attempts to integrate virtue ethics into act-oriented normative ethical theories, (6) Reconciling Situational Social Psychology with Virtue Ethics attempts to reconcile the virtue ethicssituational social psychology debate, (7) Slippery when Wet: The Real Risk in Business identifies factors that contribute to corporate deviant behaviour from both an individual and organisational perspectives, and (8) An Aristotelian-Thomistic Approach to Management Practice argues that an Aristotelian-Thomistic humanism better promotes human dignity as it corrects the dysfunctional aspects and ethical deficits than its utilitarian naturalistic humanism counterpart. The failure to integrate an Aristotelian-Thomistic understanding of the virtues and natural law ethical principles of subsidiarity, solidarity, human dignity, and the common good into business practice threatens the stability and survival of the firm since they are required to correct the dysfunctional aspects and ethical deficits of certain aspects of market behaviour.

L'ambivalence entourant actuellement l'appréhension de l'humain confine parfois à l'ambiguïté. Telle est le constat auquel le chercheur se doit de faire face dès lors qu'il s'attache à étudier ce vaste sujet. Tiraillé entre deux mouvements opposés, l'humain semble osciller entre sacralité et disponibilité, entre protection et libéralisation. Il est soumis à un mouvement permanent d'appréciations contradictoires, rendant délicate, et peut être même illusoire, toute fixation d'une appréhension pérenne. Pourtant, paradoxalement, la nécessité de dégager un axiome durable destiné à guider les réflexions n'a jamais été aussi grande. Car, les développements scientifiques, la montée du libéralisme, mais également l'apparition d'un individualisme social projettent l'humain dans un mouvement utilitariste suscitant parfois l'inquiétude. L'outil juridique dans sa "rigidité" a en effet du mal à percevoir cette réalité particulière. Il n'a pas été originellement créé dans ce but. Il sait s'occuper des rapports pouvant exister entre les catégories qu'il a établies, mais rencontre quelques difficultés lorsqu'il s'agit d'appréhender une entité "hors-cadre". Dès lors, pour véritablement comprendre nous nous devons de nous installer dans une "schizophrénie" analytique. Nous devons accepter que l'humain ne représente pas en droit, une personne ou une chose, mais bien les deux à la fois. Qu'il ne peut être "sacralisé" ni rendu "disponible" complètement. Qu'il est un "tout" complexe et un "complexe" de tout, qu'il est une unicité "janusienne", une unicité à double visage. / The ambivalence surrounding at present the apprehension of the human sometimes borders on the ambiguity. Such is the report which the researcher owes face since he attempts to study this vast subject. Pulled between two opposite movements, human seems to oscillate between sacrality and availability, between protection and liberalization. It is subjected to a permanent movement of contradictory appreciations, making delicate, and can be even imaginary, any binding of a long-lasting apprehension. Nevertheless, paradoxically, the necessity of loosening a sustainable axiom intended to guide the reflections was never so big. Because, the scientific developments, the ascent of the liberalism, but also the appearance of a social individualism plan human in a movement utilitarian sometimes arousing the anxiety. The legal tool in its "rigidity" indeed has difficulty in perceiving this particular reality. It was not create originally in this purpose. He knows how to take care of connections which can exist between the categories that he established, but meets some difficulties when it is a question of dreading an entity "except frame". From then on, to understand really we owesettle down in an analytical "schizophrenia". We have to accept that human does not represent in law, a person or a thing, but both at once. That he cannot be "made sacred" nor made "available" completely. That it is a "quite" complex and a "complex" of everything, that it is a uniqueness "janusienne", a uniqueness with double face.

