A distrofia muscular do Golden Retriever é uma miopatia hereditária, recessiva e fatal. Achados clinicopatológicos no trato gastrintestinal desses cães, como atrofia muscular, megaesôfago, dilatação gástrica são relatados, com possíveis alterações nos plexos entéricos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os neurônios colinérgicos e nitrérgicos do plexo mioentérico, a expressão do receptor P2X7 e a morfologia do íleo de cães afetados pela distrofia muscular comparados aos de cães não afetados. Os tecidos foram preparados por métodos imunohistoquímicos de marcação do Óxido Nítrico Sintase (NOS), Acetilcolina Transferase (ChAT), do pan-neuronal anti-HuC/D e do receptor P2X7. As análises qualitativas e quantitativas das contagens das marcações, das densidades neuronais e da área dos perfis foram obtidas dos Microscópios de Fluorescência, de Confocal de Varredura à Laser, e Microscópio Eletrônico de Transmissão. Os resultados qualitativos demonstraram que neurônios NOS-ir e ChAT-ir apresentaram morfologia Dogiel Tipo I com fibras que colocalizam com o receptor P2X7 e a musculatura intestinal com núcleos picnóticos e maior quantidade de fibras colágenas no grupo distrófico. Os dados quantitativos demonstraram: a) diminuição na área do perfil neuronal dos neurônios NOS-ir e ChAT-ir no grupo distrófico b) maior densidade de neurônios NOS-ir no grupo distrófico. O presente estudo adicionou informações sobre o código químico do plexo mioentérico de cães que podem facilitar o entendimento de desordens intestinais nesses animais. / The Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy is a hereditary myopathy, recessive and fatal. Clinical and pathological findings in the gastrointestinal tract of these dogs as muscle atrophy, megaesophagus, and gastric dilatation are reported, with possible changes in the enteric plexus. This work aims to analyze the cholinergic and nitrergic neurons of myenteric plexus, the P2X7 receptor expression and morphology of the ileum of dogs affected by muscular dystrophy compared to those of unaffected dogs. Tissues were prepared by immunohistochemical methods of labeling Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), acetylcholine transferase (ChAT), the panneuronal anti-HuC / D and P2X7 receptor. Qualitative and quantitative analyzes of scores of labeling, density and of neuronal profiles area were obtained from Fluorescence Microscopes, Confocal Laser Scanning, and Transmission Electron Microscope. The results showed that NOS-(immunoreactive)ir and ChAT-ir neurons present morphology Dogiel Type I, their fibers colocalize with the P2X7 receptor and the intestinal muscles present pyknotic nuclei with increased amount of collagen fibers in the dystrophic group. The quantitative data showed: a) decrease in the neuronal area profile of NOS-ir and ChAT-ir neurons in the dystrophic group b) higher density of NOS-ir neurons in the dystrophic group. The present study added information about the chemical code of the myenteric plexus of dogs that can facilitate the understanding of intestinal disorders in these animals.

