Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des propriétés qualitatives des solutions des équations des ondes et de la chaleur semi-linéaires. Les résultats qui y sont décrits sont les suivants. Les deux premiers concernent l’existence et la description de dynamiques explosives de concentration en temps fini de l’état stationnaire à symétrie radiale dans le régime dit énergie surcritique ; en outre, pour l’équation des ondes la stabilité de ces phénomènes est étudiée dans le cas radial, et pour l’équation de la chaleur le cas plus général d’un domaine borné avec conditions de Dirichlet au bord est considéré. Le troisième porte sur la classification des dynamiques possibles près de l’état stationnaire radial pour l’équation de la chaleur dans le régime dit énergie critique, trois scénarios ayant lieu : la stabilisation, l’instabilité par explosion auto-similaire à profil explosif constant en espace, et l’instabilité par dissipation vers la solution nulle. Enfin, le quatrième a pour objet l’existence et la stabilité de profils explosifs auto-similaires non constants en espace pour l’équation de la chaleur dans le cas énergie surcritique / This thesis is devoted to the study of qualitative properties for solutions to the semilinear heat and wave equations. The results that are described are the following. The first two concern the existence and description of blow-up dynamics in which the radially symmetric stationary state is concentrated in finite time in the so-called energy supercritical regime; in addition, for the wave equation the stability of these phenomena is studied in the radial case, and for the heat equation the more general case of a bounded domain with Dirichlet condition at the boundary is considered. The third one deals with the classification of the possible dynamics near the radial stationary state for the heat equation in the so-called energy critical regime, where three scenarii occur: stabilization, instability by blow-up with the constant in space blow-up profile, and instability by dissipation to the null solution. Eventually, in the forth result we investigate the existence and the stability of self-similar blow-up profiles that are not constant in space, for the heat equation in the energy supercritical case

The distribution and potential sources of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils and Digitaria eriantha in the vicinity of three South African coal-fired power plants, Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. An ultrasonic assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) method was developed for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in soil, followed by determination using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The study showed that an extraction protocol based on acetonitrile as dispersive solvent and C2H2Cl2 as extracting solvent, gave extraction efficiencies comparable to conventional soxhlet extraction for soil samples. The extraction time using ultrasonication and the volume of the extraction solvent was also investigated. Using a certified reference material soil (CRM), the extraction efficiency of UA-DLLME ranged from 64 to 86% in comparison with the Soxhlet result of 73 to 95%. In comparison with the real sample, the CRM result did not show a significant difference at 95% C.I. The UA-DLLME proved to be a convenient, rapid, cost-effective and greener sample preparation approach for the determination of PAHs in soil samples. PAH compound ratios such as phenanthrene/phenanthrene + anthracene (Phen/ Phen + Anth) were used to provide a reliable estimation of emission sources. The total PAH concentration in the soils around three power plants ranged from 9.73 to 61.24 μg g−1, a range above the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry levels of 1.0 μg g−1 for a significantly contaminated site. Calculated values of the Phen/Phen + Anth ratio were 0.48±0.08, 0.44±0.05, and 0.38+0.04 for Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal, respectively. The flouranthene/fluoranthene + pyrene (Flan/ Flan + Pyr) levels were found to be 0.49±0.03 for Matla, 0.44±0.05 for Lethabo, and 0.53±0.08 for Rooiwal. Such values indicate a xx pyrolytic source of PAHs. Higher molecular weight PAHs (five to six rings) were predominant, suggesting coal combustion sources. The carcinogenic potency B[a]P equivalent concentration (B[a] Peq) at the three power plants ranged from 3.61 to 