There are thousands of desperate people globally who need a kidney for transplantation. The number of people who require a kidney transplant continues to escalate faster than the number of kidneys available for a transplant. The aim of this dissertation is to examine and analyse the judicial framework pertaining to kidney transplants in South Africa. The examination is conducted within the framework of the South African Constitution and the National Health Act 61 of 2003. The specific focus of this dissertation is to determine whether the payment of kidney donors could be regarded as constitutionally acceptable. A comparative study is undertaken, with Singapore and Iran as a background against which recommendations for the South African regulatory framework are made. The most important finding is that people should at least be granted the choice whether they would prefer to receive payment for their kidney donations or not. / Jurisprudence / LL.M.

There are thousands of desperate people globally who need a kidney for transplantation. The number of people who require a kidney transplant continues to escalate faster than the number of kidneys available for a transplant. The aim of this dissertation is to examine and analyse the judicial framework pertaining to kidney transplants in South Africa. The examination is conducted within the framework of the South African Constitution and the National Health Act 61 of 2003. The specific focus of this dissertation is to determine whether the payment of kidney donors could be regarded as constitutionally acceptable. A comparative study is undertaken, with Singapore and Iran as a background against which recommendations for the South African regulatory framework are made. The most important finding is that people should at least be granted the choice whether they would prefer to receive payment for their kidney donations or not. / Jurisprudence / LL.M.

The theme of gift has in recent years been subject to considerable commentary in diverse disciplines including philosophy, anthropology, sociology, religious studies and literary criticism. The vast majority of these studies focus on how or whether gift can be differentiated from exchange. In this dissertation I maintain that gift is a form of giving and receiving that is distinct from exchange or commerce, and that it need not create an obligation to return or reciprocate. This gift is given unilaterally to the need of the other and results in relatedness rather than indebtedness. This essay considers the characteristics of exchange and of gift, then reviews the thought of five writers on giving/receiving and reciprocation. This is followed by an overview of the gift theme in African Traditional Religion and the Judaic and Christian traditions, and a concluding chapter summarising thoughts on gift and self-interest, sharing, need, and gratitude. / Religious Studies & Arabic / M.A.(Religious Studies)

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study the balance between relational and expressive messages on the image formation and projection of a document is studied. To study the effect of these messages, a case study was done on one of the donation letters of Stellenbosch University (SU). The purpose of the research was firstly to established what the image formation and projection of the SU was. The quality of the SU’s image and communication had to be determined. Secondly, the degree of attachment between die SU and respondents was measured to see if it had any influence on the way that they perceived the SU. The IFP-model (Image Formation and Projection model) served as a theoretical basis for the study – the model postulates that various document design aspects and concepts such as image, identitity and culture influence each other. The model was then used to a) identify problematic areas in the documentation b) form the basis of the questionnaire and c) explain the connection between the image formation and projection, and the style aspects in die document. The third goal of the research was to operationalize the relational and expressive messages by manipulating specific style aspects. The researcher had determined that the two messages were imbalanced in the original donation letter, to the extent that the reader did not have any real ‘presence’ in the document. The researcher then proceeded to design a second version of the donation letter, but with the relational and expressive messages brought into balance. Alumni of the SU were chosen as respondents for the study. The Stellenbosch Foundation distributed the questionnaires, along with the two versions of the letter. The researcher had decided upon e-mail as a distribution