O presente estudo teve como objetivos comparar o sêmen de cães jovens e senis, por avaliação morfo-funcional, estresse oxidativo e quantificação de produtos avançados de glicação (AGEs); comparar a congelabilidade seminal de cães jovens e senis e verificar a ação dos produtos avançados de glicação, oxidação proteica e estresse oxidativo na criopreservação seminal de cães senis. Foram selecionados 22 cães, alocados em dois grupos experimentais de acordo com a idade: Grupo Jovem (n=11) e Grupo Senil (n=11). Os grupos foram adicionalmente subdivididos em Grupo Sêmen Fresco e Grupo Sêmen Criopreservado. A divisão etária foi realizada de acordo com o porte dos animais, sendo porte pequeno considerado senil a partir de 8 anos de idade, porte médio a partir de 7 anos de idade e porte grande acima de 6 anos de idade. Independentemente do porte, os cães jovens em idade reprodutiva foram considerados entre 1 e 5 anos de idade. O Grupo Fresco foi submetido a avaliações seminais imediatas, incluindo volume, cor, aspecto do ejaculado, concentração espermática e análise computadorizada da motilidade (CASA). Logo após, foram realizadas avaliações morfo-funcionais, incluindo atividade mitocondrial dos espermatozoides, estresse oxidativo lipídico, estresse oxidativo proteico, dosagem de produtos avançados de glicação e dosagem de concentração proteica, citometria de fluxo utilizando as sondas fluorescentes para a avaliação espermática da integridade de membrana plasmática e acrossomal e de potencial de membrana mitocondrial e análise de fragmentação de DNA. O Grupo Congelado foi submetido ao protocolo de congelação em uma etapa e após, no mínimo uma semana, as amostras foram descongeladas a 37ºC por 30 segundos e, então, avaliadas quanto à concentração espermática, análise computadorizada da motilidade (CASA) e as mesmas avaliações morfo-funcionais realizadas para o Grupo Jovem. Como resultados, os machos do Grupo Jovem apresentaram maior escore de libido, parâmetros da motilidade espermática, alta atividade mitocondrial dos espermatozoides e menores valores de atividade mitocondrial média, defeitos espermáticos totais, defeitos espermáticos maiores e gota citoplasmática proximal. No sêmen fresco, o Grupo Jovem obteve maiores valores de integridade da membrana acrossomal dos espermatozoides e baixo potencial de membrana mitocondrial, assim como menores valores de integridade da membrana plasmática e acrossomal e alto potencial de membrana mitocondrial. No sêmen descongelado, o Grupo Jovem apresentou maiores valores de integridade de membrana acrossomal dos espermatozoides. No sêmen de cães jovens, o Sub-grupo Fresco obteve maiores valores de integridade de membrana acrossomal e integridade de membrana acrossomal com lesão de membrana plasmática. No sêmen de cães senis, o Sub-grupo Fresco apresentou maiores valores de integridade de membrana acrossomal, integridade de membrana plasmática e acrossomal e alto potencial de membrana mitocondrial, assim como menor porcentagem de espermatozoides com baixo potencial de membrana mitocondrial. Na comparação entre os sub-grupos, houve maiores valores para parâmetros da motilidade espermática, integridade de membrana plasmática com lesão de acrossomo, médio potencial de membrana mitocondrial, integridade de membrana plasmática, alta atividade mitocondrial e estresse oxidativo no Sub-grupo Descongelado, além de maiores valores de amplitude de deslocamento lateral da cabeça, espermatozoides estáticos, lesão de membrana acrossomal e plasmática, média atividade mitocondrial e concentração de proteínas no pellet de espermatozoides. A partir de tais resultados, é possível concluir que o sêmen de cães senis apresenta qualidade inferior ao de cães jovens, bem como reduzida congelabilidade. Nos cães senis, possivelmente, a falha na eliminação da gota citoplasmática dos espermatozoides promova disfunções mitocondriais, culminando na alteração da motilidade espermática. Por fim, as avaliações de parâmetros oxidativos não se mostram acuradas para a avaliação do impacto da senescência reprodutiva. / This study aimed to compare the semen of young and senile dogs, through the evaluation of morphological and functional attributes, oxidative stress and quantification of advanced glycation ending products (AGEs); compare the seminal freezability of young and senile dogs and evaluate the effects of advanced glycation ending products, oxidation protein and oxidative stress on seminal cryopreservation of senile dogs. Twenty two dogs were selected and allocated into two experimental groups according to their age: Young Group (n=11) and Senile Group (n=11). These groups were additionally divided into Fresh Semen Group and Frozen Semen Group. Age distribution was performed according to the size of the animals, being small animals considered senile from 8 years of age onwards, medium size from 7 years old and large size over 6 years old. Regardless of the body size, dogs were considered young if they were at reproductive maturity from 1 to 5 years old. The Fresh Group was subjected to immediate seminal assessments, including volume, color, aspect of the ejaculate, sperm concentration and computer analysis of sperm motility (CASA). Then morpho-functional assessments were carried out, including sperm mitochondrial activity, lipid oxidative stress, protein oxidative stress, dosage of advanced glycation ending products and of protein concentration, flow cytometry using fluorescent probes to evaluate plasmatic and acrosomal membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation analysis. The semen from the Frozen Group was submitted to one step freezing protocol and samples were thawed after not less than 1 week at 37°C for 30 seconds and evaluated for sperm concentration, motility computerized analysis (CASA) and same the morpho-functional analysis performed for the Young Group. Male dogs from the Young Group presented higher libido score, parameters of sperm motility, percentage of sperm with high mitochondrial activity and lower percentage of sperm of medium mitochondrial activity, total spermatic defects, major spermatic defects and proximal cytoplasmic droplet. For the fresh semen of the Young Group, higher values of acrosomal membrane integrity and low mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as lower values of plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity and high mitochondrial membrane potential were noticed. In the post-thaw semen, the Young Group showed higher values of spermatic acrosomal membrane integrity. For the semen of young dogs, the Fresh Group had higher values of acrosomal membrane integrity and acrosomal membrane integrity with plasma membrane damage. In the semen of senile dogs, the Fresh Group presented higher values of acrosomal membrane integrity, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity and high mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as lower percentage of sperm with low mitochondrial membrane potential. Comparing sub-groups, higher values for sperm motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity with acrosome injury, medium mitochondrial membrane potential, plasmatic membrane integrity, high mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress was noticed for the Thawed group, as well as greater values of lateral displacement amplitude of the sperm head, static spermatozoa, acrosomal and plasmatic membrane lesions, medium mitochondrial activity and protein concentration in the spermatozoa pellet. Based on the present results, it is possible to conclude that the semen of senile dogs presents inferior quality compared to young dogs, as well as less freezability. The possible failure to eliminate the sperm cytoplasmic droplet in senile dogs sperm promotes mitochondrial dysfunctions, culminating to alterations on sperm motility. Finally, the evaluation of oxidative parameters is not feasible for the impact evaluation of reproductive senescence.

