Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-02-22T11:43:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Gonçalves Fernandes.pdf: 1310151 bytes, checksum: 8e079d2206f6e0214dad7e675e4bc8b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T11:43:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Gonçalves Fernandes.pdf: 1310151 bytes, checksum: 8e079d2206f6e0214dad7e675e4bc8b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-15 / The Brazilian State is governed by a democratic Constitution that enshrines several principles, which are spread through the Legal System and extend to all the branches of the Law, including administrative law, and as a consequence reach disciplinary law, a sub-division of the matter that will be specifically approached in this study. Among said long-standing principles is the principle of legal security, which, among other aspects, ensures citizens a minimum foreseeability when it comes to government conducts. Nevertheless, over history one has accepted (including a significant portion of legal scholars to date) that the formal legal definition of punishable conducts under the disciplinary law (a sub-system that provides for the sanctioning of civil servants) were to be distinct from that applied to criminal law, where one not only recognizes but also requires a clearly delineated legal concept as a means to afford citizens an individual guarantee, in order that the conduct defined as an offense in such system be necessarily described by the law in a clear and accurate manner, in that no generic or vague concepts be accepted. Accordingly, in this study one will analyze the requirements for enforcement of administrative sanctions, with a special focus on disciplinary sanctions, as opposed to the system of guarantees afforded to civil servants by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the grounds underlying it. The analysis will be made from a historical and dogmatic study of the theories that have influenced (and that still influence, to a certain extent) the interference exercised by the Public Administration in those who engage in special relationships of power with it. Therefore, one shall scrutinize the issues concerning the definition of generic punishable conducts under the disciplinary law, historically justified by the so-called special relationships of subjection, in light of the guarantees established in our Constitutional State, particularly legal security, democracy and the fundamental right to a proper administration. The analysis will look into the need for an objective perception of punishable conducts, if not through legislative amendment (a task we are not undertaking here), then through the organization of the chaotic whole of legal rules, by setting out hermeneutical guidelines that will function as limits to public authorities and will thus contribute to an analysis of the matter that is more compatible with the values found in the Federal Constitution / O Estado Brasileiro vige sob a égide de uma Constituição democrática que consagra diversos princípios, os quais se irradiam pelo Ordenamento Jurídico para avançar sobre todas as áreas do Direito, inclusive sobre o direito administrativo, de maneira que também toca o direito disciplinar, sub-ramo daquela matéria que será especialmente tratado nesta pesquisa. Dentre os consagrados princípios, se encontra o princípio da segurança jurídica, o qual, além de outras facetas, garante aos administrados um mínimo de previsibilidade em relação às condutas estatais. Não obstante, foi aceito historicamente (hipótese admitida por parcela significativa da doutrina até os presentes dias) que a tipificação formal de condutas no direito disciplinar (subsistema que cuida do sancionamento de servidores públicos) seria distinta daquela estabelecida para o direito penal, onde não só se reconhece como se exige uma tipicidade fechada como garantia individual dos cidadãos, de modo a se fazer imprescindível nesse sistema que a conduta descritiva do delito seja posta de maneira clara e precisa no texto legal, de sorte que não são admitidos, como regra, conceitos genéricos ou indeterminados na descrição do tipo. Diante isso, analisamos na presente pesquisa os pressupostos para a aplicação das sanções administrativas, com ênfase nas sanções disciplinares, contrapondo-as ao regime de garantias dos servidores fixado pela Constituição da República de 1988 e os fundamentos que o justificam. Referida análise se deu a partir de estudo histórico e dogmático das teorias que influenciaram (e continuam a influenciar em determinada medida) a interferência da Administração Pública sobre aqueles que estabelecem com ela vínculos especiais de poder. Sendo assim, problematizamos o estabelecimento de tipos punitivos abertos no direito disciplinar, justificados historicamente pelas chamadas relações especiais de sujeição, à luz das garantias estabelecidas em nosso Estado Constitucional, especialmente a segurança jurídica, a democracia e o direito fundamental a uma boa administração. Essa análise incita a reflexão sobre a necessidade de objetivação dos tipos disciplinares, se não por meio de alterações legislativas (tarefa a que não nos propomos), pela ordenação do todo caótico representado pelas regras jurídicas por meio do estabelecimento de diretrizes hermenêuticas que representarão limites ao hierarca e se prestarão a contribuir para uma análise mais consentânea do tema com os valores da Constituição Federal

