Le recours à l'intermédiation est pour les fabricants et fournisseurs un mode privilégié de commercialisation, favorisant le recours à la représentation commerciale. Cette dernière occupe, notamment, une place prépondérante dans la distribution internationale au travers surtout le mécanisme du mandat et de la commission. Est alors apparu, tant en droit français qu'en droit libanais, la nécessité de protéger celui qui contribue au développement de la clientèle d'autrui. Au Liban, un statut du représentant commercial a ainsi été crée par le décret-loi N. 34/67 sur le modèle français de l'agent commercial. Mais le droit libanais est allé plus loin que son inspirateur puisqu'il a étendu la protection à d'autres que le représentant commercial stricto sensu et, en particulier, le distributeur exclusif unique. L'étude se propose d'analyser le statut libanais de représentant commercial au sens du décret-loi par une mise en perspective avec le droit français. / The use of mediation is the preferred mode of marketing for both manufactures and suppliers resulting in the synthetic use of the commercial representation. The latter occupies a preponderant place in international distribution especially via the mechanism such as mandate and commission. From this grew the need in both French and Lebanese law, to protect the parties who expand the client base on behalf of others parties. In Lebanon, a legal status was created for the sales representative by decree-law N. 34/67 modelled on the french commercial agent. However, lebanese law went further than its source of inspiration by exceeding the legal cover to include parties beyond the sales representative stricto sensu and most significantly, the sole distributor of exclusive product. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal status in Lebanon of the sales representative as understood by the decree-law in comparison with its French legal equivalent.

<p>Cilj doktorske disertacije je pobolj&scaron;anje hidrodinamičkih i<br />masenoprenosnih karakteristika airlift reaktora sa<br />spolja&scaron;njom recirkulacijom umetanjem samo-rotirajućih<br />impelera u uzlaznu cev. Uticaj ugradnje samo-rotirajućih<br />impelera na osnovne hidrodinamičke i masenoprenosne<br />osobine ispitivan je pri radu sa različitim tečnostima i<br />distributorima gasa. Rezultati su tumačeni poređenjem<br />vrednosti za sadržaj gasa u uzlaznoj cevi, za brzinu<br />tečnosti u silaznoj cevi, i za zapreminski koeficijent<br />prenosa mase, dobijenih za dve konfiguracije reaktora (sa<br />i bez impelera).<br />Rezultati disertacije ukazuju da ugradnja samo-rotirajućih<br />impelera dovodi do znatnog razbijanja mehurova i<br />smanjenja srednjeg prečnika mehurova gasa, naročito u<br />viskoznim rastvorima karboksimetilceluloze. Prividna<br />brzina gasa, vrsta tečne faze i tip distributora gasa u<br />velikoj meri utiču na efikasnost samo-rotirajućih impelera.<br />Dobijene vrednosti sadržaja gasa u uzlaznoj cevi su do<br />47% veće u konfiguraciji sa impelerima u odnosu na<br />konfiguraciju bez impelera. Iako samo-rotirajući impeleri<br />predstavljaju dodatni otpor proticanju tečnosti, njihovom<br />ugradnjom je u svim ispitivanim sistemima postignuto<br />relativno malo smanjenje brzine tečnosti (oko 10%).<br />Zahvaljujući impelerima, zapreminski koeficijent prenosa<br />mase uvećan je do 82% pri manjim protocima gasa. Pri<br />većim protocima, koji odgovaraju uslovima rada koji se<br />sreću u većini fermentacionih procesa, postignute su oko<br />20-30% veće vrednosti zapreminskog koeficijenta prenosa<br />mase.<br />Pored empirijskih modela, u ovom radu uspe&scaron;no su<br />razvijeni i modeli ve&scaron;tačkih neuronskih mreža kojim se<br />predviđaju sadržaj gasa u uzlaznoj cevi, brzina tečnosti i<br />zapreminski koeficijent prenosa mase za obe konfiguracije<br />airlift reaktora sa spolja&scaron;njom recirkulacijom.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was intensification of<br />hydrodynamic and mass transfer properties of<br />external-loop airlift reactor by means of self-agitated<br />impellers mounted in the riser section. The influence<br />of impellers&rsquo; insertion on the main hydrodynamic<br />and mass transfer characteristics was investigated for<br />various liquid phases and sparger types. The values<br />of riser gas holdup, downcomer liquid velocity and<br />volumetric mass transfer coefficient obtained in<br />configurations with and without impellers were<br />compared.