My dissertation examines the ways that canine roles affect genre—the categories into which we place works of literature, which shape their forms and which in turn shape our expectations of what we read. For instance, if epitaphs and elegies are at least partially meant to usher the dead into heaven and praise the dead’s suitability for a Christian afterlife, what happens when the subject is a dog denied a soul by Christianity? These are the kinds of questions I address. In addition to epitaphs and elegies, I consider detective and sensation fiction as well as dog autobiographies—works of fiction written from the dog’s perspective—to explore how taking the dog as a subject forced the conventions of certain genres to change, or in the case of detective and sensation fiction, how dog-like ways of knowing helped to birth a new genre altogether. In either case, what is important is that the generic changes signal a less human-centered approach to literature: one which opens animals up to be the possessors of souls, intelligence, and subjectivity. These changes paved the way for the Victorians to consider animals as beings worthy of compassion and respect.

All of the protagonists in this collection of stories are starving. The world around them buzzes with the electric hum of modern society, a siren song that tempts these girls and women with the promise of love, opportunity, affluence, and dreams. Instead, they find themselves lost somehow, left behind, victims of circumstance, confused by dysfunctional families, and romanced by the media. They no longer know themselves, and stumble in their quest for happiness. They are lured into competitions with imaginary adversaries, and sometimes lose. The less control they have in their own lives, the more desperate they become, often going to great lengths to satisfy their hunger for love, acceptance, and security. A little girl wants nothing more than a normal, loving family in "Raylene," and when she tires of dreaming her life were different, she decides to do something about it. The protagonist of "The Broken Lamp" is plagued by the desire to be free of her financial concerns, and loses herself in this desire to the point that her marriage is threatened. The pursuit of love, in "Management Material," leads a movie theater employee to find happiness, although not in the way she expected. Old friends attempt to rekindle their connection in "Common Ground," desperate to regain the closeness of their adolescence. "Daughter of the Moon" features a woman with a family secret that she has kept since childhood, a secret that she now must dig up if she ever wants to move forward. And, in "Falling," a woman longing for acceptance devises an unconventional plan to win the adoration that she has always yearned for. The characters in these stories occupy the same psychic state. They are wounded, fragile, idealistic, and painfully self-conscious. Disillusionment with an impervious world serves only to resurrect repressed feelings, leaving the characters with a cognitive dissonance that they work tirelessly, if aimlessly and foolishly, to reconcile. Unable to satiate themselves, they cannot avoid feeding the darkest dreams that always lurk in the shadowy corners of consciousness.