channel to discount any geographical bias. Two variables were used: Race (coloured and white persons) and age. Younger than 35 years of age, and 35 years of age or older than 35 were chosen as arbitrary cutoff points for respondents. The results were processed statistically so that trends and data could be displayed clearly. Results showed that alumni do have a positive image of the SU, as well as its communication. Alumni also feel reasonably connected to the SU. A strong preference was however shown for the redesigned donation letter, wherein the two messages are balanced out. This means that the SU’s image is projected in a more positive way in a document where the reader has a bigger presence. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is daar ondersoek watter invloed ‘n wanbalans tussen die relasionele en ekspressiewe boodskappe in ‘n dokument op die beeldvorming en projeksie van daardie dokument het. Vir hierdie ondersoek is een van die Universiteit Stellenbosch (US) se donasiebriewe as gevallestudie gebruik. Die doel van die navorsing was eerstens om te bepaal hoe die beeldvorming enprojeksie van die US daar uitsien. Daar moes dus vasgestel word hoe gunstig die beeld van die US is en wat die opvatting oor die US se kommunikasie is. Tweedens is gepoog om die graad verbondenheid en verhouding tussen die US en die respondente te meet, om te sien of dit ‘n invloed het op hoe hulle die US sien. Die IFP-model (Image Formation and Projection) dien as ‘n teoretiese basis vir die studie – die model postuleer dat verskeie dokumentontwerp-aspekte en konsepte soos beeld, identiteit en kultuur, ‘n wedersydse invloed op mekaar het. Die model is dus gebruik om a) probleemareas in die dokument te identifiseer, b) die basis van die vraelys te vorm, en c) die verband tussen die beeldvorming en projeksie van die US, en die stilistiese aspekte te verduidelik. Die derde doel van die navorsing was om die relasionele en ekspressiewe boodskappe te operasionaliseer in verskeie stylaspekte, sodat dit gemanipuleer kan word. Die navorser het bepaal dat daar ‘n wanbalans bestaan tussen die twee boodskappe in die oorspronklike donasiebrief, en dat hierdie wanbalans veroorsaak dat die leser nie werklik ‘n ‘teenwoordigheid’ in die dokument het nie. Om die effek van hierdie wanbalans te toets, is ‘n tweede weergawe van die brief ontwerp, waarin die twee boodskappe in balans gebring word. Alumni van die US is as teikengroep gekies vir die studie. Die Stellenbosch Stigting het vraelyste, tesame met die twee weergawes van die donasiebrief aan hulle gestuur. Die navorser het besluit op e-pos as ‘n distribusiemetode om enige geografiese bevooroordeeldheid te voorkom. Die twee veranderlikes was ras (bruin en wit persone) en ouderdom. Jonger as 35, en 35 of ouer as 35 is gekies as arbitrêre afsnypunt vir respondente. Die resultate is statisties verwerk om duidelike tendense en data te bekom. Resultate het getoon dat die alumni wel ‘n positiewe beeld van die US het, asook sy kommunikasie. Alumni voel ook nog redelik verbonde aan die US. ‘n Voorkeur is egter getoon vir die herontwerpte brief, d.w.s. waar die balans tussen die boodskappe eweredig is. Dit dui aan dat die US se beeld beter uitgedra sal word (of op ‘n positiewer wyse) as die leser ingetrek word deur die teks.

本研究探討美國最低稅負制與個人非現金捐贈行為的關係。1993年時美國對於最低稅負制做稅制上之修正，將非現金捐贈之扣抵稅額以購入成本計算修改為以公平市價計算；此一稅制上的改變，正提供一個相當適合研究的時機，可以對非現金捐贈部分進行深入了解。所以本研究以美國內地稅務局在1989年及1995年的橫斷面個人申報所得稅資料庫，並採用差異中的差異分析法，來探討最低稅負制度對於非現金捐贈行為的影響，並加入可能會影響非現金捐贈的解釋變數，包括：所得、財富、年齡、婚姻、扶養親屬人數等變數。 經實證結果發現，最低稅負制度對於非現金捐贈行為效果顯著且正向，即代表1993年美國稅制從以購入成本計算扣抵額修正為以公平市價計算扣抵額，此政策能夠誘發民眾對非現金捐贈金額增加，至於解釋變數上經實證結果發現，當所得及財富越高之納稅人，對非現金捐贈金額越高，在婚姻及年齡方面，已婚者及年齡較大者在捐贈金額上為多；至於扶養親屬人數方面，對於捐贈金額影響是不顯著的。 / This thesis is focus on the relation of the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) and Non-Cash Donations (NCD). The America amended the AMT in 1993. It changed the NCD-deduction calculation from cost to fair value. This revolution gave a good time for researching about NCD. So, this report took the individual tax database from Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in 1989 to 1995 for example. And used Differences-in-Differences (DID) way to discuss the infect of NCD from AMT. Besides, this research added some NCD variables including of income, wealth, age, marriage, numbers of dependent. The empirical result showed that the AMT had obvious and positive effect on NCD behavior. It represented that the AMT policy change in 1993 could cause the NCD increase. The more income and wealth had more NCD amount. People married and elderly people offered more donation than single and young. The numbers of dependent had no obvious effect on donation.