<br />Results showed that the installment of self-agitated<br />impellers led to a significant bubble breakage and<br />decrease of bubble size, especially in viscous<br />carboxymethylcellulose solutions. The efficiency of<br />self-agitated impellers was immensely influenced by<br />superficial gas velocity, liquid phase, and distributor<br />type. Obtained riser gas holdup values were up to<br />47% higher in the configuration with impellers, in<br />comparison to the configuration wthout impellers.<br />Despite the fact that self-agitated impellers<br />represented an obstacle to liquid flow, relatively low<br />reduction of downcomer liquid velocity was attained<br />(about 10%). Furthermore, the insertion of impellers<br />induced up to 82% higher values of volumetric mass<br />transfer coefficient at lower superficial gas velocities.<br />At higher superficial gas velocities, i.e. conditions<br />mainly operated in various fermentation processes,<br />about 20-30% higher values of volumetric mass<br />transfer coefficient were achieved with impellers.<br />In addition to empirical correlations, artificial neural<br />network models were sucessfully developed to<br />predict riser gas holdup, downcomer liquid velocity<br />and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in both<br />external-loop airlift configurations.</p>

A convergência das habilidades técnicas com as de resiliência contribui para promover um ambiente que opere de maneira segura e eficiente. Nesta busca, pretende-se obter um sistema que mantenha o processo operante durante os infortúnios, em especial, os inesperados. Além disso, utiliza-se o conhecimento de engenharia de resiliência, tema deste estudo, que é a capacidade de um sistema ajustar o seu desempenho e, desta forma, lidar com situações críticas. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é a identificação de habilidades de resiliência utilizadas na execução de atividades de manutenção emergencial de problemas na rede elétrica de uma distribuidora de energia. Neste trabalho, são abordadas as atividades de eletricistas e operadores do Centro de Operações da Distribuição (COD) da empresa estudada. Os objetivos específicos são: (1) investigar a forma de aplicação dos filtros utilizados no processo de recrutamento e seleção da empresa para verificar se as habilidades de resiliência são contempladas e (2) propor melhorias no processo de treinamento, com base nas informações e nos resultados obtidos, bem como nos processos da empresa para facilitar e minimizar a necessidade do uso das habilidades de resiliência identificadas. Assim, sob o prisma da Engenharia de Resiliência, este estudo visa à melhor compreensão do processo de seleção e recrutamento, bem como ao treinamento destes profissionais para a sua melhoria. / The convergence of technical skills with resilience contributes to foster an environment that works safely and efficiently. The objective of this search is to obtain a system in which the functioning of the process is maintained during misfortunes, or unexpected events. Furthermore, the study approaches resilience engineering knowledge as its core subject, which is the capacity of a system to adjust its performance in order to be able to deal with critical situations. The main goal of this thesis is to identify resilience skills while performing emergency maintenance activities and diagnosing problems in the electrical network during events involving equipment failures at an energy distributor. This paper approaches the activities of the operators of the Distribution Operations Center (COD) of the company in the study. The specific objectives are: (1) to investigate the way the filters are used in the recruitment and selection process of the company to verify whether resilience skills are included, and (2) to propose improvements in the training process based on the data and results obtained, as well as on other processes of the company to facilitate and minimize the identified need for resilience skills. This way, under the Resilience Engineering perspective, this study aims at obtaining a better understanding of the recruitment and selection process, as well as improving professional training.