This paper contains two parts. First, we study the decoy effect (especially for the compromise decoy effect) by the experiments where the subjects face the trade-off of inflation and unemployment. As earlier studies show that the compromise decoy is not good as dominated decoy, we try to explore factors of determining compromise effect. Second, we investigate the factors affecting the subjects¡¦ preference over unemployment and inflation. In Part 1, we explore how to enhance the compromise decoy effect by changing the relative location among target, compromise, and decoy. It emerges that the distance between target and decoy, the distance between target and competitor, and the existence of the dominated decoy all affect the size of the compromise decoy effect. In Part 2, we explore the relation of subjects¡¦ preference over inflation and unemployment and their personal characteristics, such as location of hometown, the attitude toward risk, political participation, ideology, household income, knowledge of related terminology, whether to take related course or not, and friends¡¦ and relatives¡¦ unemployment status, and so on. Though the direction of effects is in line with our conjecture, the level of significance is not high enough.

The mixed carbonate–siliciclastic Abrigo Formation of middle and late Cambrian age, which crops out in southeastern Arizona, was deposited during the Sauk transgression in the craton interior, landward of the passive margin of Laurentia. The Abrigo Formation consists of ten basic rock types: claystone, siltstone, sandstone, lime mudstone, wackestone, bioclastic grainstone, packstone, oolitic packstone, oncolitic packstone, and intraclastic conglomerate. These comprise fifteen lithofacies, which are grouped into eight facies associations. They represent an array of shallow-marine environments that were dominated by wave and storm activity. The interpreted paleoenvironments include lower offshore, upper offshore, offshore transition, and lower, middle and upper shoreface. One hundred eighty-two collections, yielding 940 trilobite remains have been found in the Abrigo Formation. They represent 69 species and 42 genera. Eight of the species are new. The fossil age ranges from early Marjuman to late Steptoean. Eight trilobite biofacies are defined from the generic relative abundance data: Ehmaniella, Olenoides–Bolaspidella, Blairella, Eldoradia, Modocia–Paracedaria, Cedaria, Coosella–Coosina, and Camaraspis. Trilobites collected and identified in this study are assigned to five biostratigraphic zones: Bolaspidella, Cedaria, Crepicephalus, Aphelaspis, and Elvinia zones. In addition, two subzones had been defined. Cedaria eurycheilos Subzone recognized in the upper part of Cedaria Zone and Coosella helena Subzone recognized in the upper part of Crepicephalus Zone. The stratigraphic succession was divided into six distinct phases associated with large-scale relative sea-level fluctuations. An initial flooding over the Bolsa Quartzite forming the transgressive systems tract was terminated by maximum flooding, and a subsequent highstand systems tract developed during Bolaspidella Biozone time. The second sequence starts with another transgressive systems tract, and is overlain by a final highstand systems tract during the Cedaria and Crepicephalus biozones. The uppermost part of the second sequence represents a falling stage systems tract that developed during Aphelaspis Biozone time. The presence of Elvinia Biozone trilobites near the base of the highest sandstone unit suggests that delivery and deposition of these sands took place during the lowstand that followed the protracted and widespread Sauk II–Sauk III hiatus. Sedimentary dynamics were controlled by storm-induced wave action and offshore flows. There are two carbonate factories that operated simultaneously in this Cambrian inner shelf region. Dominance of carbonate versus siliciclastic strata in the offshore transition setting is interpreted to reflect periods when siliciclastic input was depleted, such that increasing accommodation and reduction of clay and possibly nutrients promoted carbonate production. Clay and silt bypassed the nearshore carbonate-depositing zone. Siliciclastic sediment input and dispersal were not only restricted to the falls in sea level, but appear to have dominated the transgressive systems tract and late phase of the highstand. Thus, carbonate sedimentation does not dominate the entire highstand systems tract as is commonly held but, rather, only during the late phase of the transgressive and early highstand phase. The comparison of this Cambrian model with younger mixed carbonate-siliciclastic units will help reveal the subtleties of the carbonate factory and how it operated in response to biotic evolution.