Bakgrund: Organdonation och transplantation har gjort det möjligt att både rädda liv och även förbättra livskvaliteten för ett stort antal personer. Problematiken som idag råder är att det finns ett stort glapp mellan behovet av organ och tillgången till organgivare. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskan har ett ansvar att se till att potentiella donatorer fångas upp och uppmärksammas på intensiven. Att vårda en potentiell donator samt bemöta anhöriga är en utmaning och kräver både kunskap och erfarenhet för intensivvårdssjuksköterskan. Syfte: Att belysa hur intensivvårdssjuksköterskan upplever sin kompetens gällande vårdandet av en donator och bemötandet av anhöriga under donationsprocessen på en intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio intensivvårdssjuksköterskor. Data analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ latent innehållsanalys. Resultat: Det ansågs viktigt att intensivvårdssjuksköterskan bemötte både donatorn och anhöriga på ett professionellt sätt, dels bemöta donatorn med värdighet och respekt samt att vara lyhörd och visa empati gentemot anhöriga. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna upplevde svårigheter när donatorns önskan inte var känd, att vården var tidskrävande, få anhöriga att förstå att deras närmaste avlidit, samt att några intensivvårdssjuksköterskor tog upp punkter som kunde förbättras för att öka antalet donationer. Samtliga intensivvårdssjuksköterskor upplevde att de hade tillräckligt med kunskap för att vårda en donator men att uppdatering och utbildning behövs alltid. Debriefing eller samtal var något annat som togs upp vilket de flesta upplevde som viktigt för att inte ta med arbetet hem. Slutsats: I studien identifierades brister inom donationsvården och att mer utbildning och riktlinjer kan medföra att dessa skulle kunna minskas. Studien har också bidragit till ökad förståelse och kunskap kring donationsprocessen inom intensivvården. Detta är något som författarna tros kunna ha nytta av i sitt framtida yrke som intensivvårdssjuksköterskor, men också att resultatet i studien kan vara till nytta för andra intensivvårdsavdelningar i Sverige. / Background: Organ donation and transplantation has made it possible to both save lives and also improve the quality of life for a large number of people. In recent years there has been a large gap between the need for organs and the availability of organ donors. Intensive care nurses have a responsibility to ensure that potential donors are identified and highlighted in the intensive care unit. Caring for a potential donor and meet relatives is a challenge and requires both knowledge and experience of intensive care nurses. Aim: To show how intensive care nurses perceive their expertise regarding the care of a donor and the hospitality of relatives during the donation process in the intensive care unit. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews with ten intensive care nurses. Data were analyzed using a qualitative latent content analysis. Results: It was important that the intensive care nurses responded to both the donor and family members in a professional manner, but also responding to donors with dignity and respect and to be sensitive and show empathy towards their families. They experienced difficulties when the donor's wishes are not known, the treatment was time-consuming, getting families to understand their loved one has died. Some intensive care nurses brought up a point of view which could increase the numbers of donations. All intensive care nurses felt that they had enough knowledge to take care of a donor but being up to date and training is always needed. Debriefing or conversation was also something else that was raised which most felt was important not to bring work home. Conclusion: The study identified deficiencies in the donation care but with more training and guidelines this could be improved. The study has also contributed to greater understanding and knowledge surrounding the donation process in intensive care unit. This is which the authors believed to be useful in their future profession as intensive care nurses, but also the results of the study can be useful to other intensive care unit in Sweden.

