Postoperativ smärta är en smärta som är förväntad av både patient och sjuksköterska. Mötetmellan sjuksköterska och patient med postoperativ smärta innefattar sjuksköterskans kunskap och fördomar om smärta, samt patientens känsla av utlämnande och upplevelse av smärta. Syftet var att genom en litteraturstudie belysa viktiga faktorer i mötet mellan sjuksköterska och patient med postoperativ smärta. Därtill två frågeställningar; Vad är viktigt för sjuksköterskan i bemötandet av patienter med postoperativ smärta? Vad är viktigt för patienten med postoperativ smärta i mötet med sjuksköterskan? Metod Litteraturstudie med Graneheim och Lundmans analysmetod som verktyg. Litteraturstudien grundar sig i vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat Nio betydelsefulla faktorer i mötet mellan sjuksköterska och patient med postoperativ smärta framkom ur artiklarna. Resultatet presenteras i sjuksköterskan perspektiv och ur patientens perspektiv. Föreliggande studier visar på att det finns hinder i kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient med postoperativ smarta. Diskussion En rak och klar kommunikation är en viktig faktor i mötet mellan sjuksköterska och patient med postoperativ smärta. Sjuksköterskan hjälper patienten att uttrycka sig och är beroende av förmågan att observera även det icke-verbala kroppsspråket. Genom att sjuksköterskan ger patienten god information skapas en trygghet och mötet mellan sjuksköterska och patient med postoperativ smärta blir mer optimal.

The purpose of this development project is to create a model for working with a high school project in Electrical and Energy Program. It should be conducted in a form like companies do according to the goals from The Swedish National Agency for Education. In order to fully perform this we use the concept of Young Entrepreneurship.   The model is created according to the new conditions from The National Electrical Safety Board. There is now an exception saying that a student during education is released from the demand of employment that is the normal procedure where you are under supervision from a certified electrician. During the project there has been theoretical and practical examinations in order to clear out the advantages and disadvantages using this model, but also to examine whether it is useful in the future and to what extent it can be used.   The result indicates that the model is useful and fulfills the goals from The Swedish National Agency for Education but that the model has its limitations and difficulties. In a future implementation of the model it should be conducted in a small scale with a few students. The result also shows that a project according to this model set high demands on the tutor (supervisor) that the students need from the branch. Voices from the teachers and the principal during the evaluation say that "the model is exciting and very good since it is for real".

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur ”kvinnan” framställs och skapas på mode- och livsstillsbloggar. Detta har jag undersökt ur ett ”göra kön” perspektiv samt att jag använt mig av Goffmans teorier kring identitetsvärden och stigma. Jag har använt mig av ett eklektiskt förhållningssätt till valet av metod och har därför använt mig av olika metoder där meningskodning av text och symbolisktolkning av bilder varit de mest framträdande. Dessa koder har jag skapat utifrån min teoretiska referensram.     Det jag kom fram till i min analys var att kön göra på mode- och livsstilsbloggar på en könskategoriserande nivå såväl som på en genus nivå. Detta görande förekommer i olika former där kroppens utseende, dess utsmyckning samt individers beteenden och åsikter är av central betydelse. Identitetsvärden och stigman är två fenomen som är påtagliga på denna form av bloggar. Dessa två fenomen förekommer i relation till både könskategorisering samt genus. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how the “woman” is depicted and created on fashion and lifestyle blogs. I have done this from a “doing gender” perspective. I have also used Goffman’s theories of identity values and stigma.     I been working with an eclectic approach to the choice of method and I have therefore been using different methods in which content coding on text and symbolic interpretation of images has been the most prominent. These codes were created based on my theoretical framework.     The result of my analysis is that gender is done on fashion and lifestyle blogs relative to the two categories, sex categorization as well as gender. This doing appears in different forms in which the body´s appearance, its decoration and individuals´ behavior and opinions are of central importance. Identity values and stigma are two phenomena that are manifest on this kind of blogs. These two phenomena occur in relation to both sex categorization and gender.