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-07T19:12:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Fabrício Alves Nunes.pdf: 2050717 bytes, checksum: d5c4252b007b010c89e979a0c870c404 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-08-24T14:17:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Fabrício Alves Nunes.pdf: 2050717 bytes, checksum: d5c4252b007b010c89e979a0c870c404 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-24T14:17:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Fabrício Alves Nunes.pdf: 2050717 bytes, checksum: d5c4252b007b010c89e979a0c870c404 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / A garantia da distribuição de energia é central para a sociedade moderna e uma atividade que impacta diretamente a gerência de planejamento da manutenção e operação de uma das maiores distribuidoras de energia do Rio de Janeiro, a Light. Dada a relevância da constância do fornecimento, a agência reguladora do setor elétrico (ANEEL) estabelece metas rígidas relacionadas aos indicadores de disponibilidade (DEC) e frequência (FEC) de interrupções, com aplicação de rígidas sanções às distribuidoras. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar modelos quantitativos capazes de aprender com o histórico de interrupções do sistema de distribuição de energia e simular entradas (recursos financeiros necessários a serem investidos por tipo de ação de manutenção) para provisionar os indicadores de continuidade DEC e FEC (saídas), assegurando a proximidade entre o valor obtido experimentalmente e o valor verdadeiro na medição desses indicadores. Em termos metodológicos, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura para identificar possíveis modelos para apoio à decisão sendo capaz de fornecer insumos para a tomada de decisão gerencial. Como resultados, os provisionamentos calculados para o DEC e FEC Global foram obtidos com precisão de 84% e 90%, respectivamente, o que representa uma contribuição acadêmica e gerencial orientadas ao atendimento dos requisitos impostos pela ANEEL. / The guarantee of energy distribution is central to modern society and an activity that directly impacts the management planning of the maintenance and operation of one of the largest energy distributors in Rio de Janeiro, Light. Due to the importance of supply constancy, the regulatory agency of the electricity sector (ANEEL) establishes strict targets related to the availability (DEC) and frequency (FEC) indicators of interruptions, with strict sanctions applied to distributors. The objective of the research is to analyze quantitative models able to learn from the history of disruptions of the power distribution system and simulate inputs (financial resources needed to be invested by type of maintenance action) to provide the continuity indicators DEC and FEC (Outputs), ensuring the proximity between the value obtained experimentally and the true value in the measurement of these indicators. In methodological terms, a review of the literature was carried out to identify possible models for decision support being capable of providing inputs for managerial decision making. As a result, the provisions calculated for DEC and FEC Global were obtained with an accuracy of 84% and 90%, respectively, which represents an academic and managerial contribution geared to meeting the requirements imposed by ANEEL.

La simulation numérique fiable des performances de turbines hydrauliques suppose : i) de pouvoir inclure dans les calculs RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) traditionnellement mis en œuvre l'effet des incertitudes qui existent en pratique sur les conditions d'entrée de l'écoulement; ii) de pouvoir faire appel à une stratégie de type SGE (Simulation des Grandes Echelles) pour améliorer la description des effets de la turbulence lorsque des écarts subsistent entre calculs RANS et résultats d'essai de référence même après prise en compte des incertitudes. Les présents travaux mettent en oeuvre une démarche non intrusive de quantification d'incertitude (NISP pour Non-Intrusive Spectral Projection) pour deux configurations d'intérêt pratique : un distributeur de turbine Francis avec débit et angle d'entrée incertains et un aspirateur de turbine bulbe avec conditions d'entrée (profils de vitesse,en particulier en proche paroi, et grandeurs turbulentes) incertaines. L'approche NISP est utilisée non seulement pour estimer la valeur moyenne et la variance de quantités d'intérêt mais également pour disposer d'une analyse de la variance qui permet d'identifier les incertitudes les plus influentes. Les simulations RANS, vérifiées par une démarche de convergence en maillage, ne permettent pas pour la plupart des configurations