Les dons effectués par les entreprises privées auprès d’organismes communautaires à but non lucratif semblent avoir des effets à long terme sur ces derniers. Ces entreprises cherchent à la fois à semer le bien dans les communautés dans lesquelles elles interviennent, mais également à améliorer leur image au sein de celles-ci. Les organismes communautaires oscillent donc entre le devoir de servir leurs usagers du mieux qu’ils le peuvent, en respectant leur mission avec la plus grande diligence, et les nombreuses conditions qui se rattachent aux dons reçus. Ils doivent travailler avec un financement octroyé à court terme, de nombreuses mesures évaluatives ainsi que les volontés de donateurs parfois indiscrets. Il en résulte une identité qui se rapproche de plus en plus de celle des entreprises privées. L’étude dans ce mémoire tente d’évaluer si les usagers des quatre universités principales de Montréal adoptent une identité mercantiliste et comment ils évaluent leur rôle au sein de leurs établissements d’enseignement. Ces étudiants assumeraient un rôle davantage engagé envers les entreprises donatrices, à la fois au sein de leur institution et dans la société en général. Ils revêtiraient une identité conforme à ce qu’attend une entreprise qui effectue un don de manière intéressée en consommant de leurs biens et services. / Donations made by private companies seem to have long term effects on the different receiving non profit organizations. Those companies that want to do what’s best in the communities they support also want to improve their image in those very same communities. Non profit organizations have to juggle between serving the populations while being accounted for their actions before them at the same time they have to conform to certain conditions that accompany corporate donations. They have to work in an environment that involves short term financing, numerous accountability measures imposed by donating companies and far from discreet donators. This results in a business-like identity in non profit organizations that is blurred with corporate discourse, motives and actions. This study tries to evaluate the impact of corporate donations of students from the four main universities in Montreal. These students are likely to buy from donating companies as well as working for them. They also consider themselves more as consumers of university products and services than participants in the development of their institutions. Therefore, they seem to take on an identity that companies want from them because they are getting a financial return on their donations.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Cette thèse a pour objet de montrer que la reconnaissance joue un rôle essentiel dans la médiatisation du don humanitaire. La première partie fait ressortir, à partir de l’analyse des mises en scène de productions médiatiques portant sur l’humanitaire, la diversité des processus de reconnaissance pouvant être mis en oeuvre et montre comment, par le jeu d’un mécanisme miroir, ceux-ci provoquent des comportements d’empathie incitant à effectuer un don. L’analyse des discours tenus au cours de ces productions permet aussi de montrer que les enchaînements argumentatifs d’énoncés s’appuient sur des topoï dont l’application peut conduire, en favorisant la reconnaissance des donateurs, à la réalisation d’actes de générosité. L’étude fait ressortir que l’incitation au don ne peut cependant concerner que des associations humanitaires dont l’éthique est reconnue par les donateurs potentiels. Dans la deuxième partie, une analyse menée sur les journaux télévisés diffusés après le drame survenu en Haïti en 2010 montre en quoi la scénarisation, conçue pour capter le public à l’occasion d’un événement dramatique exceptionnel, génère, en fait, des processus de reconnaissance incitant à la réalisation de dons. L’étude d’une autre production médiatique, le Téléthon, fait ressortir que la scénarisation de cette émission caritative s’inscrit alternativement dans la topique du sentiment avec la mise en jeu de mécanismes de reconnaissance favorisant le don et dans la topique de la dénonciation où les animateurs attribuent aux téléspectateurs deux places distinctes : celle de téléspectateurs déclarés « coupables » de ne pas avoir encore accompli un geste de générosité et celle de téléspectateurs donateurs reconnus pour leurs dons. L’analyse de ces deux productions montre aussi comment leurs scénarisations façonnent, autour d’une même cause humanitaire, des publics rassemblant des téléspectateurs qui, amenés à participer à un élan général de solidarité, sont davantage encore incités à accomplir, dans un désir de reconnaissance, des actes de générosité. / The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that recognition plays an essential role in the media coverage of humanitarian donations. Based on an analysis of the portrayal of humanitarian donations in the media, the first part underlines the diversity of the recognition processes that can be implemented, and shows how, through a mirroring mechanism, they stimulate empathy behaviours, leading people to make donations. An analysis of the type of language used for these productions also shows how arguments are based on topoi, the application of which, by favoring donor recognition, can lead to acts of generosity. The study also highlights the fact that incentives to donate can only concern humanitarian organizations that potential donors recognize as ethical. In the second part, an analysis of the newscasts broadcast in the wake of the 2010 disaster in Haiti shows how the presentation of these newscasts, designed to draw the viewer’s attention to this unheard-of catastrophe, actually generated processes of recognition that lead people to donate. Telethons, another form of media production, are also studied, highlighting the fact that the way in which charitable television programs are staged alternates between the topic of sentiment, with the use of recognition mechanisms that favour charitable donations, and the topic of denunciation, where the hosts place viewers in one of two categories: those who are “guilty” of not yet having made a donation, and those who receive recognition for the donations they have made. This analysis also shows how the staging of these two types of productions focusing on the same humanitarian cause shapes a public that includes viewers who, encouraged to participate in a general surge of solidarity, have more of an incentive to make a donation out of a desire for recognition.