Detta är studie över Försvarsmaktens arbete med mångfald och jämställdhet. Syftet är att ta reda på varför kvinnor påbörjar deras antagningsprocess, men sedan väljer att inte fullfölja den. Detta är en problematik som Försvarsmakten har och de arbetar med att försöka få in fler kvinnor i organisationen. Deras mål är att kunna ta bättre beslut ur ett mångfaldigt perspektiv och därmed nå hög effekt.   Data samlades in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer, både personliga och via telefon. Först utfördes en personlig intervju med vår kontaktperson på Försvarsmakten, därefter en telefonintervju med en person som arbetar med ett projekt för att få kontakt med kvinnor som påbörjat deras antagningsprocess. Efter det utfördes 14 telefonintervjuer med kvinnor som hade påbörjat ansökningsprocessen, men som valde att inte fullfölja den.   Resultatet visade att Försvarsmaktens arbete för mångfald och jämställdhet går att koppla till tidigare forskning och teorier om ämnena. Det framkom även att de kvinnor som vi intervjuat, valde att inte fullfölja antagningsprocessen på grund av att andra intressen tog över eller för att det blev fel i det första steget i antagningsprocessen. / This is a study of how the Swedish Armed Forces work with diversity and gender equality. The aim is to find out why women begin their admission process, but then chose not to pursue it. This is a problem that the Swedish Armed Forces have and they are trying to attract more women into the organization. Their goal is to be able to make better decisions from a diverse perspective and thereby achieve high effect.   The data was collected by using semi-structured interviews, both personal and by telephone. First performed was a personal interview with our contact at the Swedish Armed Forces, then a telephone interview with a person who is working on a project to make contact with women who have started their admission process. 14 telephone interviews were performed with women who had begun the application process, but then chose not to pursue it.   The results showed that the Swedish Armed Forces' efforts to promote diversity and gender equality can be linked to previous research and theories on the substances. It also showed that the women who we interviewed, chose not to complete the admission process due to other interests took over, or that something turned out wrong in the first step of the admission process.

Downhole sampling of unboiled liquid at 1350 and 1500 m depth in the seawater-dominated Reykjanes high-temperature geothermal system in Iceland shows that metal concentrations measured at surface are minimum values due to mineral precipitation in the wells; by analogy of similar tectonic setting, host rocks and fluid composition, the metal concentrations measured in many black smoker vents at the seafloor are also minima. Fluids in the Reykjanes geothermal system react with mid-ocean ridge basalt at temperatures as high as 346°C and contain Fe 9-140 ppm, Cu 14-17 ppm, Zn 5-27 ppm, Pb 120-290 ppb, 1-6 ppb Au, and 28-107 ppb Ag. Fluids discharged at surface from the same wells have orders of magnitude lower metal concentrations due to precipitation caused by boiling and vapor loss during depressurization. Upstream of the orifice plate at high pressure (40 bar, 252°C) the precipitates consist mainly of sphalerite and chalcopyrite with a trace of galena and bornite. At the orifice plate of old wells, the pressure decreased sharply to 11 bar (188°C), resulting in abundant deposition of amorphous silica together with minor sphalerite and traces of chalcopyrite. In new wells the pressure at the orifice plate decreases to 22 bar (220°C); this pressure decrease and concomitant boiling causes deposition of fine-grained bornite-digenite solid solution together with sphalerite and galena on the fluid flow control valve. In high-pressure wells (average wellhead pressure 45-35 bar) most metals (mainly as sphalerite) are deposited downstream of the orifice plate, with up to 950 ppm Au and 2.5 wt.% Ag. Bulk concentrations in the scales vary between 15-60 wt.% upstream and downstream of the orifice plate and diminish from there. Iron increases up well from 8 to ~20 wt.% and decreases downstream of the orifice plate from 6 to 2 wt.% at the separation station; Cu downhole is ~3 wt.% but increases to 25 wt.% on the fluid flow control valve and then decreases; Pb downhole 100s ppm but at the wellhead is ~3 wt.%, increasing to 15 wt.% at the fluid flow control valve, then decreasing sharply from there.