25.25, indicating a high carcinogenic burden. The highest (B[a] Peq) was found in samples collected around Matla power station. It can, therefore, be concluded that the soils were contaminated with PAHs originating from coal-fired power stations. Nine metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr and Zn) were analysed in soil and the Digitaria eriantha plant around three coal power plants (Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal), using ICP-OES and GFAAS. The total metal concentration in soil ranged from 0.05 ± 0.02 to 1835.70 ± 70 μg g-1, 0.08 ± 0.05 to 1743.90 ± 29 μg g-1 and 0.07 ± 0.04 to 1735.20 ± 91 μg g-1 at Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal respectively. The total metal concentration in the plant (Digitaria eriantha) ranged from 0.005 ± 0.003 to 534.87 ± 43 μg g-1 at Matla, 0.002 ± 0.001 to 400.49 ± 269 μg g-1 at Lethabo and 0.002 ± 0.001 to 426.91 ± 201 μg g-1 at Rooiwal. The accumulation factor (A) of less than 1 (i.e. 0.003 to 0.37) at power plants indicates a low transfer of metal from soil to plant (excluder). The enrichment factor values obtained (2.4 – 5) indicate that the soils are moderately enriched, with the exception of Pb that had significant enrichment of 20. The Geo-accumulation Index values of metals indicate that the soils are moderately polluted (0.005 – 0.65), except for Pb that showed moderate to strong pollution (1.74 – 2.53). / Chemistry / D. Phil. (Chemistry)

A fairly new technology used to produce metallic components is powder metallurgy (PM). Among the advantages with this technique are decreased cost of production for complex-shaped parts, new alloys are made possible, reduced end processing, less material loss, and vibrational damping effects. The downside is the number of pores created which can alter the tribological properties of the material. The focus of this report is to investigate how lean PM steel behaves under tribological contacts.  Friction and wear will be investigated using a pin-on-disc setup to mimic the sliding part of a gear tooth mesh. Previous studies show that the amount of wear, and if the wear increases or decreases with increased density is dependent on the degree of porosity and the pore size. This means that the wear might be minimized by optimizing the number of pores in the material and their shape and size. The result of this study shows that the friction coefficient decreases with increasing density. The wear coefficient show signs of the same correlations but further tests are needed. The main wear comes from adhesive wear, with signs of abrasive wear. The amount of abrasive wear seems to increase with an increase in density, supporting previous studies claiming that pores can trap wear debris and decrease the number of abrasive particles in the contact.

The distribution and potential sources of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils and Digitaria eriantha in the vicinity of three South African coal-fired power plants, Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. An ultrasonic assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) method was developed for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in soil, followed by determination using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The study showed that an extraction protocol based on acetonitrile as dispersive solvent and C2H2Cl2 as extracting solvent, gave extraction efficiencies comparable to conventional soxhlet extraction for soil samples. The extraction time using ultrasonication and the volume of the extraction solvent was also investigated. Using a certified reference material soil (CRM), the extraction efficiency of UA-DLLME ranged from 64 to 86% in comparison with the Soxhlet result of 73 to 95%. In comparison with the real sample, the CRM result did not show a significant difference at 95% C.I. The UA-DLLME proved to be a convenient, rapid, cost-effective and greener sample preparation approach for the determination of PAHs in soil samples. PAH compound ratios such as phenanthrene/phenanthrene + anthracene (Phen/ Phen + Anth) were used to provide a reliable estimation of emission sources. The total PAH concentration in the soils around three power plants ranged from 9.73 to 61.24 μg g−1, a range above the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry levels of 1.0 μg g−1 for a significantly contaminated site. Calculated values of the Phen/Phen + Anth ratio were 