Ce travail de recherche propose une première approche pour penser la paternité d’hommes transgenres ayant eu recours à un don de spermatozoïdes par l’aide médicale à la procréation (AMP). Vingt années après l’engagement du premier Centre de conservation des œufs et du sperme (CECOS) d’accompagner ces demandes de couples, et la publication de la seule étude sur la qualité du développement de ces enfants, une réflexion sur la paternité de ces hommes nés femmes et aujourd’hui pères se révèle nécessaire. Pour cheminer autour de ces réflexions, une revisite des considérations psychanalytiques freudiennes et lacaniennes de l’identité, mais également du genre grâce aux apports des Gender Studies et de la paternité articulée aux structures anthropologiques de la parenté, nous a permis de discuter des possibles reconsidérations théoriques actuelles. La pratique du don de gamètes est aussi abordée en lien avec les questionnements cliniques autour de la transmission, et des réflexions bioéthiques qui émergent. Depuis un paradigme analytique, admettant une alliance avec les méthodes phénoménologiques, un outil initialement quantitatif, le Five Minute Speach Sample (FMSS) fut adapté dans sa méthode d’analyse pour répondre à la question : Comment un sujet homme né femme, définit-il sa paternité à la suite d’un contexte d’accès à la parentalité par le recours à une insémination artificielle avec tiers donneur anonyme de spermatozoïdes (IAD) ? Le recueil des discours en libre association de seize pères transgenres et son analyse de contenu thématique ont permis de constituer une représentation de l’expérience de paternité de ces hommes transgenres.L’émergence de points de tension au sein de ses discours nous a amenés à repérer trois ensembles de signes d’intranquilité qui peuvent, pour certains être rencontrés spécifiquement sur ce cheminement de la paternité. Le repérage de ces points d’intranquilité est discuté dans l’intérêt de l’accueil des demandes et de l’accompagnement de la transidentité. / This study allows a first reflection on the fatherhood of transgender men who have used sperm donation with medically assisted procreation. Twenty years ago, the first French sperm bank offered to accompany the request of heterosexual couples which transgender men. To this day only one study about these couples has been published but focused on the development of their children. A reflection on the fatherhood of these men born as women and who are now fathers appears to be necessary. To study this new situation, we have reviewed the psychoanalytic concepts of identity brought to us by Freud and Lacan, and the concept of gender brought to us by the Gender Studies. Also, fatherhood is discussed with the anthropological approach on structure of kinship. The gamete’s donation is addressed in relation to the clinical concept of transmission and the bioethical questioning that it rises. From a psychoanalytical paradigm, we admit a relationship with the phenomenological approach. A quantitative tool (the Five Minute Speech Sample) was adapted in its analysis method to answer: how does a person born as a women and now living as a man will define his fatherhood when benefitting of anonymous sperm insemination in medically assisted procreation? We analyzed the free speech of sixteen transgender men to build a representation of fatherhood in these specific experiences. Points of tension have allowed to identify three sets of disquiets’ signs. Some of them can be encountered in the process toward this specific kind of fatherhood. Being aware of these disquiets’ signs could help us accompany more appropriately people in the quest of their transgender lives.