Avec l’avènement progressif de l’ère industrielle, l’activité de l’homme a pesé de plus en plus négativement sur l’équilibre des milieux naturels. Il s’en est suivi la construction progressive d’un droit répressif de l’environnement, destiné à lutter contre les atteintes à la nature, mais chroniquement élaboré sur les bases même d’un dispositif de police administrative, un concept assis sur les fondements d’un droit résolument disciplinaire, structurellement et moralement insuffisant pour révéler une valeur essentielle. La responsabilité délictuelle ainsi que le régime de responsabilité environnementale visent à inventer de nouveaux concepts juridiques afin de réparer les atteintes à la nature, mais révèlent de nombreuses limites. Dans ce contexte, la norme pénale, se voulant surtout utilitariste, est à la fois auxiliaire d’un droit administratif et auxiliaire de normes réparatrices, et, demeure sans influence pour faire émerger la valeur réelle de l’intérêt protégé. Il ressort d'une telle analyse que la protection de la nature, en tant que valeur essentielle, ne peut être consacrée que par le recours à un droit pénal efficace établi sur les bases de fondements éthiques compris et acceptés par tous. Cette thèse de droit interne s’inscrit dans une démarche prospective qui voudrait concourir à un tel résultat en tentant de repenser et de restructurer le droit pénal spécial de l’environnement de manière à offrir au juge répressif la possibilité de porter un véritable jugement de valeur sur des atteintes désormais reconnues comme autodestructrices du genre humain lui-même. / With the gradual advent of the industrial era, human activity has weighed more negatively on the balance of natural environments. This was followed by the gradual construction of a very repressive law for environment, intended to combat prejudice against nature, but chronically prepared on the very bases of administrative police, a seated concept on the basis of a resolutely disciplinary law, structurally and morally insufficient to reveal an essential value. Tort, as well as environmental liability regime aim to invent new legal concepts in order to redress the damage to nature, but they reveal many limitations.In this context, the criminal standard, meant to be especially utilitarian, is both an auxiliary of administrative right and an auxiliary of remedial standards, and remains without influence in bringing out the real value of the protected interest.It is such an analysis that the protection of nature, as an essential value, may be used only by recourse to an effective criminal law established on the bases of ethical foundations understood and accepted by everybody. This thesis of law fits into a forward-looking approach that would contribute to such an outcome by trying to rethink and restructure the special criminal law of the environment so as to offer the repressive judge the opportunity to exercise a true value judgment on self-destructive and now recognized violations of mankind itself.

L'adage ne bis in idem déjà connu du droit romain est utilisé en procédure pénale, il a pour signification que nul ne peut être poursuivi deux fois pour les mêmes faits. Cette règle a pour objectif de garantir la protection des libertés individuelles notamment, la sécurité juridique et l'équité. En droit français, il est prévu à l’article 368 du code de procédure pénale que « aucune personne acquittée légalement ne peut plus être reprise ou accusée à raison des mêmes faits, même sous une qualification différente ». Ne bis in idem possède un édifice tridimensionnel déterminant le non-cumul des qualifications, des poursuites et des sanctions. Concernant l'aspect européen, le principe a été soumis par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme a d'importants critères permettant de déterminer si l'on se trouve en situation de cumul des sanctions. La Cour européenne des droits de l'homme a amorcé un changement dans l'interprétation française du cumul des sanctions. Le Conseil constitutionnel, prenant en considération la position de la haute cour européenne, a donné un nouveau tournant à la règle française. Un processus s'est alors engagé vers la refonte du champ d'application permettant d'étendre la règle à de nombreuses situations de cumuls et notamment aux sanctions disciplinaires. C'est en faisant application d'une jurisprudence évolutive et abondante que nous nous attacherons à démontrer que la règle pourrait également s'appliquer à certaines sanctions disciplinaires qui peuvent également être cumulées aux sanctions pénales / The adage ne bis in idem already known from Roman law is used in criminal proceedings, it means that no one can be prosecuted twice for the same facts. The purpose of this rule is to guarantee the protection of individual freedoms, including legal certainty and fairness. Under French law, article 368 of the code of criminal procedure provides that "no person who has been acquitted by law may be taken back or charged on the basis of the same facts, even under a different qualification". Ne bis in idem has a three-dimensional building determining the non-cumulation of qualifications, prosecutions and sanctions. Regarding the European aspect, the principle has been submitted by the European court of human rights has important criteria to determine if there is a situation of cumulation of sanctions. The European court of human rights has initiated a change in the French interpretation of the cumulation of sanctions. The Constitutional Council, taking into account the position of the High European court, has given a new turn to the French rule. A process has begun to redefine the scope of application to extend the rule to many cumulative situations including disciplinary sanctions. It is by applying an evolutionary and abundant jurisprudence that we will endeavor to demonstrate that the rule could also apply to certain disciplinary sanctions which can also be cumulated with the penal sanctions