0.48±0.08, 0.44±0.05, and 0.38+0.04 for Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal, respectively. The flouranthene/fluoranthene + pyrene (Flan/ Flan + Pyr) levels were found to be 0.49±0.03 for Matla, 0.44±0.05 for Lethabo, and 0.53±0.08 for Rooiwal. Such values indicate a xx pyrolytic source of PAHs. Higher molecular weight PAHs (five to six rings) were predominant, suggesting coal combustion sources. The carcinogenic potency B[a]P equivalent concentration (B[a] Peq) at the three power plants ranged from 3.61 to 25.25, indicating a high carcinogenic burden. The highest (B[a] Peq) was found in samples collected around Matla power station. It can, therefore, be concluded that the soils were contaminated with PAHs originating from coal-fired power stations. Nine metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr and Zn) were analysed in soil and the Digitaria eriantha plant around three coal power plants (Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal), using ICP-OES and GFAAS. The total metal concentration in soil ranged from 0.05 ± 0.02 to 1835.70 ± 70 μg g-1, 0.08 ± 0.05 to 1743.90 ± 29 μg g-1 and 0.07 ± 0.04 to 1735.20 ± 91 μg g-1 at Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal respectively. The total metal concentration in the plant (Digitaria eriantha) ranged from 0.005 ± 0.003 to 534.87 ± 43 μg g-1 at Matla, 0.002 ± 0.001 to 400.49 ± 269 μg g-1 at Lethabo and 0.002 ± 0.001 to 426.91 ± 201 μg g-1 at Rooiwal. The accumulation factor (A) of less than 1 (i.e. 0.003 to 0.37) at power plants indicates a low transfer of metal from soil to plant (excluder). The enrichment factor values obtained (2.4 – 5) indicate that the soils are moderately enriched, with the exception of Pb that had significant enrichment of 20. The Geo-accumulation Index values of metals indicate that the soils are moderately polluted (0.005 – 0.65), except for Pb that showed moderate to strong pollution (1.74 – 2.53). / Chemistry / D. Phil. (Chemistry)

Eighteen elements, including: carbon, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, strontium, and barium were measured using a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy from deposits. The deposits were collected by burning eight different coals in a 160 kWth, staged, down-fired, swirl-stabilized combustor. Both up-stream and down-stream deposits from an oxidizing region (equivalence ratio 0.86) and reducing region (equivalence ratio 1.15) were collected. Within the deposits, the particle size and morphology were studied. The average particle cross-sectional area from the up-stream deposits ranged from 10 - 75 µm2 and had a standard deviation of 36 - 340 µm2. These up-stream particles were of various shapes: spherical, previously molten particles; irregular particle that had not melted, hollowed spherical shells; and layered or strands of particles. These particles were a mixture of burned and unburned coal being deposited at various stages of burnout and having completed some burnout after deposition. The average particle cross-sectional area from the down-stream deposits ranged 0.9 - 7 µm2 and the standard deviation range of 2.6 - 30 µm2. The shape of the particles on the bottom sleeves are typically spherical indicating melting prior to deposition. Particles contained a distribution of elemental compositions that were not tightly grouped on ternary phase diagrams. This indicated that particles were not single compounds or phases but each particle contained a mixture of multiple compounds. Coals' deposit sulfur was strongly correlated with the calcium and iron content of the ASTM ash analysis. The low rank sub-bituminous and lignite coals that had high calcium content produced high sulfur deposits, particularly in the oxidizing region, down-stream deposits. The high iron bituminous coals, also produced high sulfur deposits, but more so in the reducing region, up-stream deposits. The low calcium and low iron coals produced low sulfur deposits. Mahoning was an exception being high in iron content but remaining low in sulfur content in the deposit. Gatling coal showed numerous deposit particles that contained only iron and sulfur consistent with the high pyrite content of Gatling coal. The average concentration of chlorine was insignificant in all of the deposits with the concentration being less than 100 ppm. Individual particles containing chlorine were found and were associated with potassium, sodium, and iron.