analysées d'expliquer les écarts calcul / expérience grâce à la prise en compte des incertitudes d'entrée.Nous mettons donc également en ouvre des simulations SGE en faisant appel à une stratégie originale d'évaluation de la qualité des maillages utilisés dans le cadre d'une démarche de vérification des calculs SGE. Pour une majorité des configurations analysées, la combinaison d'une stratégie SGE et d'une démarche de quantification des incertitudes permet de produire des résultats numériques fiables. La prise en compte des incertitudes d'entrée permet également de proposer une démarche d'optimisation robuste du distributeur de turbine Francis étudié. / The reliable numerical simulation of hydraulic turbines performance requires : i) to includeinto the conventional RANS computations the effect of the uncertainties existing in practiceon the inflow conditions; ii) to rely on a LES (Large Eddy Simulation) strategy to improve thedescription of turbulence effects when discrepancies between RANS computations and experimentskeep arising even though uncertainties are taken into account. The present workapplies a non-intrusive Uncertainty Quantification strategy (NISP for Non-Intrusive SpectralProjection) to two configurations of practical interest : a Francis turbine distributor, with uncertaininlet flow rate and angle, and a draft-tube of a bulb-type turbine with uncertain inflowconditions (velocity distributions, in particular close to the wall boundaries, and turbulentquantities). The NISP method is not only used to compute the mean value and variance ofquantities of interest, it is also applied to perform an analysis of the variance and identify inthis way the most influential uncertainties. The RANS simulations, verified through a gridconvergence approach, are such the discrepancies between computation and experimentcannot be explained by taking into account the inflow uncertainties for most of the configurationsunder study. Therefore, LES simulations are also performed and these simulations areverified using an original methodology for assessing the quality of the computational grids(since the grid-convergence concept is not relevant for LES). For most of the flows understudy, combining a SGE strategy with a UQ approach yields reliable numerical results. Takinginto account inflow uncertainties also allows to propose a robust optimization strategy forthe Francis turbine distributor under study.

電子業在近20年來在台灣蓬勃發展，不論是上游的晶圓廠，IC設計，中游的半導體製造業，乃至於下游的電子產品製造業，在全球市場裡皆佔有一席之地。在整個產業鏈之中，半導體製造業在2008年的銷售額達到255 Billions,其中半導體通路商就佔全部銷售額的30%以上，半導體通路商在產業鏈中的地位是相當的重要。 半導體零組件通路商在整個產業鏈扮演著何種角色呢？半導體零組件通路商必然能對上游供應商與下游的電子製造業提供價值，並且具有其競爭優勢，以存活在這競爭的產業，因此本研究採用個案分析方式針對亞洲最大的半導體通路商與日系半導體通路商進行研究探討，主要的研究發現有： 1. 以實際量化的方式半導體電子零件通路商對供應商與客戶的價值。 2. 從半導體產品價值鏈依不同類型供應商/通路商/客戶歸納通路商的策略類型為規模經濟型、技術本位型以及特殊關係型。 3. 規模經濟型、技術本位型以及特殊關係型三種不同類型的通路商所具備的競爭優勢。 4. 在動態的環境下，不同類型的代理商如何跨足其他類型的通路商，並且從成功案例之中了解其策略為何。 / In the past 20 years, Electronics industry flourishing in Taiwan, from the upstream wafer manufactory, IC design, to the middle reaches of the semiconductor manufacturing, as well as in the downstream electronic products manufacturing, both in the global market place. In the whole semiconductor supply/demand chain, the semiconductor manufacturing industry in 2008 achieved sales of 255 Billions, in which the semiconductor distributors accounted for more than 30% of total sales. This shows the important of semiconductor distributors in the semiconductor industry. What is role of distributors in the industry? Distributors must be able to provide value to upstream suppliers and downstream customer – the electronic manufacturing industry, and has its competitive edge to survive in this competitive industry. So this study used case study approach targeting the largest semiconductor distributors in Asia and the Japanese semiconductor distributor to conduct research into, the main findings are: 1. Practical way to quantify the value of semiconductor distributor to the supplier and customer. 2. Base on different types of suppliers / distributors / customers to induction distributors strategy type of the semiconductor value chain. As “Economies of scale”, “Technology-based model”, and “Special relationship”. 3. The competitive advantage of “Economies of scale”, “Technology-based model”, and “Special relationship”. 4. In a dynamic environment, how the different types of agents to branched out into other types of distributors? And identify the strategy from the success stories.