Initially the exercise of sanctioning powers is contextualized in the field of government procurement in Colombia, regulatory and jurisprudential development of this power and the procedure envisaged by the legislature for the imposition of sanctions is exposed when a violation or breach of it becomes apparent the contractor’s obligations, specifying the scope and gaps that the process involves. Then the consecration of the sanctioning power of the administration is presented in the Peruvian law, marking the differences with the model adopted by the Colombian law, to conclude with some perspectives on the subject. / Inicialmente se contextualiza el ejercicio de la potestad sancionadora en el ámbito de la contratación estatal en Colombia. Se expone el desarrollo normativo y jurisprudencial de esta facultad y el procedimiento que ha previsto el legislador para la imposición de sanciones cuando se evidencie una infracción o incumplimiento de las obligaciones del contratista, precisándose el alcance y los vacíos que el procedimiento comporta. En seguida, se presenta la consagración de la potestad sancionadora de la administración en el derecho peruano, marcando las diferencias con el modelo adoptado por la legislación colombiana, para concluir con algunas perspectivas sobre el tema.

La période de prospérité immobilière qu’a vécue le Québec a attiré de nombreuses personnes vers la pratique du courtage immobilier. Certains ont malheureusement choisi d’exercer cette « profession » pour les mauvaises raisons et sans se soucier des règles et valeurs régissant l’industrie du courtage immobilier au Québec, dont la protection est confiée à l’Organisme d’autoréglementation du courtage immobilier du Québec (ci-après : « Organisme » ou « OACIQ ». Ainsi, à l’ère où la question des conflits d’intérêts, et plus particulièrement ceux existants chez nos élus, envahie littéralement les médias, il nous a semblé pertinent d’étudier le concept de conflit d’intérêts à travers la Loi sur le courtage immobilier en vue de faire un constat sur l’état du droit. Dans la première partie de notre exposé, nous traiterons des fondements et origines de l’expression « conflit d’intérêts » ainsi que son évolution à travers le temps, jusqu’à présent. Cette première partie, également consacrée au lexique, nous permettra de comprendre l’étymologie des termes « conflit », « intérêt » et de l’expression « conflit d’intérêts ». Finalement, nous analyserons certaines lois et décisions traitant du sujet. Dans la seconde partie de notre mémoire, nous nous pencherons sur la place occupée par le conflit d’intérêts dans la Loi sur le courtage immobilier. L’historique des diverses versions de cette Loi, l’évolution des dispositions ainsi que les décisions du Comité de discipline de l’OACIQ concernant le conflit d’intérêts y seront étudiés. Nous conclurons ce mémoire par une synthèse de nos recherches et en proposant des modifications législatives à la Loi sur le courtage immobilier. / The real estate boom in which we found ourselves in recent years has attracted many people to the real estate brokerage practice. Unfortunately, some have chosen to practice this “profession” for the wrong reasons and without regard to the rules and values governing the real estate brokerage industry in Quebec, whose protection is entrusted to the Organisme d’autoréglementation du courtage immobilier du Québec. Thus, in a period in which the concept of conflict of interest and particularly those existing in our government, literally invade the medias, it seemed appropriate to us to question the meaning of that term through the Real Estate Brokerage Act in order to make a statement on the law. In the first part of our thesis, we will step back in time, to find the foundations and origins of the conflict of interest as well as its evolution over time, until today. The first part, also a study of the particular lexicon, will give us the opportunity to understand the etymology of the term "conflict", "interest" and "conflict of interest". Finally, we will analyze some laws and decisions concerning this topic. In the second part of our work, we will look at the place assigned by the Real Estate Brokerage Act to the conflict of interest. The history of the various versions of this Law, the evolution as well as the decisions issued by the Disciplinary Committee of sections concerning the conflict of interest will be studied. We will conclude with a summary of our research and will provide possible solutions, including legislative amendments to the Real Estate Brokerage Act.