Der hauptsächliche Bestandteil dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer kostengünstigen Methode zur Produktion von auf Silizium basierenden Dünnschicht-Solarzellen durch Sprühbeschichtung. Hier wird untersucht inwiefern sich diese Methode für die Herstellung großflächiger photovoltaische Anlagen eignet. Als Grundsubstanz für entsprechende Lacke werden Mischungen aus Organosilizium und nanokristallines Silizium verwendet. Eine Idee ist das Verwenden von Silizium-Kohlenstoff-Verbindungen als Si-Precursor (Cyclo-, Poly-, Oligo- und Monosilane). In jedem Fall, Organosilizium und Silizium- Nanopartikel, ist eine Umwandlung durch äußere Energiezufuhr nötig, um die Precursor-Substanz in photovoltaisch nutzbares Silizium umzuwandeln. Die Versuchsreihen werden mithilfe photothermischer Umwandlung (FLA-„flash lamp annealing“, einige 1 J/cm² bei Pulslängen von einigen 100 μs) unter N2-Atmosphäre durchgeführt. Zur Bereitstellung eines auf Laborgröße skalierten Produktionsprozesses wurden ein Spraycoater, eine Heizplatte, ein Blitzlampensystem und ein In-Line Ellipsometer in einem Aufbau innerhalb einer Glovebox unter N2-Atmosphäre kombiniert. Die Gewinnung von Proben und deren Charakterisierung fand in enger Zusammenarbeit mit den beiden Arbeitsgruppen der anorganischen Chemie und der Koordinationschemie an der TU-Chemnitz statt. Die eingesetzten Charakterisierungsmethoden sind Raman-Spektroskopie, Infrarotspektroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie, Elektronenbeugung, Röntgenbeugung, energiedispersive Röntgenspektroskopie, Rasterkraftmikroskopie und elektrische Charakterisierung wie die Aufnahme von Strom- Spannungs-Kennlinien und Widerstandsmessung per Vierpunktkontaktierung.

Superaustenitická korozivzdorná ocel typu 22Cr25NiWCoCu určená pro vysokoteplotní aplikace v energetickém průmyslu byla studována za podmínek nízkocyklové únavy při pokojové a zvýšené teplotě. Jednotlivé vzorky byly podrobeny různým zátěžným procedurám, což umožnilo studium materiálové odezvy spolu s mechanismem poškození. Křivky cyklického zpevnění/změkčení, cyklického napětí a Coffin-Mansonovy křivky byly vyhodnoceny. Únavová životnost materiálu byla diskutována s ohledem na uplatňované mechanismy poškození, které se vyvinuly za specifických zátěžných podmínek. Standardní izotermální únavové experimenty byly provedeny při pokojové a zvýšené teplotě. Hysterezní smyčky zaznamenané během cyklického zatěžování byly analyzovány pomocí zobecněné statistické teorie hysterezní smyčky. Pro různé amplitudy napětí byla určena jak distribuce hustoty pravděpodobnosti interních kritických napětí (dále PDF), tak rovněž zjištěn její vývoj během cyklického namáhání. Zjištěné průběhy PDF byly korelovány s vývojem povrchového reliéfu a vnitřního dislokačního uspořádání zdokumentované pro obě teploty pomocí rastrovací elektronové mikroskopie (SEM) vybavené technikou fokusovaného iontového svazku (FIB), která umožnila rovněž efektivní studium nukleace povrchových únavových trhlin. Při cyklickém zatížení při pokojové teplotě byla pozorována lokalizace cyklické plastické deformace do perzistentních skluzových pásů (PSP). V místech, kde tyto PSP vystupují na povrch materiálu byly pozorovány perzistentní skluzové stopy (PSS) tvořené extruzemi a intruzemi. Postupné prohlubování intruzí, zejména na čele nejhlubší intruze, vede k iniciaci únavové trhliny. Odlišný mechanismus tvorby trhlin byl zjištěn při únavové zkoušce při zvýšené teplotě, kde zásadní roli hrál vliv prostředí. Rychlá oxidace hranic zrn a jejich následné popraskání představuje dominantní mechanismus v I. stádiu nukleace trhlin. Aplikace desetiminutové prodlevy v tahové části zátěžného cyklu vedlo k vývoji vnitřního (kavitačního) poškozování. Mechanismy vnitřního poškozování byly studovány na podélných řezech rovnoběžných s napěťovou osou zkušebních vzorků. Trhliny a jejich vztah k hranicím zrn a dvojčat byly studovány pomocí