Trivsel med ledarskap på arbetsplatsen är för många förenat med arbetstillfredsställelse. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad som uppfattas som positivt respektive negativt ledarskap. Studien vill även undersöka vilka attribut som kännetecknar kvinnligt respektive manligt ledarskap på mansdominerade arbetsplatser i det svenska samhället. En kvalitativ metod valdes och tio personer intervjuades. Tematisk analys användes som analysmetod och utgick ifrån 4 teman, positivt, negativt, manligt och kvinnligt ledarskap. Studien resulterade i 15 subkategorier inom de 4 temana. De resultat som gick att koppla till ett transformativt ledarskap uppfattades som positivt. De resultat som gick att koppla till transaktionellt ledarskap och Laissez-faire upplevdes som mindre önskvärt ledarskap. Både manliga och kvinnliga ledare uppfattades enligt de karaktärsdrag som tidigare forskning benämnt som agentic och communal. Resultatet visade inga tecken på att varken kvinnor eller män sågs som mer önskvärda ledare. Ett jämställt ledarskap efterfrågades av medarbetarna på mansdominerade arbetsplatser.

The aim of this paper is to examine how women who mosh to hardcore music understand moshing as a meaning making activity and how they understand and negotiate body, gender and space in their relation to moshing. I have done a feminist phenomenological analysis on four deep interviews with women who mosh based on the theories of Sara Ahmed and Iris Young. I have found that my informants discuss moshing in terms of feelings of adrenaline, euphoria, strength and emotional ventilation. They break the norms of female bodily performance at the same time as they feel uncomfortable with how their bodies stand out in relation to the white and male bodies as a norm in hardcore spaces. The women then use how their own and other bodies that stand out as a way to access space and as a ground for resistance, both against the room as masculine and as white. The women show a clear feministic orientation and use a violent bodily performance as a feminist practice.

The purpose of this essay is to examine and attempt to gain an understanding of women's experience of working in a male-dominated profession through a qualitative analysis. The intention is to, from theories of gender, femininity and masculinity, highlight the challenges facing women and how sociologically it is possible to understand how women adapt to a man-dominated workplace. The results have shown that the distinction between the gender's "natural" characteristics becomes very clear in male dominated occupations. The women end up in a subordinate position because the professions are largely identified based on typical "male qualities" rather than typically "female characteristics". The results show that the work environment is widely identified by a "tough language" where women may suffer comments regarding their gender. In order to adapt, women choose to "toughen up" and assume more "male qualities". / Syftet med denna uppsats är att genom en kvalitativ analys undersöka och få en förståelse för kvinnors upplevelse av att arbeta i ett mansdominerat yrke. Avsikten är att utifrån teorier om genus, femininitet och maskulinitet belysa vilka utmaningar kvinnorna stöter på och hur det sociologiskt går att förstå om och i sådant fall på vilka sätt kvinnorna anpassar sig på en mansdominerad arbetsplats. Resultaten visar att särskiljningen mellan könens “naturliga”egenskaper görs mycket tydlig inom mansdominerade yrken. Kvinnorna hamnar i en underordnad position eftersom yrkena identifieras i högre grad utifrån typiskt “manliga egenskaper” än utifrån typiskt “kvinnliga egenskaper”. Resultatet visar att kvinnornas villkor i organisationen påverkas av att de betraktas som avvikare från den manliga normen som de ständigt jämförs med och bedöms utifrån. För att bli en del av gruppen väljer kvinnorna att anpassa sig efter den “grabbiga jargongen” genom att “tuffa till sig”och anta mer “manliga egenskaper”.