Despite agreement among researchers about the powerful influence of attitudes and beliefs on the development of students’ mathematical knowledge base (Leder, Pehkonen, & Törner, 2002), relatively little is known about these constructs in statistics education. This study investigated the relationship between mathematics-and statistics-related attitudes and beliefs of 11 high school students in an introductory statistics course designed around a 13-week long service-learning project. Service-learning is a pedagogical approach that situates academic learning in the context of community service. The study utilized qualitative, teacher-researcher (Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 1993) methodology from an interpretivist perspective. The three primary modes of data collection were journals, narratives, and an open-ended survey (Survey of Mathematical and Statistical Affect). Observations and reflections were also recorded regularly in a researcher journal. Inquiry adhered to guidelines for trustworthiness and rigor as outlined by Lincoln and Guba (1985). Item, pattern, and structural levels of analysis were employed (LeCompte and Schensul, 1999b). Investigation into attitudes and beliefs was framed in accordance with Op t’ Eynde, De Corte, and Verschaffel’s (2002) conceptualization of the mathematics-related belief system and McLeod’s (1992) framework of the affective domain in mathematics education. Results indicate that participants’ attitudes toward mathematics and statistics tended to converge while participants’ beliefs regarding mathematics and statistics tended to diverge. Participants like mathematics and statistics that involve real-life scenarios. Participants also like mathematics and statistics that do not require complex mathematical tasks. Participants’ beliefs regarding statistics were generally more positive than beliefs regarding mathematics. Participants reported greater confidence doing statistics than mathematics and contribute this confidence, in part, to service-learning. Participants also experienced a heightened sense of social awareness and social responsibility through the service-learning project. These results provide evidence that service-learning can be utilized to solidify positive attitudes and beliefs regarding statistics among high school students, in spite of potentially less positive ones toward mathematics.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the Swedish laws regulate the proactive work of employers to prevent employees from getting sexual harassed or harassed on the basis of sex. The purpose is also to investigate how employers are supposed to handle employees whom have been sexual harassed or harassed on the basis of sex. Sweden has a segregated labor market which means that women and men tends to select different professions. This leaves marks on the equality for women and men, which also has effect on the fact that women and men are being harassed in the workplace or situations associated with the work. By investigating genderresearch I am hoping to find out why more employees get sexual harassed or harassed on the basis of their sex in segregated professions. The definition of sexual harassment is unwanted behavior that alludes on sex, and thereby violates the person’s dignity. Harassment on the basis of sex, on the other hand, is unwanted behavior that violates a person’s dignity on the basis of the person’s sex. The person who gets sexual harassments or harassments on the basis of sex, has an obligation to make sure that the perpetrator knows that the behavior is unwanted. This is as long as the sexual harassments or harassments on the basis of sex is not considered as a gross violation. The employer has an obligation to prevent employees from getting sexual harassed or harassed on the basis of sex. In case a employee gets sexual harassed or harassed on the basis of sex by someone whom is working for the employer, it is the employers obligation to investigate the circumstances and take necessary actions. This obligation also involves the employer to take necessary actions to prevent any future sexual harassments and harassments on the basis of sex or retaliation. It is also the employers obligation, as an effort to make working places equal, to make an effort to get the underrepresented sex to seek employment at the employer. One of the reasons that sexual harassments and harassments on the basis of sex could be explained by looking back at Sweden’s history, where women always have been in a subordinate role to men. By “doing gender” in everyday activities, stereotypical ideals of how women and men are supposed to act are being maintained. The gender segregated professions creates norms and jargon that places the underrepresented sex in an exposed role.

This study is a first of its kind for New Zealand journalism education, following 20 students at two different schools throughout a year-long training programme. It used two methods to gain a deeper understanding: a discourse analysis of their news stories written at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the year, and retrospective protocol analysis, to provide insight into their thinking processes, through their taped reflections. The research found that journalism education controlled by the New Zealand Journalists Training Organisation still resembles that of 20 years ago, despite increasing numbers of students learning journalism as part of degree programmes. Students are trained for the media industry through learning by doing. They receive basic instruction and then are expected to perfect their skills by practising their writing and to learn the conventions and routines of the media industry through socialisation and work experience. In the first half of the year, the students developed some skills in writing the traditional inverted-pyramid news stories. However, by the end of the year, their news writing showed technical signs of regression. Firstly, they were not writing in a succinct, clear fashion, emphasising news values. Secondly, they had been inadequately trained to write outside of the inverted-pyramid news story or to use popular “soft” lead sentences, so that their writing tended towards being promotional. Thirdly, journalism institutions strongly favour subediting by tutors and this detracted from the students gaining understanding of their own writing and being able to self-monitor and evaluate it. Lastly, they failed to show the critical thinking skills and independence necessary for a professional journalist so that they could research thoroughly, reflect deeply and write entertaining, informative and important news stories with flair. Their reflections confirmed these findings, suggesting some stress and disillusionment. The students could “declare” what they knew about writing a news story but could not put it into practice. They blamed their failure to write high quality news stories on the pressures of the course, the deadlines and high volumes of stories. The gaps in their journalism education were also revealed through what was not mentioned in their taped reflections: in particular, they failed to mention the importance of news values in making their stories more appealing. The major influence at first was the students’ tutors, followed by work experience and the “real world” of the media industry. The concentration on job skills and gaining a job coupled with a lack of knowledge and discussion provided the students with an incomplete understanding of the pressures of the media industry they were entering. The study recommends more debate about journalism education and more research, as well as a change away from “learning by doing” to a more critical, reflective approach.