difrakce zpětně odražených elektronů (EBSD). Vliv prodlevy na únavovou životnost byl korelován s vývojem povrchového reliéfu a vnitřního poškození. Vzorky z uvedené oceli byly rovněž podrobeny zkouškám termomechanické únavy (TMF), při nichž se v čase mění jak zátěžná síla tak i teplota. Termomechanické únavové zkoušky v režimu soufázném (in-phase) a protifázném (out-of-phase) byly provedeny jak s prodlevou, tak i bez ní. Ve všech případech bylo pozorováno rychlé cyklické zpevnění bez ohledu na použitou amplitudu deformace, u vzorků testovaných v out-of-phase režimu byla zjištěna tendence k saturaci. Zkoumáním povrchového reliéfu za pomocí technik SEM a FIB byla odhalena přednostní oxidace hranic zrn a následné praskání těchto hranic kolmo k ose zatížení. Prodlevy v cyklech při maximálním napětí vedly ke zvýšení amplitudy plastické deformace a následně ke creepovému poškození ve formě vnitřních kavit a trhlin. Interkrystalické šíření trhlin bylo pozorováno na vzorcích testovaných v režimu in-phase. Vývoj poškození v režimu out-of-phase nebyl principiálně ovlivněn zařazením prodlevy do zátěžného cyklu. Charakteristickým znakem namáhání v režimu out-of-phase je nukleace několika trhlin v homogenní oxidické vrstvě jdoucích napříč zrny kolmo k ose zatěžování.

<div>In this thesis, the role of location-specific microstructural features in the fatigue performance of the safety-critical aerospace components made of Nickel (Ni)-base superalloys and linear friction welded (LFW) Titanium (Ti) alloys has been studied using crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) simulations, energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDD), backscatter electron (BSE) images and digital image correlation (DIC).</div><div><br></div><div>In order to develop a microstructure-sensitive fatigue life prediction framework, first, it is essential to build trust in the quantitative prediction from CPFE analysis by quantifying uncertainties in the mechanical response from CPFE simulations. Second, it is necessary to construct a unified fatigue life prediction metric, applicable to multiple material systems; and a calibration strategy of the unified fatigue life model parameter accounting for uncertainties originating from CPFE simulations and inherent in the experimental calibration dataset. To achieve the first task, a genetic algorithm framework is used to obtain the statistical distributions of the crystal plasticity (CP) parameters. Subsequently, these distributions are used in a first-order, second-moment method to compute the mean and the standard deviation for the stress along the loading direction (σ_load), plastic strain accumulation (PSA), and stored plastic strain energy density (SPSED). The results suggest that an ~10% variability in σ_load and 20%-25% variability in the PSA and SPSED values may exist due to the uncertainty in the CP parameter estimation. Further, the contribution of a specific CP parameter to the overall uncertainty is path-dependent and varies based on the load step under consideration. To accomplish the second goal, in this thesis, it is postulated that a critical value of the SPSED is associated with fatigue failure in metals and independent of the applied load. Unlike the classical approach of estimating the (homogenized) SPSED as the cumulative area enclosed within the macroscopic stress-strain hysteresis loops, CPFE simulations are used to compute the (local) SPSED at each material point within polycrystalline aggregates of 718Plus, an additively manufactured Ni-base superalloy. A Bayesian inference method is utilized to calibrate the critical SPSED, which is subsequently used to predict fatigue lives at nine different strain ranges, including strain ratios of 0.05 and -1, using nine statistically equivalent microstructures. For each strain range, the predicted lives from all simulated microstructures follow a log-normal distribution; for a given strain ratio, the predicted scatter is seen to be increasing with decreasing strain amplitude and are indicative of the scatter observed in the fatigue experiments. Further, the log-normal mean lives at each strain range are in good agreement with the experimental evidence. Since the critical SPSED captures the experimental data with reasonable accuracy across various loading regimes, it is hypothesized to be a material property and sufficient to predict the fatigue life.