Tragédie humaine et crime que l'on préfère croire d'un autre temps, l'esclavage n'a jamais été aussi prospère que depuis la proclamation officielle de son abolition. Dès lors, son éradication se heurte à un manque flagrant de juridictionnalisation et à l'absence de mise en oeuvre de politiques publiques concrètes. Dans le même temps, l'intervention vigoureuse des forces de l'ordre est entravée, ce qui permet aux trafiquants de jouir d'une relative impunité. De prime abord, il peut paraître simple de définir ce qu'est l'esclavage tant la notion semble entendue et le sujet d'actualité. Mais au-delà de cette image d'Epinal véhiculée par la traite transatlantique négrière, l'esclavage perdure et ses avatars modernes se superposent à ses formes anciennes. La nature transnationale de ce crime, l'anonymat de ces auteurs facilité par l'évolution des technologies et la difficulté d'en identifier ses victimes amènent à se demander si la sphère internationale n'est finalement pas la plus à même de lutter contre les pratiques esclavagistes. De plus, faire respecter l'interdiction des pratiques esclavagistes passe aujourd'hui par une approche multidisciplinaire du phénomène qui doit être réalisée à l'échelle internationale de manière à saisir pleinement l'envergure de ce qu'est réellement l'esclavage, mais implique toutefois une coopération des Etats. En effet, bien plus qu'une simple problématique juridique, fut-elle d'envergure internationale, la lutte contre l'esclavage contemporain implique également une prise de conscience de la sphère politique et un engagement de la société civile sans lesquelles aucunes mesures ne pourraient être efficacement appliquées. / Human tragedy and crime that we prefer to think of another time, slavery has never been so prosperous since the official announcement of its abolition. Therefore, its eradication is facing a serious lack of jurisdictionalisation and a lack of enforcement of specific public policies. At the same time, the vigorous intervention of the authorities is obstructed that which allow a relative impunity to the traffickers.Prima facie it may seem easy to define slavery as the concept seems to heard and the current topic. But beyond this idyllic picture conveyed by the transatlantic slave trade, slavery persists and its modern avatars overlap with its ancient forms. The transnational nature of this crime, the anonymity of the authors facilitated by technological developments and the difficulty of identifying his victims, lead us to wonder if the international sphere is not actually the best able to fight against slavery. Furthermore, enforcing the prohibition of slavery going on today by a multidisciplinary approach to the phenomenon which must be done internationally in order to fully grasp the scale of what slavery really is, but involves, however, cooperation of States. Indeed more than a simple legal question, even with an international scope, the fight against contemporary slavery also involves an awareness of the political sphere and a commitment of the civil society without which no measures could be effectively applied.

Bakgrund: Att vara patient innebär att befinna sig i en utsatt situation. Inom omvårdnad är därför de etiska frågorna av stor betydelse och rätten till värdighet är en grundläggande princip. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll för att bevara och främja patientens upplevelse att bli bemött med värdighet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hur sjuksköterskor tänker kring värdighet inom omvårdnad och hur de arbetar för att bevara patienters värdighet i det dagliga omvårdnadsarbetet. Metodbeskrivning: Kvalitativ studie med individuella intervjuer som analyserats genom innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visar att bemötande, respekt för autonomi, integritet och delaktighet lyftes fram som grundläggande aspekter inom värdighet. Att utgå från individen, skydda kroppen och främja autonomi, genom att utforska vad patienten själv kan göra och därefter främja självständigheten, beskrevs som betydelsefulla faktorer i omvårdnadsarbetet. Slutsats: Intervjupersonerna var samstämmiga kring vad värdighet innebär och hur det kan främjas. Tidspress och stress lyftes som den främsta orsaken som försvårade deras främjande av patientens värdighet. / Background: Being a patient puts you in an exposed position. Therefore the ethical questions within nursing have a significant role, and the right to dignity is a basic principle. The nurse holds a key role to preserve and promote the patient's experience of being met with dignity.   Purpose: The aim was to explore nurses’ thoughts about dignity within nursing and how they work to preserve the patients’ dignity in the daily routine.  Method: Qualitative study with individual interviews that are analyzed through content analysis.  Result: The result shows that personal treatment, respecting autonomy, integrity, and patient participation were highlighted as key aspects within preserving dignity. To emanate from the individual, protect the body, and promote autonomy by exploring what the patient is capable of doing independently and support this, were described as key aspects in nursing.  Conclusion: All the interviewed subjects were consistent in what dignity means and how it can be preserved. Time pressure and stress were flagged as the main reasons of making the promotion of patient dignity more difficult.

This thesis examined the nature, experience and consequences of humiliation among Dalits (ex-Untouchables) in India (and also among UK students for comparative purposes). Social psychological research looks at humiliation as automatic, extreme and intense emotion which often leads to extreme and irrational behaviors (Lindner, 2002; Otten & Jonas, 2014; Elison & Harter, 2007). The research in this thesis contested this view and underlined the need to look at humiliation as 1) inherently relational or dynamic in nature, 2) a distinguishably group level phenomenon and 3) a mobilised phenomenon. Study 1 analysed the experiences of humiliation among Dalits and conceptualised humiliation as a complex social encounter in which one party attempts to diminish identity of another party. Study 1 also identified important dimensions of humiliating encounters that were examined in subsequent studies. Studies 2 - 3 manipulated perspective (victim or witness) and target of devaluation (personal identity or social identity) in a humiliating encounter and showed that the nature of humiliation and how it is experienced depends upon the way in which identities are defined in a humiliating encounter. Both UK students (Study 2) and Dalit participants (Study 3) confirmed the collective experience of humiliation i.e. one can feel humiliated simply by witnessing humiliation of another group member. Studies- 4 - 7 manipulated victim's response (resistance vs. compliance) during a humiliating encounter. These studies showed that humiliation is an encounter within power relations and victims of humiliation possess choice and agency to change the outcome of humiliating encounters. Study 8 analysed the humiliation rhetoric in the speeches of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the most important of Dalits leaders, and showed that the way in which humiliating encounter is resolved depends upon the mobilisation processes which can even change the nature of identities and, therefore, the nature of experience of the encounter.