La simulation numérique fiable des performances de turbines hydrauliques suppose : i) de pouvoir inclure dans les calculs RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) traditionnellement mis en œuvre l'effet des incertitudes qui existent en pratique sur les conditions d'entrée de l'écoulement; ii) de pouvoir faire appel à une stratégie de type SGE (Simulation des Grandes Echelles) pour améliorer la description des effets de la turbulence lorsque des écarts subsistent entre calculs RANS et résultats d'essai de référence même après prise en compte des incertitudes. Les présents travaux mettent en oeuvre une démarche non intrusive de quantification d'incertitude (NISP pour Non-Intrusive Spectral Projection) pour deux configurations d'intérêt pratique : un distributeur de turbine Francis avec débit et angle d'entrée incertains et un aspirateur de turbine bulbe avec conditions d'entrée (profils de vitesse,en particulier en proche paroi, et grandeurs turbulentes) incertaines. L'approche NISP est utilisée non seulement pour estimer la valeur moyenne et la variance de quantités d'intérêt mais également pour disposer d'une analyse de la variance qui permet d'identifier les incertitudes les plus influentes. Les simulations RANS, vérifiées par une démarche de convergence en maillage, ne permettent pas pour la plupart des configurations analysées d'expliquer les écarts calcul / expérience grâce à la prise en compte des incertitudes d'entrée.Nous mettons donc également en ouvre des simulations SGE en faisant appel à une stratégie originale d'évaluation de la qualité des maillages utilisés dans le cadre d'une démarche de vérification des calculs SGE. Pour une majorité des configurations analysées, la combinaison d'une stratégie SGE et d'une démarche de quantification des incertitudes permet de produire des résultats numériques fiables. La prise en compte des incertitudes d'entrée permet également de proposer une démarche d'optimisation robuste du distributeur de turbine Francis étudié. / The reliable numerical simulation of hydraulic turbines performance requires : i) to includeinto the conventional RANS computations the effect of the uncertainties existing in practiceon the inflow conditions; ii) to rely on a LES (Large Eddy Simulation) strategy to improve thedescription of turbulence effects when discrepancies between RANS computations and experimentskeep arising even though uncertainties are taken into account. The present workapplies a non-intrusive Uncertainty Quantification strategy (NISP for Non-Intrusive SpectralProjection) to two configurations of practical interest : a Francis turbine distributor, with uncertaininlet flow rate and angle, and a draft-tube of a bulb-type turbine with uncertain inflowconditions (velocity distributions, in particular close to the wall boundaries, and turbulentquantities). The NISP method is not only used to compute the mean value and variance ofquantities of interest, it is also applied to perform an analysis of the variance and identify inthis way the most influential uncertainties. The RANS simulations, verified through a gridconvergence approach, are such the discrepancies between computation and experimentcannot be explained by taking into account the inflow uncertainties for most of the configurationsunder study. Therefore, LES simulations are also performed and these simulations areverified using an original methodology for assessing the quality of the computational grids(since the grid-convergence concept is not relevant for LES). For most of the flows understudy, combining a SGE strategy with a UQ approach yields reliable numerical results. Takinginto account inflow uncertainties also allows to propose a robust optimization strategy forthe Francis turbine distributor under study.