</div><div><br></div><div>Inclusions are unavoidable in Ni-base superalloys, which lead to two competing failure modes, namely inclusion- and matrix-driven failures. Each factor related to the inclusion, which may contribute to crack initiation, is isolated and systematically investigated within RR1000, a powder metallurgy produced Ni-base superalloy, using CPFE simulations. Specifically, the role of the inclusion stiffness, loading regime, loading direction, a debonded region in the inclusion-matrix interface, microstructural variability around the inclusion, inclusion size, dissimilar coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), temperature, residual stress, and distance of the inclusion from the free surface are studied in the emergence of two failure modes. The CPFE analysis indicates that the emergence of a failure mode is an outcome of the complex interaction between the aforementioned factors. However, the possibility of a higher probability of failure due to inclusions is observed with increasing temperature, if the CTE of the inclusion is higher than the matrix, and vice versa. Any overall correlation between the inclusion size and its propensity for damage is not found, based on inclusion that is of the order of the mean grain size. Further, the CPFE simulations indicate that the surface inclusions are more damaging than the interior inclusions for similar surrounding microstructures. These observations are utilized to instantiate twenty realistic statistically equivalent microstructures of RR1000 – ten containing inclusions and remaining ten without inclusions. Using CPFE simulations with these microstructures at four different temperatures and three strain ranges for each temperature, the critical SPSED is calibrated as a function of temperature for RR1000. The results suggest that critical SPSED decreases almost linearly with increasing temperature and is appropriate to predict the realistic emergence of the competing failure modes as a function of applied strain range and temperature.</div><div><br></div><div>LFW process leads to the development of significant residual stress in the components, and the role of residual stress in the fatigue performance of materials cannot be overstated. Hence, to ensure fatigue performance of the LFW Ti alloys, residual strains in LFW of similar (Ti-6Al-4V welded to Ti-6Al-4V or Ti64-Ti64) and dissimilar (Ti-6Al-4V welded to Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr or Ti64-Ti5553) Ti alloys have been characterized using EDD. For each type of LFW, one sample is chosen in the as-welded (AW) condition and another sample is selected after a post-weld heat treatment (HT). Residual strains have been separately studied in the alpha and beta phases of the material, and five components (three axial and two shear) have been reported in each case. In-plane axial components of the residual strains show a smooth and symmetric behavior about the weld center for the Ti64-Ti64 LFW samples in the AW condition, whereas these components in the Ti64-Ti5553 LFW sample show a symmetric trend with jump discontinuities. Such jump discontinuities, observed in both the AW and HT conditions of the Ti64-Ti5553 samples, suggest different strain-free lattice parameters in the weld region and the parent material. In contrast, the results from the Ti64-Ti64 LFW samples in both AW and HT conditions suggest nearly uniform strain-free lattice parameters