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in the lung has not been well characterized due to the lack of applicable tests. A major objective was to define pulmonary CMI serially in immunized and control lung lobes using the leukocyte procoagulant (LPCA) assay in young adult dogs. This was compared to a standard, but less reproducible CMI assay, macrophage migration inhibition facet (MIF). The CMI response, as measured by the LPCA assay, peaked in the blood 7 days after lung immunization. The pulmonary CMI response measured with cells obtained by bronchial lavage from the immunized and control lung lobes peaked at 9 to 12 days after intrapulmonary immunization with 10xx sheep red blood cells (SRBC). This peak pulmonary immune response corresponded with the day of lymphocyte influx into the lung. An attempt was made to increase the level of CMI in the lung by administration of muramyl dipeptide by two different routes. The administration of the adjuvant muramyl dipeptide (MDP) into the lung or given intravenously suppressed the CMI response in the lung after instillation of antigen (10xx SRBC). Four dogs were exposed to 239Puu2 when the dogs were one year old. When the dogs were 6 to 7 years old the pulmonary CMI was evaluated after lung immunization. Age-matched control dogs were immunized for comparisons. The noticeable difference between the control and plutonium-exposed dogs was the dramatic cellular chancres produced in the control and immunized lung lobes of the plutonium-exposed dogs. Inhalation or plutonium in addition to sequential lavages produced high numbers of neutrophils to be recruited to the lung. However. the effects of inhaled 239Pu02 on pulmonary CMI of 6 to 7-year-old dogs were obscured by the low pulmonary immune response in the age-matched control dogs. The age-matched control dogs showed no cellular changes in either the saline lung lobe or the immunized lung lobe. This result was attributed to the age of the dogs. The control dogs produced high amounts or immunoglobulins as measured in the serum. however. they could not recruit these serum immunoglobulins into the lung. The plutonium-exposed dogs showed a similar immunoglobulin immune response. The effects of naturally occurring tumors or those produced by inhaled radioactive compounds were evaluated tor their effects on the procoagulant activity assay and spontaneous macrophage migration. The procoagulant activity of the lung is significantly increased if a tumor is present in the lung. The migration area of the cell population lavaged from the tumor-bearing lung lobe was significantly increased over control lobe migration areas.

<p>In this thesis five different protection harnesses for hunting dogs against canidae attacks were assessed. Hunting dogs can be attacked and severely injured or killed by wolves (<em>Canis lupus</em>) when released during hunting. So far there is no effective protection method. Similar problems are reported with African wild dogs (<em>Lycaon pictus</em>) and dholes (<em>Cuon alpinus</em>) with other domestic animals. In this study the experimental harnesses were presented on a dummy to lure the animals to attack them. The harnesses with physical (screws or spikes on the back) and ultrasound (immediate bite controlled and 19 second continuous ultrasound) deterrents were only assessed during wolf attacks, whereas the harness with electric shocks was also tested on the other two species. Neither physical nor ultrasound deterrents showed a large enough aversive response in the wolves. Electric shocks, given to the animals when biting the dummy, triggered an immediate release of the dummy in all three species. Long term effects differed between species and individuals. The exposed wolf did not touch the dummy again after a second exposure, whereas all except one African wild dog bit the dummy again in consecutive trials. Some individuals returned to bite a second time even in the same trial. An assessment of the long term effect on dholes was not possible, as the individuals were undistinguishable. Based on the data obtained in this study a harness with electric deterrent seems the most promising.</p>

<p>“Reading with Your Ears” is a comparative study of comprehension in reading a text versus listening to an audio book. The text excerpt is from Mark Haddon’s <em>The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time</em> and has been read or listened to by seventh-grade students. The results show that the readers understand more from the text since they can read at their own speed and see the pictures in the book. The listeners, on the other hand, seem unaccustomed to listening and have troubles focusing.</p>