<p>Uppsatsen är genomförd vid Göteborgs universitet, inom ramen för forskarförberedande studier i musikpedagogik.</p>

In line with the boundless working life, it has become increasingly difficult to create a balance between working life and personal life. The Swedish expression “life-puzzle” and how we are able to create enough time has become a central part of the public debate. This essay will focus on what it means for cohabiting couples with children to make the life-puzzle come together and what happens when it does not. The purpose of this study is to understand the couples conceptions of the life-puzzle with regard to equality, gender contracts, negotiations and strategies and how this can be understood through a gender perspective. Significant questions are how the couples mean they are dealing with the conflicts of getting the life-puzzle together and what negotiations and strategies appear in their statements and how they express gender. Previous research on aspects considering the life-puzzle has shown that it is primarily women with infants who take the greatest responsibility at home and usually perform double work. Most of the research done on work-life balance lacks the gender aspect we are interested in, why we include relevant gender studies. This study, based on qualitative interviews, illustrates family strategies and negotiations and shows that there are unspoken gender contracts based on gender roles in the allocation of responsibilities and tasks. The study also shows that the problem of the life-puzzle is complex and that many different aspects need to be weighed in in order to create a full understanding.

Då det råder ett könslönegap i Sverige har vi i denna studie valt att studera hur obetalt arbete kan ha en bidragande effekt på kvinnor och mäns lön. Frågeställningen vi har valt att utgå från är: kan obetalt arbete som samboende individer utför förklara en del av könslönegapet i Sverige? och vår hypotes är att en anledning till att kvinnor tjänar mindre än män i Sverige är att kvinnor gör mer obetalt arbete än män. För att teoretiskt kunna förklara skillnader i lön mellan kvinnor och män har vi använt oss av teorin om att “göra kön”, specialiseringsteorin, relativa resurser och förhandling samt glastak och diskriminering. Den metod vi har använt oss av är en multipel regressionsanalys där vi stegvis introducerat våra kontrollvariabler för att se effekten av dessa på sambandet mellan lön och kön. De resultat vi finner är ett visst stöd för vår hypotes och vi ser indikationer på mönster om att det obetalda arbetet skulle kunna bidra till könslönegapet. Vi finner att kvinnor i samboenderelationer gör mer obetalt arbete i genomsnitt än vad män i samboenderelationer i genomsnitt gör. I vår hypotes antog vi dock en större förklarad varians i lön av obetalt arbete än vad vi funnit i våra resultat. Obetalt arbete förklarar i vår modell 1,3 procent av könslönegapet mellan samboende kvinnor och män i Sverige.

abstract: This paper presents a two-period general equilibrium model that incorporates the firm's learning-by-doing under the green subsidies. I use a dynamic version of the Dixit-Stiglitz monopolistic competition model to analyze the impact of the introduction of green subsidies in the presence of pre-existing effluent taxes. I first show that the introduction of green subsidies promotes the demand for green goods, and consumers are better off each period. I then show that even when the green subsidies directly accrue to consumers, firms in the green sector also benefit via boosted demand for green goods. The learning-by-doing effect accelerates the speed of expansion of the green sector in the face of green subsidies. On the other hand, even when the demand for the green goods increases, and greater pollution may result from meeting the increased demand as a whole, environmental quality may still improve if the technology is good enough to sufficiently boost the net positive impact of green consumption on the environment. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Economics 2013