throughout the weld region. The observed trends in the in-plane axial residual strain components have been rationalized by the corresponding microstructural changes and variations across the weld region via BSE images. </div><div><br></div><div>In the literature, fatigue crack initiation in the LFW Ti-6Al-4V specimens does not usually take place in the seemingly weakest location, i.e., the weld region. From the BSE images, Ti-6Al-4V microstructure, at a distance from the weld-center, which is typically associated with crack initiation in the literature, are identified in both AW and HT samples and found to be identical, specifically, equiaxed alpha grains with beta phases present at the alpha grain boundaries and triple points. Hence, subsequent fatigue performance in LFW Ti-6Al-4V is analyzed considering the equiaxed alpha microstructure.</div><div><br></div><div>The LFW components made of Ti-6Al-4V are often designed for high cycle fatigue performance under high mean stress or high R ratios. In engineering practice, mean stress corrections are employed to assess the fatigue performance of a material or structure; albeit this is problematic for Ti-6Al-4V, which experiences anomalous behavior at high R ratios. To address this problem, high cycle fatigue analyses are performed on two Ti-6Al-4V specimens with equiaxed alpha microstructures at a high R ratio. In one specimen, two micro-textured regions (MTRs) having their c-axes near-parallel and perpendicular to the loading direction are identified. High-resolution DIC is performed in the MTRs to study grain-level strain localization. In the other specimen, DIC is performed on a larger area, and crack initiation is observed in a random-textured region. To accompany the experiments, CPFE simulations are performed to investigate the mechanistic aspects of crack initiation, and the relative activity of different families of slip systems as a function of R ratio. A critical soft-hard-soft grain combination is associated with crack initiation indicating possible dwell effect at high R ratios, which could be attributed to the high-applied mean stress and high creep sensitivity of Ti-6Al-4V at room temperature. Further, simulations indicated more heterogeneous deformation, specifically the activation of multiple families of slip systems with fewer grains being plasticized, at higher R ratios. Such behavior is exacerbated within MTRs, especially the MTR composed of grains with their c-axes near parallel to the loading direction. These features of micro-plasticity make the high R ratio regime more vulnerable to fatigue damage accumulation and justify the anomalous mean stress behavior experienced by Ti-6Al-4V at high R ratios.</div><div><br></div>

Der hauptsächliche Bestandteil dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer kostengünstigen Methode zur Produktion von auf Silizium basierenden Dünnschicht-Solarzellen durch Sprühbeschichtung. Hier wird untersucht inwiefern sich diese Methode für die Herstellung großflächiger photovoltaische Anlagen eignet. Als Grundsubstanz für entsprechende Lacke werden Mischungen aus Organosilizium und nanokristallines Silizium verwendet. Eine Idee ist das Verwenden von Silizium-Kohlenstoff-Verbindungen als Si-Precursor (Cyclo-, Poly-, Oligo- und Monosilane). In jedem Fall, Organosilizium und Silizium- Nanopartikel, ist eine Umwandlung durch äußere Energiezufuhr nötig, um die Precursor-Substanz in photovoltaisch nutzbares Silizium umzuwandeln. Die Versuchsreihen werden mithilfe photothermischer Umwandlung (FLA-„flash lamp annealing“, einige 1 J/cm² bei Pulslängen von einigen 100 μs) unter N2-Atmosphäre durchgeführt. Zur Bereitstellung eines auf Laborgröße skalierten Produktionsprozesses wurden ein Spraycoater, eine Heizplatte, ein Blitzlampensystem und ein In-Line Ellipsometer in einem Aufbau innerhalb einer Glovebox unter N2-Atmosphäre kombiniert. Die Gewinnung von Proben und deren