Malaria is endemic in Uganda. The study attempted to determine how Ugandan caregivers managed home-based care of fever. Structured interviews were conducted with sixty caregivers of children under five. In 15 (25.0%) out of the 60 interviewed households, at least one child had reportedly died from malaria. Caregivers’ decisions were influenced by health education, family members, community leaders and other caregivers. Most caregivers knew about malaria, but lacked knowledge about its danger signs, and about the services of village drug distributors. Most caregivers initiated treatment for fever at home before taking the children to health units. Mosquito nets, indoor residual spraying and other malaria preventive measures were rarely used due to lack of funds. The recommendations include that anti-malaria drugs should always be available and accessible, the services of village drug distributors should be improved, health education should be enhanced, malaria preventive measures should be implemented and sustained. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

A convergência das habilidades técnicas com as de resiliência contribui para promover um ambiente que opere de maneira segura e eficiente. Nesta busca, pretende-se obter um sistema que mantenha o processo operante durante os infortúnios, em especial, os inesperados. Além disso, utiliza-se o conhecimento de engenharia de resiliência, tema deste estudo, que é a capacidade de um sistema ajustar o seu desempenho e, desta forma, lidar com situações críticas. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é a identificação de habilidades de resiliência utilizadas na execução de atividades de manutenção emergencial de problemas na rede elétrica de uma distribuidora de energia. Neste trabalho, são abordadas as atividades de eletricistas e operadores do Centro de Operações da Distribuição (COD) da empresa estudada. Os objetivos específicos são: (1) investigar a forma de aplicação dos filtros utilizados no processo de recrutamento e seleção da empresa para verificar se as habilidades de resiliência são contempladas e (2) propor melhorias no processo de treinamento, com base nas informações e nos resultados obtidos, bem como nos processos da empresa para facilitar e minimizar a necessidade do uso das habilidades de resiliência identificadas. Assim, sob o prisma da Engenharia de Resiliência, este estudo visa à melhor compreensão do processo de seleção e recrutamento, bem como ao treinamento destes profissionais para a sua melhoria. / The convergence of technical skills with resilience contributes to foster an environment that works safely and efficiently. The objective of this search is to obtain a system in which the functioning of the process is maintained during misfortunes, or unexpected events. Furthermore, the study approaches resilience engineering knowledge as its core subject, which is the capacity of a system to adjust its performance in order to be able to deal with critical situations. The main goal of this thesis is to identify resilience skills while performing emergency maintenance activities and diagnosing problems in the electrical network during events involving equipment failures at an energy distributor. This paper approaches the activities of the operators of the Distribution Operations Center (COD) of the company in the study. The specific objectives are: (1) to investigate the way the filters are used in the recruitment and selection process of the company to verify whether resilience skills are included, and (2) to propose improvements in the training process based on the data and results obtained, as well as on other processes of the company to facilitate and minimize the identified need for resilience skills. This way, under the Resilience Engineering perspective, this study aims at obtaining a better understanding of the recruitment and selection process, as well as improving professional training.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2228.pdf: 979050 bytes, checksum: ffa6f96c8eada124b6f1e6ba3ebe02da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-11 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Cutting and packing problems are important in the production planning of various industrial segments involving goals such as minimizing the negative efects generated by waste of materials or idle spaces. The loss of material due to an inadequate programming of the cutting or packing patterns, can be substantial, and, in general, parts of these losses can be avoided only with a more eficient production planning, not resulting in additional investments in production processes. This study aimed at evaluating the performance of the Benders decomposition method, applied to the manufacturer and distributor pallet loading models. The manufacturer pallet loading model involves packing equal boxes on a pallet, so as to optimize its use. The distributor pallet loading model involves packing boxes of diferent sizes on a pallet, also a way to optimize its use. The approach based on Benders decomposition, defines a relaxation algorithm that partitions the original problem in two other problems easier to be solved. To check the effectiveness of the approach, computational tests were carried out by comparing the results with those obtained by a computational package composed of a modeling language (GAMS) and a last generation optimization solver (CPLEX ). / Os problemas de corte e empacotamento são importantes no planejamento da produção de vários segmentos industriais envolvendo objetivos como, por exemplo, minimizar os efeitos negativos gerados por desperdício de materiais ou espaços ociosos. As perdas de material, devido a uma programação pouco adequada dos padrões de corte ou empacotamento, podem ser substanciais, sendo que, em geral, parte destas perdas pode ser evitada apenas com uma programação da produção mais eficiente, não implicando em investimentos adicionais nos processos de produção. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar o desempenho do método de decomposição de Benders aplicado a modelos de carregamento de paletes do produtor e do distribuidor. O problema de carregamento de paletes do produtor envolve empacotar caixas iguais sobre um palete, de maneira a otimizar o aproveitamento deste. O problema de carregamento de paletes do distribuidor envolve empacotar caixas de tamanhos diferentes sobre um palete, também de maneira a otimizar o aproveitamento deste. A abordagem baseada na reformulação de Benders define um algoritmo de relaxação que particiona o problema original em dois outros problemas mais simples de serem resolvidos. Para verificar a eficiência da abordagem, realizaram-se testes computacionais, comparando os resultados obtidos com os obtidos pelo pacote computacional composto de uma linguagem de modelagem (GAMS) e um software de otimização de última geração (CPLEX).