Additive manufacturing offers a manufacturing technique to produce complex geometry prototypes at a rapid pace and low cost. These advantages advocate additive manufacturing for the design and production of cellular structures. Cellular structures are interesting because they contain a large amount of porosity (void space of air) to manifest a lightweight structure. Designs of cellular structures generate a periodic pattern; often of complex geometry, called a lattice. There has been a significant amount of research to maximize specific stiffness of lattice structures but little to evaluate low-stiffness lattices. Low-stiffness structures benefit energy absorbance through bending of the lattice. This research seeks to assess diamond lattices as low stiffness, bending structures. The research involves PA2200 (Nylon 12) laser sintered diamond lattices with experimental compression testing and direct FEA model comparison. A correction factor is applied for a design offset of laser sintered lattices. Once applied, the experimental and FEA data agree in validating the diamond lattice as a bending-dominated structure. Diamond lattices show a 4th order relationship between stiffness and parameters of thickness and unit cell length. For density, stiffness maintains a 2nd order relationship, as predicted by bending dominated structures. The resulting stiffness can be tuned over a stiffness range of four orders of magnitude. Further research shows the results for modifying the diamond lattice and scaling stiffness and density using other materials (like metals) to expand the range of stiffness and compare diamond lattices on material property charts. Lastly, the effective Poisson’s ratio varies from 0.5 to 0.4 depending on the (t/L) ratio.

Att kunna socialt identifiera sig med sin arbetsgrupp är för många förenat med välmående och trygghet på arbetsplatsen men även som något viktigt för gruppens dynamik. Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för kvinnors upplevda hinder och möjligheter att kunna socialt identifiera sig med arbetsgruppen på en mansdominerad arbetsplats och på så sätt skapa förståelse för kvinnors subjektiva upplevelser. Tio kvinnor som arbetar på mansdominerade arbetsplatser har intervjuats. Kvalitativ metod har använts tillsammans med Tematisk Analys som analysmetod. Studien har kommit fram till att kvinnor upplever fler hinder (t.ex diskriminering och bristande förtroende) än möjligheter att kunna socialt identifiera sig med sin arbetsgrupp på en mansdominerad arbetsplats. Ju fler kvinnor det finns på arbetsplatsen desto lättare är det att socialt identifiera sig med arbetsgruppen.

The seaward end of modern rivers is characterized by the interactions of marine and fluvial processes within a tract known as the fluvial to marine transition zone (FMTZ), which varies between systems due to the relative strength of fluvial, tidal and wave processes. River deltas also show a range of different morphologies and architectures linked to the balance between these depositional processes. However sedimentological interpretations of fluvial to shallow-marine deposits from the rock record commonly relate sedimentary structures to single depositional processes and give greater importance to facies-based observations rather than to architectural style. To better understand how fluvial and tidal process interactions are preserved and distributed in the rock record, deltaic deposits of the Middle Jurassic Lajas Formation (Neuquén Basin, Argentina) have been investigated in large-scale outcrops. The degree of tidal influence has been evaluated using both facies-scale observations and architecture analysis, and critically testing the application of the FMTZ concept in ancient deposits. The characteristics of the reconstructed FMTZ together with the architectural elements described from the Lajas Formation are consistent with an interpretation of a fluvial-dominated, tide-influenced delta, rather than a tide-dominated system, as previously proposed. The results presented herein suggest that highstand systems tract progradational deltas of the Lajas Fm. accumulated largely under microtidal conditions. Comparison of facies and architecture between modern tide dominated deltas and published examples from ancient successions shows a fundamental mismatch; modern systems are mud-dominated with laterally accreting tidal bars while ancient examples are sand-rich and dominated by forward accreting deposits. This thesis argues that the majority of ancient sand-rich successions interpreted as tide-dominated deltas might have formed in large parts in a fluvial-dominated, tide-influenced delta system and that tide-dominated deltas may have not been adequately described from the rock record yet. The improved identification of process interactions presented in this study is crucial to refining classifications of shallow-marine successions and to understanding the recorded spatial and temporal evolution of ancient depositional systems. This can have fundamental implications in refining reservoir models and predicting correct geometries in hydrocarbon-bearing successions.