Charakterisierung fand in enger Zusammenarbeit mit den beiden Arbeitsgruppen der anorganischen Chemie und der Koordinationschemie an der TU-Chemnitz statt. Die eingesetzten Charakterisierungsmethoden sind Raman-Spektroskopie, Infrarotspektroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie, Elektronenbeugung, Röntgenbeugung, energiedispersive Röntgenspektroskopie, Rasterkraftmikroskopie und elektrische Charakterisierung wie die Aufnahme von Strom- Spannungs-Kennlinien und Widerstandsmessung per Vierpunktkontaktierung.:I Bibliographische Beschreibung II Abkürzungsverzeichnis III Abbildungsverzeichnis IV Tabellenverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 2 Grundlagen 3 2.1 Dioden und Photodioden 3 2.1.1 Schottky-Dioden 3 2.1.1.1 Schottky-Kontakt oder Ohmscher Kontakt 3 2.1.1.2 Schottky-Barriere 3 2.1.1.3 Arbeitsweise der Schottky-Diode 5 2.1.1.4 Ladungstransport durch eine Schottky-Diode 6 2.1.2 Schottky-Photodioden 8 2.2 Solarzellen 9 2.2.1 Aufbau einer Solarzelle 10 2.2.2 Charakterisierung einer Solarzelle 10 2.3 Moderne Photovoltaik 12 2.4 Transparente leitfähige Oxide (TCO) 13 2.5 Ultraschalldüse und Sprühnebel 14 2.6 Blitzlampenbehandlung (FLA) 17 3 Methoden zur Charakterisierung 18 3.1 Fourier-Transformations-Infrarotspektroskopie (FTIRS) 18 3.2 Lichtstreuung an Materie 20 3.2.1 Raman-Spektroskopie 20 3.2.1.1 Klassische Deutung des Raman-Effektes 21 3.2.1.2 Quantenmechanische Deutung des Raman-Effektes 22 3.2.1.3 Räumlich eingeschränkte Phononen 23 3.3 Änderung der Lichtpolarisation an Materie 26 3.3.1 Fresnel-Formeln 26 3.3.2 Jones-Formalismus 27 3.3.3 Spektroskopische Ellipsometrie (SE) 27 3.4 Röntgenbeugung (XRD) 29 3.4.1 Kalibrierung des Einfallswinkels 31 3.4.2 Kristallitgröße 31 3.5 Elektronenmikroskopie (EM) 31 3.5.1 Transmissionselektronmikroskopie (TEM) 32 3.5.2 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SEM und EDX) 33 3.6 Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) 34 4 Experimentelles 37 4.1 Prozessaufbauten 37 4.2 Messgeräte 39 4.3 Probenherstellung 40 4.3.1 Lösungen und Dispersionen 41 4.3.2 Sprühlack 41 4.3.3 Substratreinigung 42 4.3.4 Drop- und Spraycoating 42 4.3.4.1 Dropcoating und Rohrofenprozess 43 4.3.4.2 Sprühen und Blitzlampenbehandlung 43 4.4 Infrarotspektroskopie 46 4.4.1 DRIFT-Spektroskopie an Silizium-Nanopartikeln im MIR 47 4.4.2 DRIFT-Spektroskopie an Silizium-Precursoren im MIR 48 4.4.3 Transmissions- und Reflexionsspektroskopie an Si-Schichten im FIR 49 4.5 Lichtstreuung 49 4.5.1 Mie-Streuung an Silizium-Nanopartikeln 49 4.5.2 Raman-Streuung an Silizium-Precursoren und –Schichten 50 4.6 AFM an Silizium-Schichten 51 4.7 Elektronenmikroskopie 51 4.7.1 SEM und EDX an Silizium-Schichten und –Folien 52 4.7.2 TEM an Silizium-Nanopartikeln und –Folien 53 4.8 XRD an Silizium-Folien 54 4.9 Elektrische Messungen an Silizium-Schichten und –Folien 55 5 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 56 5.1 Silizium-Nanopartikel als Pulver 56 5.1.1 Dispersionen von Silizium-Nanopartikeln 56 5.1.2 Oxidationsgrad von Silizium-Nanopartikeln 58 5.1.3 Verteilung von Silizium-Nanopartikeln in getrocknetem Ethanol 61 5.2 Gesprühte Silizium-Nanopartikel 64 5.2.1 Ellipsmetrie als In-Line Prozessmethode im Spraycoating 64 5.2.2 Oberflächenrauheit von Schichten von Silizium-Nanopartikeln 66 5.2.3 Effekt des FLA auf Schichten von Silizium-Nanopartikeln 69 5.2.4 Simulationen zum Phonon-Confinement 74 5.3 Organosilizium als Silizium-Precursoren 80 5.3.1 Vorversuche: Zersetzung von Phenylsilanen im Rohrofen 80 5.3.2 Photothermische Zersetzung von Monosilanen durch FLA 82 5.4 Monosilane als Haftmittel zwischen Silizium-Nanopartikeln 89 5.4.1 Bestandteile des verwendeten Lacks 90 5.4.2 Filme hergestellt von Si-Nanopartikeln gemischt mit Si-Precursor 92 5.4.3 Folien hergestellt von Si-Nanopartikeln gemischt mit Si-Precursor 106 5.5 Realisierung von Diodenstrukturen 120 6 Zusammenfassung 124 Literaturverzeichnis Anhang