Les agents des services correctionnels sont appelés à travailler et à intervenir quotidiennement auprès des individus incarcérés et se trouvent au cœur du fonctionnement des établissements de détention provinciaux du Québec. Leurs pratiques disciplinaires envers les individus incarcérés étaient auparavant considérées comme arbitraires et prenaient place dans un milieu défini comme autonome, autosuffisant, fermé sur l’extérieur et ne nécessitant pas le support de la société (Goffman, 1961). Les dernières décennies ont apporté de nombreux changements, tels la reconnaissance des droits des individus incarcérés, l’ouverture du milieu carcéral sur la société ou encore la normalisation des conditions de détention. A ceux-ci se sont ajoutés la Loi sur le système correctionnel du Québec et son Règlement d’application qui vient régir le processus disciplinaire. L’objet de cette recherche vise la compréhension des pratiques des agents correctionnels en matière de poursuites disciplinaires suite à ces changements. Cette étude vise également à comprendre les éléments venant influencer la décision, par un agent correctionnel, de dresser un rapport disciplinaire. Nos résultats se divisent en deux volets. Le premier suggère que le droit disciplinaire est une question d’équilibre carcéral. Les agents correctionnels, ayant la mission de maintenir la sécurité et l’ordre au sein du milieu carcéral, prennent également part à la mission de réinsertion sociale des individus incarcérés. Les agents doivent moduler leurs pratiques disciplinaires selon des éléments administratifs et institutionnels, tout en entretenant une relation avec les individus incarcérés basée sur la négociation et le marchandage. Le deuxième suggère que le droit disciplinaire est une question de pouvoir. En effet, malgré l’encadrement des établissements carcéraux par des textes légaux, les agents correctionnels détiennent un pouvoir discrétionnaire reconnu et accepté dans l’application de la discipline. / The correctional officers are at the hearth of the operation of provincial correctional facilities in Quebec as they are required to work and respond every day to individuals incarcerated in prisons. Their disciplinary practices towards incarcerated individuals were previously considered as arbitrary and took place in an environment defined as autonomous, self-sufficient, closed to the outside and that didn’t require the support of society (Gofmann, 1961). The last decades have brought many changes, such as the recognition of the rights of incarcerated individuals, the opening of the prison environment, the standardization of the detention conditions as well as the introduction of the Act respecting the Quebec Correctional System and the Regulations under the Act respecting the Quebec Correctional System, that regulate the disciplinary process. The interest of this research is the understanding of the practices of correctional officers in disciplinary proceedings following these changes. This study also aims the understanding of what influences the decision, by a correctional officer, to write a disciplinary report. Our results are divided in two aspects. The first suggests that the disciplinary practices are about power. Indeed, despite the supervision of prisons by legal texts, correctional officers have a discretionary power towards the application of discipline that is recognized and accepted. Secondly, the disciplinary practices are set in a certain balance of the prison regime. Correctional officers have the mission to maintain security and order within the prison. They also take part in the mission of social reintegration of incarcerated individuals. They must adjust their disciplinary practices according to administrative and institutional elements, while maintaining a relationship with incarcerated individuals based on negotiation and bargaining.

No description available.

Au cours des dernières années, plusieurs professionnels de la santé ont dénoncé publiquement des situations problématiques affectant le système de santé et des services sociaux du Québec, notamment par le biais des réseaux sociaux et des médias traditionnels. Alors qu’ils contribuent à renforcer la transparence des organismes du réseau de la santé et à protéger les droits des usagers, ces lanceurs d’alerte se heurtent à une culture du silence et s’exposent, encore aujourd’hui, à des mesures de représailles. Ce mémoire cherche à clarifier le cadre juridique entourant les dénonciations publiques effectuées par les professionnels de la santé. La première partie examine la portée de la liberté d’expression dont jouissent ces professionnels. Cette liberté fondamentale, comme le droit du public d’être informé, n’est pas absolue. Son exercice doit être concilié avec d’autres droits et obligations, dont le droit à la réputation de l’employeur, le devoir de loyauté et les obligations déontologiques du professionnel, ainsi que les droits des patients. La deuxième partie s’intéresse à la protection juridique des dénonciateurs. Au fil des ans, le législateur a adopté plusieurs dispositions afin de faciliter la divulgation de certains actes répréhensibles. Celles-ci protègent principalement les personnes qui font des signalements à l’interne ou auprès d’une autorité compétente. Dans une perspective critique, ce mémoire souligne les insuffisances du droit québécois en matière de dénonciation publique et propose des avenues interprétatives et législatives visant à renforcer la protection des lanceurs d’alerte dans le secteur de la santé. / In recent years, several healthcare professionals have publicly denounced problematic situations affecting Quebec's health and social services system, notably via traditional and social media. Although they contribute to strengthening transparency in healthcare institutions and protecting the rights of users, these whistleblowers face a culture of silence and are still exposed to retaliation. This Master's thesis seeks to clarify the legal framework governing public disclosure made by healthcare professionals. The first part discusses the scope of the professionals' freedom of expression. This fundamental freedom, such as the public's right to be informed, is not absolute. Its exercise must be reconciled with other rights and obligations, including the employer's right to reputation, the duty of loyalty, ethical obligations, and the patients' rights. The second part focuses on legal protection for whistleblowers. The legislator has adopted over the years many provisions to facilitate the disclosure of wrongdoings. These provisions mainly protect whistleblowers who report internally or to a competent authority. Adopting a critical perspective, this thesis highlights the weaknesses of Quebec's legal framework on public disclosure and proposes interpretative and legislative pathways to reinforce the protection of whistleblowers in the healthcare sector.