We have previously shown that diets enriched with (n-3) fatty acids reduced the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reaction to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) in geriatric-Beagles. Although the amount of ��-tocopheryl acetate in diets of the previous study exceeded requirements, plasma ��-tocopherol concentration was significantly lower in dogs fed the high (n-3) fatty acid diets. There are several reasons that could explain the decreased DTH response. Some of these include decreased cytokine production, specifically, interleukin (IL) IL-1��, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6 by mononuclear cells. Furthermore, the reduced DTH response could be attributed to increased levels of lipid peroxides or changes in plasma ��-tocopherol levels. In this study we examined the effects of feeding 32 healthy, female, geriatric-Beagles diets containing (n-6) to (n-3) fatty acid ratios of 37:1 and 1.7:1, while varying the content of ��-tocopheryl acetate, [high (447 ug/g), med (101 ug/g) and low (17 ug/g)] for 82 days on the DTH reaction. Consumption of the 1.7:1 fatty acid diets significantly increased the total content of (n-3) fatty acids in plasma compared to the 37:1 fatty acid diets (17.00 and 2.02 wt %, respectively). There was a significant interaction between the (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acid ratio and the concentration of ��-tocopheryl acetate in the diet on the plasma concentration of ��-tocoopherol. The concentration of ��-tocopheryl acetate in plasma of dogs fed the 1.7:1 fatty acid diets was 17.3, 25.4, and 35.4 ug/ml, respectively, for the low, med and high ��-tocopheryl acetate containing diets, and in dogs fed the 37:1 fatty acids diets was 20.8, 34.9, 52.4 ug/ml, respectively. Consumption of the 1.7:1 fatty acid diets with either low or high ��-tocopheryl acetate showed no differences in DTH response from each other or from dogs consuming the 37.1:1 fatty acid diets. When the dietary ��-tocopheryl acetate concentration was moderate, a significant suppression of the DTH response occurred at 48, 72, and 96 hr in dogs consuming the 1.7:1 fatty acid diet. These data suggest that an interaction exits between dietary (n-3) fatty acid content and ��-tocopheryl acetate on the immune response as measured by the DTH test. / Graduation date: 2000

The growing importance of dogs in people’s lives and in high-density urban environments has increased demand for a place where people and their dogs can interact and exercise together. The recent increase in the number of dog parks across the country is evidence of these demands of dog owners and their companions. However, due to the absence of empirical study on dog parks and their attribute of non-market values, the benefits of dog parks are often underestimated and considered less in the decision making process regarding resource allocation. A post-occupancy evaluation at four dog parks was conducted to investigate use patterns of dog parks and user activities, to identify user preferences and the environmental factors influencing activities, to provide insights and guidelines in developing effective dog parks, and to estimate users’ willingness to pay for dog parks using contingent valuation method. A multiple-method approach was used to collect data including site observations and analysis, a questionnaire and behavioral mapping. The results indicated that dog parks received considerable use, served a variety of demographic groups and supported their exercise and social activities. Dog-park users were generally satisfied with dog parks but they expressed various preferences and needs. It is evident that dog parks are not only a place for dogs to exercise but a place for people to exercise, socialize, relax and enjoy greenery just like other parks. Proximity of dog parks was found to be a critical factor in encouraging frequent dog park use and satisfying users’ needs. Over eighty percent of survey respondents expressed that they were willing to pay an annual fee for dog parks, indicating the importance of visiting dog parks as outdoor recreation. Conservative estimate of average willingness to pay was $56.17/ household/ year. Satisfaction with maintenance and facilities, income, education and family size were found to be significantly associated with willingness to pay. These results could assist local governments and park planners in estimating aggregate monetary value of the dog parks and cost-benefit analysis to justify the development and maintenance of dog parks. Design guidelines and recommendations were generated based on the empirical findings for future design of dog parks.

<p>This case study presents how the unit of munition-searching dogs of the Swedish armed forces handles their experiences from international service. The subject is particularly interesting as previous research into the area is nonexistent. The questions asked in the study are answered through the authors findings that training and preparation of this unit has developed thanks to the input of lessons learned from previous missions. This paper, based manly on experience reports, show that the unit successfully uses the method for handling lessons learned chosen within the Swedish armed forces.</p>